Inaccurate Rate Research Articles

Rating disclosure analysis: compensation reform consequence on counteracting biased credit ratings

This study analyzes a compensation reform proposal designed to prevent inaccurate ratings produced by credit rating agencies (CRAs). Specifically, the CRA’s incentive to exert effort to observe the portfolio’s signal and adopt the rating disclosure policy is investigated under the rating-contingent and incentive-based contract. The issuer has a risky portfolio and solicits a rating from the CRA, which endogenously observes a signal and decides on a rating disclosure policy during the rating production process. The findings reveal that the CRA exerts no effort to observe a signal and inflate the rating under the rating contingent contract. Under the incentive-based contract, the CRA always exerts an optimal effort to observe a signal and adopt the full disclosure regime. Hence, the incentive-based contract better incentivizes the CRA to exert more effort to improve rating accuracy and implement the full disclosure policy than the rating contingent contract.

Hukum Memberikan Rating dan Informasi yang Tidak Benar Perspektif Fatwa MUI No 24 Tahun 2017 pada Online Shop di Kota Medan

This study aims to comprehend the legal aspects related to providing inaccurate ratings and data according to the Fatwa MUI No. 24 of 2017 concerning online stores in the city of Medan. Several online business platforms like Shopi, Lazada, and Tokopedia offer rating and survey features visible to buyers. These ratings, usually represented by stars, and surveys reflect views or analyses of the service provided by the merchants. However, the presence of this evaluation feature can be detrimental to businesses if buyers give ratings and surveys that do not align with facts and lack clear reasons, even though the businesses have genuinely provided good customer service. The focus of this research is to analyze the legal aspects regarding the provision of inaccurate ratings and data that harm businesses, referring to the Fatwa MUI No. 24 of 2017 about online stores in the city of Medan. This study employs an exact juridical approach with an exploratory examination strategy that emphasizes valid investigation. The Fatwa explicitly highlights prohibited activities in web-based communication and entertainment for the Islamic community, including fraudulent actions, defamation, mutual insults, and threats.

Trust-Aware Fog-Based IoT Environments: Artificial Reasoning Approach

Establishing service-driven IoT systems that are reliable, efficient, and stable requires building trusted IoT environments to reduce catastrophic and unforeseen damages. Hence, building trusted IoT environments is of great importance. However, we cannot assume that every node in wide-area network is aware of every other node, nor can we assume that all nodes are trustworthy and honest. As a result, prior to any collaboration, we need to develop a trust model that can evolve and establish trust relationships between nodes. Our proposed trust model uses subjective logic as a default artificial reasoning over uncertain propositions to collect recommendations from other nodes in the IoT environment. It also manages and maintains existing trust relationships established during direct communications. Furthermore, it resists dishonest nodes that provide inaccurate ratings for malicious reasons. Unlike existing trust models, our trust model is scalable as it leverages a Fog-based hierarchy architecture which allows IoT nodes to report/request the trust values of other nodes. We conducted extensive performance studies, and confirm the efficiency of our proposed trust model. The results show that at an early stage of the simulation time (i.e., within the first 2% of the number of transactions), our trust model accurately captures and anticipates the behavior of nodes. Results further demonstrate that our proposed trust model isolates untrustworthy behavior within the same FCD and prevents untrustworthy nodes from degrading trustworthy nodes’ reputations.

Unit cost analysis using the activity-based costing method at the dental and oral clinic, the oral and dental hospital of Andalas University, Indonesia

The assurance of hospital fee service (unit cost) is still calculated using conventional methods. Themethod is inappropriate because it produces inaccurate rates, providing distorted cost information, either undercosting or over costing, which results in errors in decision making and organizational continuity. Efforts to reducedistortion due to the use of this conventional method is to use a new approach that uses an activity basis, namely,Activity Based Costing, which can accurately measure the costs that come out of each activity to produce the correctrate for each type of service action in hospital. The study aims to analyze unit cost calculations using the activitybasedcostingmethodtosetnewratesandtoexplainpolicyproceduresforthelatestratesframeworkatthedentalandoral clinic of RSGM FKG UNAND. The type of research used is descriptive research with a mixed methodapproach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The goal is that data used in mixed method researchwill be more comprehensive, valid, reliable, and objective. The mathematical calculations, the quantitative methodcalculates unit cost with the activity-based costing method. The qualitative method analyzes information about feesetting procedures by conducting in-depth interviews. The quantitative research results obtained the unit cost valuefor services with the most visits, including composite fillings and IDR. 157.099.78, scaling is IDR.134,162.95, and rootcanal treatment is IDR.167,815.94. Results of qualitative research through in-depth interviews obtained that insetting the new rates through the structural levels that apply at Andalas University. The recent rate decisions at thedental and oral polyclinic services of RSGM FKG UNAND are in the discussion stage of the rectorate leadership.The new rates are based on unit cost calculations using the activity-based costing method plus a margin or expectedprofit.KEYWORDS: Activity-based costing, unit cost, rates, policy rates

A Combined Approach For Collaborative Filtering Based Recommender Systems with Matrix Factorisation and Outlier Detection

ABSTRACT Recommender system is a data sifting tool that can recommend items that can be of interest to the user. Collaborative filtering (CF) makes recommendations based on the ratings the users give to items. But noisy or inaccurate ratings reduce the quality of the recommendations. In spite of extensive studies carried on CF-based recommenders, a robust recommender to handle outlier in dataset is a challenging problem. In this study, a Factor wise Matrix Factorisation model (FWMF) is proposed for the prediction of item rating in recommender systems. To further strengthen the proposed FWMF model, a meta learning model that combines density-based outlier detection and bagging outlier detection is proposed to detect outliers. The outliers predicted are eliminated, and a comparative analysis is carried with FWMF to find the effect of outliers in making recommendations. The experiments were analysed with various error metrics conducted on benchmark dataset show that the proposed outlier extent recommendation model outperforms the conventional CF-based systems.

Rating prediction based on combination of review mining and user preference analysis

Review websites allow users to share their reviews of products or businesses, give ratings to products or businesses, and interact with other users. Due to the rapid growth of online review data, users face the problem of information overload. To resolve this problem, many researches have proposed various recommendation methods based on the analysis of users’ ratings. Besides user ratings, the review websites contain unstructured textual data and information of different aspects which has different impact and importance to both users and businesses. It may lead to inaccurate rating predictions, as it is difficult to know users’ preferring aspects and their corresponding importance by analyzing users’ rating data.To resolve the above-stated problems, this research proposed aspect-based rating prediction methods, i.e., ARPM and ARPM-Social, which integrate aspect detection and sentiment analysis to generate user preference and business performance, combined with the results of social behavior analysis to predict the ratings of the businesses that users will be interested in the future. Based on the experimental results, the proposed methods perform better than other traditional rating-based prediction methods. They can effectively analyze various aspects and sentiments from the reviews of users and businesses, as well as improve the accuracy of rating predictions.

Simulation based assessment on representativeness of a new performance rating procedure for cold climate air source heat pumps

Cold climate air-to-air heat pumps (CCHP) offer a strong potential for energy use reductions in Canadian homes. Proper selection of the unit is critical in order to take advantage of the improved efficiency and increased heat capacity at low ambient temperatures and ability to modulate to meet a wide range of heating loads. A new performance rating procedure (CSA EXP07) was developed to better represent the seasonal energy efficiency of CCHP systems versus current test procedures that do not always accurately characterize the response to dynamic loads in a colder climate zones, thus resulting in inaccurate equipment rating. To validate the representativeness of the new performance rating procedure and quantify the potential over-or underestimation of energy savings using current performance rating procedures, a CCHP data-driven model is developed and simulated in a code-compliant single-detached Canadian home for different climate regions: Marine, Cold-Humid, Cold-Dry, Very-Cold and Subarctic. These energy models then serve as the basis for comparing the seasonal heating coefficient of performance of a CCHP system, which can be compared to the current and newly proposed performance rating procedure.

Among the Two Kinds of Metacognitive Evaluation, Only One Is Predictive of Illusory Object Perception.

The relationship between expectation-induced hallucination proneness and self-confidence in performance was studied in a visual perception task. Participants were prompted either to recognize briefly shown faces as male or female or to rate the subjective vividness of a square surrounding the face. Importantly, in a few critical trials, the square was absent. Upon completion, participants rated their performance in the face recognition task; they were also asked whether they were sure that their estimation was correct. Out of 35 participants, 33 "hallucinated" on at least one trial, rating the square as visible when it was actually absent. Negative correlation between hallucination proneness and self-confidence in performance (metacognitive rating) was found: The more hallucinations a participant experienced, the less confident he/she was in his/her performance in the face recognition task. Most subjects underestimated their performance; higher ratings were also more accurate. Thus, higher hallucination proneness was associated with more inaccurate ratings of one's own perception. However, confidence in self-ratings as measured by the second follow-up question was unrelated to both, hallucination proneness and self-confidence in performance, supporting the view that there is no unitary mechanism of metacognitive evaluations and extending this view to the domain of visual hallucinatory perception.

Research on the Tower Pole Tilt Mechanism and Risk Assessment Technology Based on BeiDou reverse network RTK

In order to solve the problems of inaccurate and untimely monitoring and high false alarm rate in the current monitoring of the tower pole tilt attitude, this paper proposes a technology for monitoring the tower pole tilt attitude based on RTK technology of Beidou reverse network. This method uses reverse network RTK differential positioning algorithm, which can improve the positioning accuracy of the low-cost Beidou/GNSS positioning terminal and make the positioning accuracy of the tower pole tilt monitoring reach the millimeter level. In this paper, the tilt attitude information of the transmission line tower is measured and calculated by using the height and position information of the transmission line tower, and then the risk assessment is carried out, so as to control the tilt attitude and assess the risk of the transmission line tower. The actual test results show that the method can obtain the information of the tilt attitude of transmission tower pole accurately and reliably, and can be used to evaluate it, which meets the requirements of intelligent, accurate and digital management.

Measuring Impact of Traffic Parameters in Adaptive Signal Control through Microscopic Simulation

This paper aims to exploit the traffic parameters setting in adaptive traffic control. In this study, is known as Dynamic Timing Optimiser (DTO). DTO is an online algorithm, uses real-time optimisation in estimating cycle length according to fluctuations arrival flow registered from the detector. DTO cycle time estimation is also incorporated with preset parameters including saturation flow rate (s) and lost time (L). However, these traffic flow parameters commonly inputted as one deterministic value which adopted for the whole day. For example, presumed constant of saturation flow rate (s) do not accurately represent an actual oversaturated condition. The effects of employing inaccurate saturation flow rate (s) lead to the underestimation of cycle length. Therefore, a set of parameters value is applied and tested encompass of default value and adjusted value that implied a heaviest traffic condition through microscopic simulation. This resulted in outcomes of intersection performance in terms of intersection delay, travel time and throughput. According to simulation result, saturation flow rate (s) parameters show a great influence in cycle length optimisation compared to lost time (L) parameter. Employing a realistic saturation flow rate (s) while inputting parameters in DTO according to real traffic conditions contribute to a less intersection delay. In addition, the study revealed that a longer lost time (L) configured in the signal system, a longer cycle length generated by DTO algorithm. As predicted, high delay occurs during long cycle length yet benefited in allowing a higher throughput.

Feasibility of China’s Financial Reforms

Despite the diversity of China’s financial system and the reforms that have already occurred, the system is heavily bank-dominated, and the Big Four extend almost half of all loans in China. These banks often extend loans to state-owned enterprises and in recent years have had the largest proportion of nonperforming loans (NPLs). These large, state-owned banks have been shown to be less efficient than other types of banks (such as joint-stock or city-owned banks) in China. Although interest rate liberalization has marked a major step toward financial marketization, implicit government guarantees, inaccurate credit ratings, and segmented markets have prevented the free movement of interest rates in unleashing market forces. It is argued that deteriorating economic indicators forces the government to focus on ensuring sufficient liquidity in the economy. Hitting China’s ever-present growth target appears to be a priority that supersedes reform objectives in the financial sector.

CBA-TCP: A cross-layer TCP transmission rate adaptation scheme based on the compressed block ACK bitmap of IEEE 802.11n networks

Optimizing the performance of TCP in wireless networks in a changing network condition is a highly challenging issue. The lack of information at the TCP layer about the link quality will result in inaccurate transmission rate. Therefore, TCP needs to have sufficient information about the environment and the different characteristics of the lower layers to improve the performance. To achieve this goal we proposed a cross-layer scheme which makes use of the information stored in the 802.11n compressed block acknowledged bitmap about the status of the transmitted subframes of the aggregated frame. This information is fed to the TCP transmission mechanism as a new criterion to adjust the TCP transmission rate with accordance to the aggregation level and channel quality. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the TCP performance in term of throughput and packet loss.

Towards Developing an Integrity Framework in Performance Appraisal System (PAS) in the Malaysian Public Sector: A Preliminary Analysis from Justice and Ethical Perspectives

The implementation of Performance Appraisal System (PAS) is seen as a strategic move to foster performance-basedwork culture in the Malaysia’s public sector. Embedded in pay-for performance system, the new appraisal systemwhich was first introduced in 1992 establishes linkage between pay system, performance and competenciesdevelopment. However, the chain tying pay to performance appears to be weak. Massive disappointment signalspoor implementation as the appraisal system was overshadowed by inappropriate instrument design, rater error,inaccurate rating, bias assessment, etc. These major setbacks have evoked concern over ethical and fairness in thepractices of PAS. Occurrence of problems in the implementation of PAS signified erosion of justice and ethics in thepractices of PAS, thus lead to growing demand for integrity-based performance assessment system. This preliminaryanalysis therefore seeks to examine the relationship between ethic, justice and the practices of PAS in the Malaysia’spublic sector. Correlation coefficient results disclosed positive association between variables as the instrument used,process employed are moderately associated with ethics and justice dimensions. The appraisal system is likelyperceived to be good if fair assessment and ethical supervision were present and vice versa. This study deliberatelydiscusses the aforementioned issues through integrated framework based on organizational justice and workcharacter ethics theories and proposed framework for integrity enhancement in the implementation of PAS.Significantly, this article makes a theoretical contribution towards developing higher integrity capacity which oftenrequires in HRM practice.

Optimistic credit rating and its influence on corporate decisions: evidence from Korea

Credit rating agencies have often been a target for criticism due to their inaccuracy and untimeliness. This paper sheds light on this issue by examining how an optimistic credit rating influences corporate decisions. We use Korean corporate credit ratings and construct the measure of credit rating optimism as the deviation of the actual ratings from benchmark ratings based on US corporate ratings. We find that rating optimism has a negative association with cost of debt and a positive relation with debt financing and investment. We also find that a positive relation between investment and future performance is weaker for firms with optimistic ratings. This finding suggests that inaccurate credit ratings would damage efficient capital allocation in the capital market.

High Current Testing and Simulation for Land Grid Array Sockets

Abstract Land grid array (LGA) sockets are commonly used for industry standard and custom microprocessors to meet the increased performance challenges for a variety of server applications. Along with the need for increased high speed signaling capabilities comes the challenge to support lower voltages and higher currents. Typical testing that is conducted by the LGA socket suppliers does not provide an accurate assessment of the maximum current capabilities in a real product application due to the test card design and construction limitations. Typical test card designs use daisy chain connections to wire multiple LGA socket contacts in series. The daisy chain wiring in the test card adds to the resistive heating and results in an inaccurate maximum current rating. Also, the test cards typically do not have a cross section construction that is representative of a real product application with multiple ground planes that provide improved thermal dissipation of the heat generated by the LGA socket interface. Hardware testing was conducted to better understand the performance limitations for a new product application. The test card was designed to use multiple voltage and ground planes in the circuit card cross section to provide a low impedance path for current flow and a low voltage drop through the LGA socket interface. In addition to the test card construction, the test hardware included a special test module with a shorted chip to provide a more accurate power distribution path through the socket and processor package. The test variables included different plating metallurgy options for the LGA socket and the processor module along with different configurations for the voltage supply and ground return contacts. Electrical and thermal modeling techniques were used to simulate the test hardware configuration with good correlation between the hardware and modeling results. Based on the positive correlation results, additional modeling was conducted to simulate the worst case power mapping conditions for the processor chip along with a more accurate power distribution. The additional modeling results provided further insights into the maximum current capabilities for the LGA socket based on the temperature increase from the resistive heating in the socket contacts.

The Relationship Between the Number of Raters and the Validity of Performance Ratings

In the focal article “Getting Rid of Performance Ratings: Genius or Folly? A Debate,” two groups of authors argued the merits of performance ratings (Adler et al., 2016). Despite varied views, both sides noted the importance of including multiple raters to obtain more accurate performance ratings. As the pro side noted, “if ratings can be pooled across many similarly situated raters, it should be possible to obtain quite reliable assessments” (Adler et al., p. 236). Even the con side noted, “In theory, it is possible to obtain ratings from multiple raters and pool them to eliminate some types of interrater agreement” (Adler et al., p. 225), although this side was certainly less optimistic about the merits of multiple raters. In the broader industrial–organizational psychology literature, authors have repeatedly heralded the benefits of adding additional raters for performance ratings, some even treating it as a panacea for inaccurate ratings. Although these authors extol the virtues of multiple raters, an important question is often omitted from relevant discussions of performance ratings: To what extent do additional raters actually improve performance ratings? Does adding an additional rater double the validity of performance ratings? Does an additional rater increase the validity of performance ratings by a constant value? Or is the answer something else altogether?

Alternative state and national projections of Australia’s very elderly population

Growing very elderly populations (ages 85+) have significant implications for income support, aged care and health care and accurate projections are essential for proper planning and budgeting. Unfortunately, retrospective assessments of the ABS’ population projections revealed large errors in very elderly projections, largely due to inaccurate mortality rate forecasts. Erroneous official population estimates and death rates for the high ages also contributed to projection errors. This paper presents alternative projections of Australia’s very elderly population at a state and national level based on methods found to be simple and reliable. Adult death rates by age and sex were extrapolated assuming constant geometric rates of decline and input into a cohort-component population projection model. Australia’s very elderly population is expected to grow rapidly over the next 30 years, from 430,000 in 2012 to almost 1.5 million in 2042. As a percentage of the total population, the very elderly is expected to increase from 1.9 % in 2012 to 4.2 % in 2042. Centenarians are expected to increase from almost 3500 to over 15,000. South Australia’s very elderly population is projected to grow the least and Western Australia’s the most. Male numbers are expected to grow faster than females, resulting in increasing sex ratios. Projected very elderly numbers in 2042 are 13 % higher than official projections. ABS projections of centenarians are, however, 55 % higher. The methods used in this study are simple and have been shown to produce reliable projections. The projections presented here will facilitate effective planning for, and funding of the income and service needs of Australia’s very elderly.

The shadow economy: a relevant factor for investment decisions in selected European Union countries

The estimation of sovereign risk indicators has a key role for the investment decisions. We were witnesses of inaccurate ratings before the last economic crisis, which altered significantly the results expected by many investors. Thus, we propose an improved rating estimation justifying the insertion of new variables, specifically, the shadow economy as a percentage of the GDP. We find that by taking it into account, the credit rating estimation improves. Our estimation assigns a higher sovereign risk to the new European Union member states, whereas the old European Union member states see their sovereign risk decreased.

Harmful Effect of Cherry Leaf Spot(Blumeriellajaapii)on Sour Cherry and Influence on Fruit Yield

The experiment was carried out in 2007-2012 in a sour cherry orchard with three cultivars – ‘Oblachinska’, ‘Schattenmorelle’ and ‘Heiman Ruby’- established in the region of the town of Hisar. In 2007 the control of cherryleafspot(Blumeriellajaapii) was conducted at improper time and inaccurate rates. That induced leaf defoliation in August. In the next vegetation periods (2008-2012) the control of cherry leaf spot was carried out by applying fungicides at definite rates at the most critical time for the host-pathogen system. During the next years (2009-2012) the trees of ‘Oblachinska’ cultivar yielded normally – 1300 kg/dekar, while the trees of the other two cultivars started improving their health status and the yield gradually increased, reaching up to 1600 kg/dekar(da) for ‘Heiman Ruby’ and 1100 kg/da for ‘Schattenmorelle’.

Hardware-in-the-loop simulations of an electrohydraulic power steering system for developing the motor speed map of heavy commercial vehicles

This study proposes hardware-in-the-loop simulations to develop the motor speed map of electrohydraulic power steering systems for heavy commercial vehicles. The current method that relies on the test driver’s hands and feet to obtain electrohydraulic power steering motor speed maps causes a number of problems, such as inaccurate steering rates and vehicle speeds and the risk of rollover during tests. In order to overcome these weaknesses, this study employs a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, a vehicle model, and an experimental development method. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation system was set up to simulate a steering system on the road. The system includes a system drive, data acquisition, system controller sets, and an electrohydraulic power steering system. This hardware-in-the-loop simulation system is controlled in real time because the amount of the torque from the resistant torque motor, which applies the self-aligning moments generated between the ground and the tires to the steering system, is affected by the steering angle of the steering-wheel motor. For calculation of the resistant torque with respect to various driving conditions, a vehicle model was employed in this study. It includes calculation of the self-aligning moments with the tire property data, the moments due to the kingpin inclination, the vehicle dynamics, and the steering-system modeling. The resultant values were input into the resistant torque motor. In addition to the hardware-in-the-loop simulation system and the vehicle model, the concept of a desirable steering torque which parameterizes the steering feel was introduced in this study. Using the desirable steering torque, the steering feel could be quantified, and desirable steering feels were established. In this study, in order to validate the hardware-in-the-loop simulations, a heavy commercial vehicle was designated as the target vehicle. The target vehicle’s tire and specifications such as the dimensions, the weight, the steering system, and the mechanical links were adopted, and a desirable steering-torque map was established by a professional test driver. The development results were presented.