Inactive Gland Research Articles

Evaluation and performance analysis of classification techniques for thyroid detection

Thyroid is one of the most common disease found in people nowadays which occur due to disorder of thyroid gland that include hypothyroidism (inactive thyroid gland) and hyperthyroidism (hyperactive thyroid gland) that can take place at any age and in either sex. Therefore their prior diagnosis and detection is very crucial and helpful for the betterment of human life. Large amount of complex data is collected by the healthcare sector in order to identify hidden patterns for effective identification, detection and decision making. Data mining has become a current trend for achieving effective diagnostic result from massive dataset by classifying applicable and unique patterns in data. The aim of the paper is to present an extensive analysis of different classification techniques viz. naive Bayes, SVM, and K-nearest neighbour (K-NN) on the basis of dimensionality reduction for detection of thyroid disease. Results are provided to select best thyroid disease detection technique. The analysis reflected that K-NN is performing better than other classifier on the basis of various parameters. This analysis will help to identify the best algorithm for such diseases and give better preventive options in advance.

Salt gland blood flow in the hatchling green turtle, Chelonia mydas.

Microsphere and morphometric techniques were used to investigate any circulatory changes that accompany secretion by the salt glands of hatchling Chelonia mydas. Salt glands were activated by a salt load of 27.0 mmol NaCl x kg body mass (BM)(-1), resulting in a mean sodium secretion rate of 4.14 +/- 0.11 mmol Na x kg BM(-1) x h(-1) for a single gland. Microsphere entrapment was approximately 160-180 times greater in the active salt gland than the inactive gland, inferring a similar change in blood flow through salt gland capillaries. The concentration of microspheres trapped in the salt gland was significantly correlated with the rate of tear production (ml x kg BM(-1) x h(-1)) and the total rate of sodium secretion (mmol Na x kg BM(-1) x h(-1)) but not with tear sodium concentration (mmol Na x l(-1)). Adrenaline (500 microg x kg BM(-1)) inhibited tear production within 2 min and reduced microsphere entrapment by approximately 95% compared with active glands. The volume of filled blood vessels increased from 0.03 +/- 0.01% of secretory lobe volume in inactive salt gland sections to 0.70 +/- 0.11% in active gland sections. The results demonstrate that capillary blood flow in the salt gland of C. mydas can regulate the activity of the gland as a whole.

Metabolism of androgens by the active and inactive prostate gland, and the seasonal changes in systemic androgen levels in the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin).

The nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions derived from the actively secretory and inactive prostate of adult grey squirrels were incubated with radioactive testosterone and androstenedione. Testosterone was metabolized first to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and then 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha(beta), 17 beta-diols. Testosterone could also be transformed into androstenedione and then to androsterone, but no 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or diols could be synthesized from this pathway. Neither subcellular fraction of the inactive, non-secretory prostate could produce 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha(beta), 17 beta-diols from testosterone either in the absence or presence of exogenous NADPH. The synthesis of androstenedione and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone by the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of the inactive gland were significantly increased compared to that in fractions of the active prostate. The increase was unaffected by exogenous NADPH. The concentration of androgen (testosterone plus 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone) in systemic plasma was highest in December, the beginning of the breeding season. For the remainder of the breeding season, the androgen level was similar to that found in the non-breeding season. It is suggested that formation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha(beta), 17 beta-diols was associated with the secretory activity of the prostate. The failure of the inactive prostate to synthesize these diols during sexual quiescence might be a means of ensuring the inactivity of the prostate.

PROLACTIN RECEPTORS IN THE MAMMARY GLAND, CORPUS LUTEUM AND OTHER TISSUES OF THE TAMMAR WALLABY, MACROPUS EUGENII

Specific binding of radio-iodinated ovine prolactin to subcellular tissue fractions of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) was investigated. Specific binding was found, in order of decreasing binding activity, in the lactating mammary gland, corpus luteum, corpus albicans, adrenal gland and ovary. Specific binding was absent in kidney, liver, brain and inactive mammary gland. The mean association constant (Ka at 23 degrees C) was determined as 0.90 x 10(9), 2.20 x 10(9), 2.44 x 10(9), 3.38 x 10(9) and 10.98 x 10(9) l/mol for mammary gland, adrenal, corpus albicans, corpus luteum and ovary respectively. The mean receptor concentration (N) varied from 92.87 x 10(-14) mol/mg protein for the mammary gland to 1.03 x 10(-14) mol/mg protein for the ovary. The concentration in the corpus luteum varied between tissue pools collected at different times of the annual breeding cycle. The specificity for prolactin was shown in the mammary gland and corpus luteum by the failure of ovine FSH, LH, GH and TSH to displace 125I-labelled ovine prolactin, whereas it was displaced readily by both ovine and bovine prolactin.

Neutral lipids from the temporal gland of the African elephant,Loxodonta africana

AbstractLipids from inactive and active temporal glands of the African elephant,Loxodonta africana, were isolated and fractionated. The inactive gland had a much higher total lipid content per gram of fresh tissue than the active gland. Lipids from the inactive gland consisted predominantly of neutral lipids while the active gland contained large quantities of phospholipids. Neutral lipids from the active gland contained much more hydrocarbons, cholesterol, and alkoxy glycerides than neutral lipids from an inactive gland. The alkoxy glyceride fraction did not contain any alkenyl glycerides. The hydrocarbons consisted of a mixture containing predominantly straight chain even numbered saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from C18–C30. Fatty acids from various fractions were investigated by gas liquid chromatography. Those from the active gland were characterized by a higher percentage of unsaturated acids. The change, from inactive to the active state involves mainly a reduction in palmitic and an increase in oleic acid content.

Treatment of locally advanced prostatic carcinoma.

An analysis of 66 patients with prostatic carcinoma treated by telecobalt therapy more than two years ago shows that this can be curative in a high percentage of cases. Local failure occurred in 20.5%. Well-differentiated tumours are more radiosensitive. Clinical regression can take a long time and histology can remain positive for even longer in an inactive prostate gland. A high dose is however required. The use of oestrogens should be delayed until further treatment is needed, as oestrogen seems to increase the radioresistance of the tumour. Radiotherapy seems to be the treatment of choice in inoperable (and even operable) patients with carcinoma of the prostate limited to the pelvis.

Changes in the Fine Structure of the Corpus Allatum Cells in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus Fasciatus

The ultrastructure of the corpus allatum of adult milkweed bugs was studied during the active and inactive period. The inactive gland was removed from female insects sacrificed less than 24 hours after eclosion. The active gland was removed from mated females that produced viable young. These females were from 13-15 days old.The inactive gland has a large number of mitotic figures. Some cells, not in division, have a nucleus with a regular outline, many polysomes and active dictyosomes. Other cells are more electron dense, have nuclei with an irregular outline and many free ribosomes.

Loss of heteropycnosis of the constitutive heterochromatin in specifically activated cells of the thyroid gland of Microtus agrestis.

In nuclei of the inactive thyroid gland of Microtus agrestis the constitutive heterochromatin is heteropycnotic and forms large chromocenters. After specific activation of the thyroid gland with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), or with the thyrostatic methylthiouracil (MTU), an enlargement of cells and nuclei, a high mitotic activity and a despiralization of the contitutive heterochromatin are observed. The facultative heterochromatin, on the contrary, remains condensed. The structure of the nuclei of the parathyroid gland is not altered by the treatment with TSH or MTU. The findings permit the assumption that constitutive heterochromatin has specific functions, e.g. as a nucleolus organizer, which are blocked in the heteropycnotic state and active in the isopycnotic state.

Ultrastructure of the development of the corpus allatum in the adult male of the desert locust

A fully active corpus allatum contains neurosecretory granules transported into the gland by the nervus corporis allati 1. An inactive gland, from a newly emerged adult, contains ‘empty’ neurosecretory granules. An ultrastructural study of the corpora allata from adult male desert locusts of various ages has established a close correlation between cytological changes and the hormonal activity of the glands. An active gland has sparsely distributed chromatin masses, numerous aggregated smooth-surfaced vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of complex structure. An inactive gland has clumped chromatin masses, few elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, and small mitochondria of simple structure. The greatest changes in the allatum cells (and in their hormonal activity) occur between the third and fifth days in the adult stage at 30±1°C.

Localization of protein-bound I131 in the thyroid gland of the mouse.

HIGH resolution autoradiography as been used to localize proteinbound I131 in the thyroid gland of the rat by Leblond and Gross (1948) and by Doniach and Pelc (1949). The theory and methods have been reviewed by Gross, Bogoroch, Nadler and Leblond (1951) and by Fitzgerald, Simmel, Weinstein and Martin (1953). A critical review of the results of autoradiographic studies on the thyroid has been published recently (Doniach, Howard and Pelc, 1953). Two details which appeared to be unsettled were the site of the protein binding of iodine and the significance of the “ring” distribution observed for protein-bound I131 in the inactive gland. These problems and several others discussed by Leblond and Gross (1948) have now been investigated in the thyroid gland of the mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C3H mice 3 to 7 months of age weighing 25 to 35 gm. were used. They were fed a pelleted stock diet of moderately low iodine content (Wollman, Scow, Wagner and Morris, 1953.)

Modification of response to prolonged ACTH therapy.

EVANS (1), in 1924, reported that hypertrophy of the adrenals resulted from injections of anterior pituitary extracts. This observation stimulated much work in this direction (2–5), culminating in the successful isolation of a purified corticotrop in (6,7). Browne (8), in 1943, employing minute quantities of ACTH, recorded certain metabolic and hormonal changes in 2 normal human subjects. Thorn el al. (9), in 1947, studied a case of panhypopituitarismin which a “prolonged” course of ACTH had been administered, i.e., 40 mg. per day for six days. In 1948, Mason et al. (10) and Forsham et al. (11) presented their studies on the metabolic and hormonal changes observed in normal subjects and in patients with various pathologic conditions (Addison's disease, chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary, and anorexia nervosa) following extensive use of ACTH. Many important studies soon followed (12–17).” In 1950, Thorn et al. (12) said, “It is possible to stimulate a relatively inactive (adrenal) gland to high levels of...