Inaccessible Ones Research Articles

Tuning Transduction from Hidden Observables to Optimize Information Harvesting.

Biological and living organisms sense and process information from their surroundings, typically having access only to a subset of external observables for a limited amount of time. In this Letter, we uncover how biological systems can exploit these accessible degrees of freedom to transduce information from the inaccessible ones with a limited energy budget. We find that optimal transduction strategies may boost information harvesting over the ideal case in which all degrees of freedom are known, even when only finite-time trajectories are observed, at the price of higher dissipation. We apply our results to red blood cells, inferring the implemented transduction strategy from membrane flickering data and shedding light on the connection between mechanical stress and transduction efficiency. Our framework offers novel insights into the adaptive strategies of biological systems under nonequilibrium conditions.

Stochastic intervention control of mean-field jump system with noisy observation via L-derivatives with application to finance

In this paper, we investigate stochastic optimal intervention control of mean-field nonlinear random Poisson-jump-system with related noisy process. We derive the necessary conditions of optimality for partially observed optimal intervention control problems of mean-field type. The coefficients depend on the state of the solution process as well as of its probability distribution and the control variable. The proof of our main result is obtained by applying L-derivatives in the sense of Lions. In our control model, there are two models of jumps for the state process, the inaccessible ones which come from the random Poission process and the predictable ones which come from the intervention control. Finally, we apply our result to study conditional mean-variance portfolio selection problem with interventions, where the foreign exchange interventions are intended to contain excessive fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and to stabilize them.

Epistaxis Treatment Options: Literature Review.

Epistaxis means bleeding from nostrils, nasal cavity or nasopharynx. To summarize the available epistaxis treatment options. Methods: 61 articles published in the last 20years were included. Duplicate records, irrelevant and inaccessible ones were excluded. Epistaxis can be treated with first aid measures such as external pressure and ice packing and applying topical agents, e.g. oxymetazoline that stops 65-75% of nosebleeds in A&E. Also, with electrocautery which is more effective and has fewer recurrences (14.5% vs. 35.1%) than chemical cauterization and applying tranexamic acid that promotes hemostasis in 78% of patients, versus 35% and 31% respectively in patients treated with oxymetazoline and nasal packing. Furthermore, nasal packing can be applied with non-absorbable materials, e.g. petroleum jelly, BIPP gauze, PVA nasal tampons (Merocel), Foley catheter, balloons (Rapid-Rhino), absorbable materials, e.g. nasal tampon (Nasopore), and with newer hemostatic materials which are more effective and with fewer complications, e.g. hemostatic gauzes (Surgicel), thrombin matrix (Floseal), gelatin sponge (Spongostan) and fibrin glue. Moreover, epistaxis can be achieved with endoscopic ligation of arteries, mainly SPA, which is more effective than conventional nasal packing (97% vs. 62%), and with endoscopic cauterizationwhich is more effective than ligation. Finally, for intractable cases embolization can be applied using gelatin sponge, foam, PVA and coils with 80% success rate and comparable efficacy and complications to surgical methods. Epistaxis can be dealt with various methods depending on patient's history and available resources. Newer hemostatic agents in combination with endoscopic methods have advantages over traditional methods.

INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, ECONOMIC FACTORS, SOCIAL-CULTURAL FACTORS AND GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON DEMAND FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM IN KENYA.A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Purpose: Global Tourism destinations provide different products which satisfy tourists with different interests, needs and wants. The general objective of the study was to establish the role of forest diversification in promoting tourism.
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The study concluded that the accessibility of a tourist attraction is vital in determining the number of people that visit that attraction. Accessible destinations receive more tourists than inaccessible ones. Such destinations like the mountain tops may require advanced skills and equipment which may limit many would-be tourists from accessing them. Other destinations like parks where there are passable roads are visited more frequently and by a large number of people. This also applies to the topography of the land where extremely rugged terrains may not favour frequent visits by the local people. Proximity of an attraction site from the local market influences the number of domestic tourists in an area where attraction sites near settlements are more visited than those far from the settlements. This can be attributed to the less costs involved in visiting near destinations compared to the far ones. Finally, areas with favourable weather conditions are more frequented by local tourists than sites with extreme weather conditions such as very cold or very hot conditions. Climate may also contribute to seasonality of domestic tourism where there are more tourists during some weather conditions and fewer tourists during other weather conditions
 Recommendations: The study recommends that awareness about the existence of various tourists' attractions in an area is a key element in its promotion as a tourist destination, The players in the tourism industry should therefore," create awareness among the local people about the existing attractions to create the demand for them. Further, tourism education would be important in promotion of domestic tourism where it is offered in schools and colleges as well retraining of the players in the industry through seminars and workshops. Emphasis on the need for the participation of the local people in the tourism activities would also be vital in promoting domestic tourism.
 Keywords: role, forest diversification, promoting tourism

Co-Design of Fault Detection and Consensus Control Protocol for Multi-Agent Systems Under Hidden DoS Attack

This article is concerned with the co-design of fault detection and consensus control protocol for a class of multi-agent systems (MASs) subject to Denial-of-Service attack, where the attack behavior is hidden to the defender as the adversary may launch the attack with different durations but the defender may not know the real situation at each time instant. Due to the complicated attack behavior, a hidden semi-Markov process is introduced where only the observed attack modes emitted by the inaccessible ones are available. The probability density functions of sojourn time and the semi-Markov kernel are adopted to help analyze the combined fault detection and consensus control system. Sufficient conditions on the σ-error mean square stability of MASs with mixed H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sub> /H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sub> performance are established by using a set of Lyapunov functions that depend on the hidden and the observed attack modes. Moreover, the gain matrices of controller and detector are obtained by solving an optimization problem with some matrix inequality constraints. Finally, the simulation of autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.

Island accessibility and distance from beach influence nesting success of Sooty FalconsFalco concolorin Oman

Colonial island‐breeding birds can be particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance, which can adversely affect their nesting success. We studied Sooty FalconsFalco concolorbreeding on 10 ground‐predator‐free islands in the Sea of Oman during 2007–2014 and evaluated spatio‐temporal trends in the number of breeding pairs occurring on the islands and the factors influencing nesting success. The number of breeding pairs on the islands declined during the study, due mostly to the decline on accessible islands; the rate of decline on islands accessible to humans was double that on inaccessible ones. The number of nests with one or more eggs declined during the study period, and the percentage of nests with eggs that produced one or more chicks showed an increasing trend over time. Sooty Falcon nests located farther away from beaches experienced a significantly higher probability of nesting success than those located closer to beaches. Our results suggest that the number of breeding Sooty Falcons on the islands of northern Oman is declining and that human disturbance may be a contributing factor; this probably mirrors the situation in other parts of the breeding range of this species.

A McKean–Vlasov optimal mixed regular-singular control problem for nonlinear stochastic systems with Poisson jump processes

In this paper, we develop the necessary conditions of optimality for a new class of mixed regular-singular control problem for nonlinear forward–backward stochastic systems with Poisson jump processes of McKean–Vlasov type. The coefficients of the system and the performance functional depend not only on the state process but also its marginal law of the state process through its expected value. The control variable has two components, the first being absolutely continuous and the second singular control. Our optimality conditions for these McKean–Vlasov׳s systems are established by means of convex perturbation techniques for both continuous and singular parts. In our class of McKean–Vlasov control problem, there are two types of jumps for the state processes, the inaccessible ones which come from the Poisson martingale part and the predictable ones which come from the singular control part.

Deliberately provoking local inflammation drives tumors to become their own protective vaccine site

Anti-cancer immunotherapies aim to generate resolution of all existing tumors, including inaccessible ones, and provide long-term protection against recurrence. This is rarely achieved. Thus, we aimed to determine if the tumor microenvironment could be turned into a potent 'self'-vaccine site. Our target was to eradicate larger tumor burdens. Our models respond to single-agent immunotherapies; however, they fail at a precisely defined 'cut-off' tumor burden. Thus, this system was used to define the immune mechanisms required to mediate regression of larger tumors that are resistant to mono-immunotherapies. We report that direct injection of IL-2 with agonist anti-CD40 antibody into the tumor bed resulted in permanent resolution of treated and untreated distal tumors. Tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells and neutrophils collaborated to eradicate treated tumors, IFNgamma was not critical and protective memory was preserved. This approach relied only on tumor antigens expressed within the tumor microenvironment. It also avoided systemic toxicities, did not require chemotherapy or surgery and is clinically useful because only one tumor site has to be accessible for treatment. We conclude that provoking intra-tumoral inflammation skews the tumor microenvironment from tumorigenic to immunogenic, resulting in the resolution of treated and untreated distal tumors, as well long-term protective memory.

3D cavity detection technique and its application based on cavity auto scanning laser system

Ground constructions and mines are severely threatened by underground cavities especially those unsafe or inaccessible ones. Safe and precise cavity detection is vital for reasonable cavity evaluation and disposal. The conventional cavity detection methods and their limitation were analyzed. Those methods cannot form 3D model of underground cavity which is used for instructing the cavity disposal; and their precisions in detection are always greatly affected by the geological circumstance. The importance of 3D cavity detection in metal mine for safe exploitation was pointed out; and the 3D cavity laser detection method and its principle were introduced. A cavity auto scanning laser system was recommended to actualize the cavity 3D detection after comparing with the other laser detection systems. Four boreholes were chosen to verify the validity of the cavity auto scanning laser system. The results show that the cavity auto scanning laser system is very suitable for underground 3D cavity detection, especially for those inaccessible ones.

Local RNA Target Structure Influences siRNA Efficacy: A Systematic Global Analysis

The efficiency with which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) down-regulate specific gene expression in living cells is variable and a number of sequence-governed, biochemical parameters of the siRNA duplex have been proposed for the design of an efficient siRNA. Some of these parameters have been clearly identified to influence the assembly of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), or to favour the sequence preferences of the RISC endonuclease. For other parameters, it is difficult to ascertain whether the influence is a determinant of the siRNA per se, or a determinant of the target RNA, especially its local structural characteristics. In order to gain an insight into the effects of local target structure on the biological activity of siRNA, we have used large sets of siRNAs directed against local targets of the mRNAs of ICAM-1 and survivin. Target structures were classified as accessible or inaccessible using an original, iterative computational approach and by experimental RNase H mapping. The effectiveness of siRNA was characterized by measuring the IC50 values in cell culture and the maximal extent of target suppression. Mean IC50 values were tenfold lower for accessible local target sites, with respect to inaccessible ones. Mean maximal target suppression was improved. These data illustrate that local target structure does, indeed, influence the activity of siRNA. We suggest that local target screening can significantly improve the hit rate in the design of biologically active siRNAs.

Synthetic Methods of Selenium- and Tellurium Variants of Tetrathiafulvalene Electron Donors

Two very useful, versatile reactions applicable to the synthesis of TTF-type electron donors are presented: the one-pot preparation of 1,3-dichalcogenole-2-chalcogenones from readily available terminal alkynes and the ready formation of heterocyclic rings fused on TTF by transalkylation on a chalcogen atom. These reactions in combination with a conventional trialkyl phosphite-promoted coupling reaction of 1,3-dichalcogenole-2-chalcogenones provide a ready access to novel selenium- and tellurium- variants of TTF-type electron donors. A variety of synthetic examples of these compounds, especially inaccessible ones of six-membered heterocycle-fused type, five-membered heterocycle-fused type, dimeric type, and cyclophane type, are demonstrated.

Disseminated pelvic hydatidosis presenting as ovarian carcinomatosis: Successful post-operative treatment with mebendazole

The case of a female with disseminated pelvic cystic hydatidosis presenting as ovarian carcinomatosis 2.5 years after repeated abdominal paracentesis is reported. The diagnosis was made during surgery and confirmed by serology and histological examination. Over 100 cysts were removed from the abdominal cavity and wall. Innumerable small cysts studded the viscera; these and larger inaccessible ones were untouched. Medical cure in this patient was achieved with a combination of partial resection and special irrigation, broad spectrum antibiotic for coverage of infectious episodes and high dose long term mebendazole therapy for 25 months. The danger of blind aspiration in patients coming from endemic areas is emphasized.

Regions in the ribosomal minichromosome of Physarum polycephalum are protected from restriction nucleases; protection is insensitive to high salt in the G phase and sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle

In the central spacer region of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, four small regions of related sequence are completely inaccessible to restriction endonucleases ( HinfI and MboI). In addition, some sequences neighboring the inaccessible ones, are partially inaccessible to restriction enzymes and micrococcal nuclease. Taking advantage of the natural synchrony of Physarum plasmodia, we found that this protection is present throughout the cell cycle. Treatment with high salt (2.5 m-NaCl) of nuclei from the G2 phase of the cell cycle left the protection essentially unchanged. When nuclei from the M phase were treated with salt, the protection was abolished. The inaccessible sites are located close to the origins of replication of the rDNA.

From accessible to inaccessible cardinals (Results holding for all accessible cardinal numbers and the problem of their extension to inaccessible ones)

From accessible to inaccessible cardinals (Results holding for all accessible cardinal numbers and the problem of their extension to inaccessible ones)

The Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun

IN a Dispatch of the Governor-General in Council, India (dated Nov. 1, 1862), which merits a closer study than some parts of the Empire and Commonwealth appear to have given it, the formation of an Indian Forest Service with an inspector-general of forests at its head as adviser to the Governor-General was advocated, in order to check the excessive exploitment and waste of the forests of that country, which had been greatly intensified with the increased demand following the establishment of ordered rule, and to reserve and conserve selected forest areas. In sanctioning the proposals, the Secretary of State for India wrote that whereas capital expenditure might and would be justifiably spent in ameliorating ruined forests and in opening out inaccessible ones, he was assured that the work projected would result ins a valuable forest estate accruing, which in due course, in addition to being of the greatest benefit to the people, would bring in an increasing revenue to the Government. This inspired prophecy was abundantly fulfilled.