In Vitro Gas Production Research Articles

Detecting differences in starch digestibility using in vitro methods among corn hybrids harvested at silage maturities

The objectives were to 1) determine whether genetic differences can be detected for carbohydrate fermentability among corn hybrids at silage maturities when the effects of drying and grinding are eliminated and 2) determine if in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD), a routine laboratory method used by commercial laboratories for hybrid evaluation, can detect differences when DM is controlled. Samples of whole corn plants from 3 hybrids (Brevant): B99B79SX (BMR, n = 7), B96T79SX, standard (STAN, n = 6), and B95U78SXE, floury-BMR (FL, n = 7), that had similar range of DM were selected. Sets of 8 ears were harvested concurrently and kernels removed from the ears by hand. Samples of undried kernels were quartered (QKERN) and in vitro gas production (IVGP) was measured for 120 h. More gas was produced by QKERN of FL than of STAN and BMR from 9 to 18 h (P < 0.05), and QKERN of FL produced more gas than BMR through 21 h (P < 0.05). The QKERN of FL had a shorter lag than STAN or BMR (P < 0.001) and a faster rate of gas production than BMR (P < 0.01), establishing that genetic differences are present at silage maturities. To determine whether the routine laboratory method can detect these differences, kernels (GKERN) and whole corn plants (GWP) were dried and ground to pass a 4-mm screen to measure IVSD after 3, 8, and 24 h. Particle size of GKERN was determined by dry sieving using a set of 13 sieves. For both GKERN and GWP, IVSD was lowest for BMR and highest for FL after 8 h. The IVSD8h of GKERN decreased as particle size increased at a similar rate for the 3 hybrids but the intercepts were different, with BMR being lowest and FL highest. Similarly, the IVSD8h of both GKERN and GWP decreased with increasing whole plant DM at a similar rate for the 3 hybrids and the magnitude of difference for IVSD8h was larger for the range in DM than the range in intercepts for the hybrids (0.123 vs 0.071 and 0.117 vs. 0.100, for GKERN and GWP, respectively). Plant maturity, or DM, has a larger effect on IVSD than hybrid type, and should therefore be controlled when evaluating genetic differences.

Potential feeding value, feed quality, microbial protein production, and antimethanogenic properties of tree leaves admixed with Italian ryegrass at different ratios using &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; gas production

The purpose of this study was to use the in vitro gas production (IVGP) method to assess the relative feeding value, feed quality, and anti- methanogenic capabilities of tree leaves added to Italian ryegrass forage at various proportions. With the addition of 2% and 4% willow leaf (Salix alba), 2% and 4% vine leaf (Vitis vinifera), 2% and 4% plane leaf (Platanus orientalis), and a control group devoid of these supplements, a total of 21 forage samples were created. The data were subjected to analysis of variance after nutritional composition, energy content, feeding value, and feed quality were determined using the in vitro gas generation method. The effect of the addition of tree leaves to forage on crude ash, IVGP, methane, metabolizable energy, net energy lactation, organic matter digestion, true digestible dry matter, partitioning factor, microbial protein, microbial protein synthesising efficiency, degree of true digestion, NDF digestion, total digestible nutrients, and relative feed quality was substantial. With the addition of 2% willow leaves, the digestibility, metabolic energy, net energy lactation value, organic matter digestion, microbial protein value, and relative feed quality all improved. The findings showed that tree leaves can be utilized as an alternate feed source for ruminants. Tannin content should be taken into account when preparing rations utilizing tannin-containing tree leaves.

Enhanced lignin degradation by Irpex lacteus through expanded sterilization further improved the fermentation quality and microbial community during the silage preservation process

Traditional autoclaving, slow degradation rate and preservation of biomass treated by fungi are the main factors restricting biological treatment. In our previous studies, strains with high efficiency and selective lignin degradation ability were obtained. To further solve the limiting factors of biological treatment, this paper proposed a composite treatment technology, which could replace autoclaves for fungal treatment and improve the preservation and utilization of fungal-pretreated straw. The autoclaved and expanded buckwheat straw were, respectively, degraded by Irpex lacteus for 14 days (CIL, EIL), followed by ensiling of raw materials (CK) and biodegraded straw of CIL and EIL samples with Lactobacillus plantarum for different days, respectively (CP, CIP, EIP). An expansion led to lactic acid bacteria, mold, and yeast of the samples below the detection line, and aerobic bacteria was significantly reduced, indicating a positive sterilization effect. Expansion before I. lacteus significantly enhanced lignin selective degradation by about 6%, and the absolute content of natural detergent solute was about 5% higher than that of the CIL. Moreover, EIL decreased pH by producing higher organic acids. The combination treatment created favorable conditions for ensiling. During ensiling, EIP silage produced high lactic acid about 26.83 g/kg DM and the highest acetic acid about 22.35 g/kg DM, and the pH value could be stable at 4.50. Expansion before I. lacteus optimized the microbial community for ensiling, resulting in EIP silage co-dominated by Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Weissella, whereas only Lactobacillus was always dominant in CP and CIP silage. Clavispora gradually replaced Irpex in EIP silage, which potentially promoted lactic acid bacteria growth and acetic acid production. In vitro gas production (IVGP) in EIL was increased by 30% relative to CK and was higher than 24% in CIL. The role of expansion was more significant after ensiling, the IVGP in EIP was increased by 22% relative to CP, while that in CIP silage was only increased by 9%. Silage of fungal-treated samples reduced methane emissions by 28% to 31%. The study demonstrated that expansion provides advantages for fungal colonization and delignification, and further improves the microbial community and fermentation quality for silage, enhancing the nutrition and utilization value. This has practical application value for scaling up biological treatment and preserving the fungal-treated lignocellulose.Graphical

The Potential of Frozen Rumen Fluid with Dimethyl Sulfoxide And Glucose As Cryoprotectant on In Vitro Gas Production And Digestibility

As the pressure from the animal welfare community increases, there is an urgent need to find the alternative rumen fluid (RF) source as an essential inoculum for in vitro digestibility studies. The objective of this study is to support the previous studies utilizing fresh RF from abattoir with and without cryoprotectants during the freezing process. A 2x3x3-factorial design was used to ascertain the effectiveness of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glucose as cryoprotectants to frozen RF varying from 4, 11, and 18 days to measure the in vitro gas production (IVGP) and digestibility (IVD) of a complete feed consisted of elephant grass and commercial concentrate at 1:1 ratio. factor A being the preservation methods, factor B being the cryoprotectants, and factor C being the preservation time. IVGP shows that the use of DMSO and glucose as cryoprotectants (P1A, P1B, P2A, &amp; P2B) only held back quality performance and made the noncryoprotected frozen RF (P0A) is the most applicable method for preservation that lasts until 18 days. IVD however resulted in the most similar frozen RF treatment with gradual freezing that uses DMSO as cryoprotectant (P1B). Thus, making DMSO and glucose influenced nothing significant to the frozen RF. Maintaining the reduction of animal welfare while simultaneously keeping the data variation low is achievable and efficient.

342 Effectiveness of Liver Abscess-Controlling Antibiotic on Rumen Kinetics of Beef Steers Consuming a High-Grain Diet

Abstract Virginiamycin (VM) possesses antimicrobial properties due to its blocking of protein synthase in Gram-positive bacteria, allowing it to reduce lactic acidosis and the incidence of liver abscesses in ruminants. Ruminal acidosis is a common metabolic disorder that affects feedlot and dairy cattle and occurs when the supply of organic acids from fermentation exceeds its absorption and degradation, accumulating acid content in the rumen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different doses of VM administration on in vivo and in vitro ruminal digestion kinetics of beef steers consuming a high-grain diet [metabolizable energy (ME): 2.99 Mcal/kg; Crude Protein (CP): 15.2 % dry matter basis (DM)]. Nine ruminally cannulated British-crossbred steers (596 ± 49 kg) were assigned to this experiment. Animals were housed in three pens (n = 3/pen) equipped with a Calan gate feed system and water trough. Pens were enrolled in a 3×3 Latin square design containing three periods of 16 d, and a 5-d washout interval between periods. Dietary treatments consisted of VM administration at 0 mg/d (VM0), 180 mg/d (VM180), and 240 mg/d (VM240). During d 15 and 16 of each period, about 600 mL of rumen fluid was collected before (0 h) and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 h relative to the morning feed (0730 h) pH and redox potential (Eh) measurements were taken immediately after collection using a portable pH and redox meter, and subsamples were taken for volatile fatty acids (VFA), and NH3-N analyses. During the 4-h post-morning feed rumen collection, rumen inoculum was utilized to perform in vitro gas production (IVGP) measurements. All statistical procedures were performed using SAS software where steer was considered the experimental unit, and period and square were included as random. Acetate, propionate, and total VFA did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.50), whereas butyrate increased linearly (P = 0.033) as the VM dose increased. Acetate:propionate ratio did not differ among treatments (P = 0.273). Lactate concentration decreased linearly (P = 0.027) as the VM dose increased; likewise, pH increased linearly (P = 0.019) as the VM dose increased. Branched-chain VFA and NH3-N concentrations increased linearly (P ≤ 0.056) as the VM dose increased. The total and rate of gas production were similar among treatments (P ≥ 0.161). However, second-pool gas production increased linearly as VM inclusion increased (P = 0.023). The in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility did not differ among treatments (P = 0.984). The provision of VM altered the rumen dynamics in a dose-dependent manner. Animals consuming high-grain diets will likely promote rumen health through a more stable pH and fermentation profile.

Tithonia diversifolia Improves In Vitro Rumen Microbial Synthesis of Sheep Diets without Changes in Total Gas and Methane Production

Among the alternatives identified as capable of making livestock farming a more efficient activity and reducing its environmental impact, the use of feeds with high digestibility and the use of non-conventional fodder species can be highlighted. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (TD) has already gained attention as a feed for ruminants. Nonetheless, there has been little discussion about the impacts of this plant on the rumen dynamics that lead to better animal performance. The aim of this study was to assess how increasing levels of TD could affect ruminal microbial biomass synthesis, degradability, and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of diets. Four diets were evaluated: a control diet (TD0: 400 g kg−1 soybean meal and maize grain, and 600 g kg−1 Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.)) and three increasing levels of TD (TD9: 90, TD27: 270, and TD45: 450 g kg−1–dry matter basis) as a replacement for dietary roughage. A 96 h IVGP assay was carried out and five incubation times (2, 4, 10, 24, and 96 h) were used for degradability determination. Gas produced, methane (CH4), degradability of organic matter (IVDOM), short-chained fatty acid (SCFA) production, partitioning factor (PF), and microbial biomass (MB) were evaluated among treatments. There was no significant effect (p &gt; 0.05) between TD inclusion and IVGP at most incubation times; only at 6 h of incubation did gas production increase linearly with TD inclusion (R2 = 0.19; p &lt; 0.05). TD inclusion had no effects on CH4. IVDOM increased linearly with TD inclusion at 6 and 10 h, with TD45 being more degradable than the control diet at 6 h only. There was a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.20; p &lt; 0.05) between TD inclusion and PF. TD45 had significantly higher PF values than the control. MB also increased linearly (R2 = 0.30; p &lt; 0.05) with TD inclusion, and all diets with TD had significantly more MB than the control diet. The inclusion of TD at the levels used in this work was revealed to have a positive impact on microbial protein synthesis, which could be related to the higher microbial efficiency of increased substrate quality.

Chemical composition and in vitro gas production of Brachiaria decumbens harvested at different stages of growth in the hot humid region

The study evaluated the effect of harvesting date on the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of the botanic fractions of Brachiaria decumbens grass. The botanic fractions (leaf, stem and whole plant) of the grass at two maturities (60 and 120 days) in a Completely Randomised Design with factorial arrangement. Samples of botanic fractions at the different harvest dates were chemically analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fibre concentrations and in vitro gas production (IVGP) was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h to estimate the volume and rate of gas production. Short-chain volatile fatty acids, microbial protein production, in vitro organic matter digestibility, and metabolizable energy were estimated from established models. Organic matter, crude fibre, NDF, ADF and ADL increased (P&lt;0.05) with increasing maturity whereas the reverse was so for CP and ash contents (P&lt;0.05). Significant interactions (P&lt;0.05) between harvest date and plant fraction were present for both ‘b’ and ‘c’ attributable to treatment effects. Potential gas production ‘b’ elicited a negative response for all plant fractions across the two harvest dates as the values decreased linearly. The rate at which the gases were produced ‘c’ also induced a negative response for the leaf and whole fraction but a positive one for the stem fraction. The nutrient composition and gas production characteristics of grasses harvested at day 60 offer a better potential as high quality forage for improved intake and digestibility. The leaf fractions performed relatively better based on the afore-mentioned methods of quality assessment at both maturity periods.

EFFECTS OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON IN-VITRO GAS PRODUCTION KINETICS AND RUMINAL FERMENTATION OF FOUR FIBROUS FEEDS: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL DIETS

This study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing doses of plant extracts of moringa, thyme, and rosemary on in-vitro gas production (IVGP) of four fibrous feeds (kikuyu grass, alfalfa hay, oat hay, and corn stover). The extracts were applied at doses of: 0 (control), 6 (low), 12 (medium), and 18 (high) ml/g dry matter (DM). IVGP was assessed using three fistulated goats and different incubation periods. At the end of incubation, dry matter degradability (DMd), gas yield (GY24), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial crude protein (MCP) production were determined. The results showed that the increasing doses of the evaluated extracts had neither linear nor quadratic effect on gas production (GP) of all fibrous feeds (P 0.05). The addition of plant extracts increased GP at all incubation periods (P 0.05), being higher for thyme. Moringa, thyme, and rosemary extracts altered ruminal fermentation parameters, including ME, MCP, SCFA, the partitioning factor at 72 h of incubation (PF72), and DMd, being higher for thyme followed by rosemary and moringa. In conclusion, the addition of thyme extract increased GP, ME, MCP, SCFA, PF72, and DMd compared with rosemary and moringa plant extracts. However, additional in-vivo studies should be conducted to confirm these effects.

PSVII-2 Effects of Feeding a Starch or Pectin Supplement on Ruminal Parameters and gas Production of Grazing Young Bulls

Abstract The study aimed to investigate the effects of two feeding times and two sources of energy supplementation on pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of beef cattle reared in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures. We used eight rumen-cannulated ½ Aberdeen Angus x ½ Nellore young bulls (280±7 kg) distributed in a double 4x4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of supplementation at 0.3% of body weight with corn or citrus pulp, supplied at 0900 or 1700. Ruminal fluid pH was measured with a digital pH analyzer and SCFA was analyzed on a Shimadzu HPLC. The IVGP was determined using a transducer and a data logger for 48 h after incubation of samples combining forage and supplement in real intake proportion (88% forage, 12% supplement). Considering the rapid fermentation of sugars, animals supplemented with pectin maintained higher pH (P = 0.021) due to changes in bacterial populations to digest the pectic substances (Table 1). Lactate production after starch digestion caused lower pH. Despite the differences in evaluated energy substrates, there was no effect on the primary SCFA concentration (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Citrus pulp provided greater formic (P = 0.005) and valeric (P = 0.042) acids concentrations compared with corn, but there was no influence of formic acid in lactic acid production (Table 1). The greater IVGP by citrus pulp (P = 0.0140; Figure 1) may be related to its greater carbohydrate fraction A, soluble with a rapid rate of rumen degradation, and also because its ruminal fermentation results in greater acetic acid production, which provides more ruminal H2 and CO2, favoring the CH4 production. The citrus pulp can be used as an alternative source to corn because it might prevent acidosis, does not affect the main SCFA production, and is a non-human edible feed.

Technical note: Evaluation of sampling methods for methane concentration from in vitro fermentation.

The objectives of this multipart study were 1) to assess the efficacy of sampling methods of methane concentration ([CH4]) of headspace gas produced during in vitro gas production (IVGP) fermentation, 2) to verify whether headspace [CH4] sampled from an exetainer has the same [CH4] as the headspace of IVGP bottles, 3) to measure relative humidity (RH) within an IVGP bottle, and 4) to compare [CH4] on a dry-gas (DG) basis when accounting for water vapor pressure (Pw). The original IVGP protocol recommends placing bottles on ice (0 °C) for 30 min to stop fermentation (ICE). A laboratory protocol recommends placing the bottles in the refrigerator (4 to 6 °C) to slow fermentation for 48 h and subsequently allowing the bottles to return to ambient temperature before sampling (FRIDGE). This study evaluated the previous methods against a direct sampling of the headspace gas after incubation (DIRECT). Rumen inoculum from four rumen-cannulated beef steers was combined and homogenized before incubating the fermentable substrate of ground alfalfa hay. After 48 h of IVGP incubation, each bottle was randomly assigned to a treatment protocol. The pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature (T) of headspace gas in each bottle were recorded. Headspace gas was then thoroughly mixed, and 12 mL gas was removed into an evacuated exetainer for [CH4] sampling via gas chromatography (EXET; Objective 1). Eight bottles from ICE and FRIDGE were randomly selected to follow EXET, whereas the remaining bottles had [CH4] directly measured from their headspace (BOTT; Objective 2). Five diets of differing feed composition and nutrient densities were used with a blank to test the RH of the IVGP slurry (Objective 3). Using RH, [CH4] was transformed to a DG basis to account for Pw (Objective 4). Statistical analysis was completed using a random coefficients model. There were no differences between EXET and BOTT (P = 0.28). The RH of the IVGP slurry was 100% (P = 1.00), confirming that IVGP gas is saturated with water vapor. The P, V, and T differed among treatments (P < 0.01). The [CH4] of DIRECT, ICE, and FRIDGE were different (P < 0.01). Dry-gas P, V, and [CH4] differed among treatments (P < 0.01). As the methods differ in their assessment of [CH4], there is no clear recommendation. Instead, to present a more accurate [CH4], P, V, and T should be measured when sampling headspace gas and equations presented should be used to remove volume inflation due to water vapor and present [CH4] on a DG basis.

​Effect of Sowing Time on Production Potential of Maize Fodder and its Nutritive Value Before and After Ensiling

Background: This study was taken up to assess the effect of time of sowing and number of irrigations on the yield of maize cultivar J-1006 and to see their impact on the nutritive value of fresh and ensiled fodder. Methods: Maize cultivar J-1006 was sown at 50 cm row to row and 10 cm plant to plant spacing at 10 days interval in quintuplicate. The crop was harvested after 80-85 days of sowing. The J-1006 on the first date of sowing (B1) was given one irrigation and rest of the sowings (B2-B5) received two irrigations till harvest. The nutritive value (NV) of fresh and ensiled maize fodder was assessed by in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Result: Highest biological, DM and protein yield was recorded in B2 maize fodder while the lowest was recorded in B5. The cell wall constituents were the highest (P less than 0.01) in B1 and the lowest in B5 fodder resulting in highest (P less than 0.01) microbial biomass production (MBP) and the NV in B5 maize fodder. Irrespective of time of sowing, OM, NDF and hemicellulose contents were reduced (P less than 0.01) in ensiled maize fodder. The net gas production (NGP; P less than 0.01) and ME (P less than 0.05) were depressed and the total and individual VFAs and MBP were improved (P less than 0.01) in the ensiled maize. Irrespective of processing, the maize given two irrigations resulted in higher (P less than 0.01) MBP and NV as comparison to that given single irrigation. It was concluded that B5 maize fodder with the lowest yield given two irrigations had the best nutritive value.

The potential of frozen rumen fluid for ruminant feed evaluation using in vitro gas production technique

The aim of this study was to determine the potential of frozen rumen fluid (RF) for ruminant feed evaluation using in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. This study used a factorial randomized block design with a 3 × 3 × 3 pattern, consisting three feeding regimes varying in forage to concentrate proportion, namely 20%:80% (feed A), 40%:60% (feed B), and 60%:40% (feed C), respectively; three storage time (2, 11, and 19 days); and RF from 3 breeds of indigenous cattle, namely Bali, crossbred Ongole and Madura cattle as groups. The results showed that the effects of feeding regimes, inoculum source, or storage time on total gas production, potential of gas production, rate of gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability. Based on the results, it can be concluded that frozen RF may be used as inoculum source for feed evaluation using the IVGP technique and hence it supports the previous findings reported in the literature. Considering that the effects of different feeds, inoculum sources, and storage times gave the specific values, it is advisable that to use RF from slaughtered animals should be taken from the same breed to allow accurate comparison for feed evaluation using IVGP technique.

Chemical composition and in vitro gas production of cassava peel silage using different preservatives

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using different types and levels of preservatives on chemical composition and in vitro gas production (IVGP) of cassava peel silage. The following treatments were applied: T0: cassava peel without preservative; T1: T0 + molasses 2%; T2: T0 + molasses 4%; T3: T0 + rice bran 2%; T4: T0 + rice bran 4%; T5: T0 + cassava meal 2% and T6:T0 + cassava meal 4% with 3 replications arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) for the chemical composition variable and randomized block design (RBD) for IVGP variable. The results showed that treatments significantly affected (P<0.01) DM, OM, and EE contents, significantly affected (P<0,05) IVGP but did not significantly affect CP, CF contents, potential, and rate of gas production (P>0.05). Treatment T5 seems to have higher values of IVGP and ME (159.1±7.19 ml/500 mgDM; 11.1±0.36MJ/kg DM, respectively) compared to the other treatments that might have related to a higher OM available for in vitro fermentation process. It can be concluded that the use of cassava meal at 2% level can be considered as the most ideal preservative to use to produce a high-quality cassava peel silage.

Comparison of three different rumen fluid as a source of inoculum to evaluate in vitro gas production and digestibility of elephant grass-concentrate mixture

This study aimed at elucidating the use of three different rumen fluid (RF) of indigenous cattle breeds i.e. Bali, Madura and Crossbred Ongole immediately after slaughtered at abattoir to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass( EG) -concentrate mixture using a standard in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. Approximately 500 mg feed dry matter/syringe was added with 50 ml RF-buffer solution and incubated in a 39 0C water bath for 48 hours where gas production was observed at time intervals. Following termination of incubation the content was transferred into tare glass crucible to measure rumen dry matter (RDMD) and organic matter (ROMD) digestibility. The results showed that there was no significant different (P>0.05) in gas production parameters. In contrast, RDMD and ROMD differed significantly (P<0.01) among cattle breeds. RF from OCB resulted in the highest IVGP, RDMD and ROMD as compared with other RF sources. In conclusion, the use of RF from abattoir for IVGP measurement can be warranted using the same source of RF. The highest values resulted from OCB suggests that the abundance and variation in rumen microbiota may exist among cattle breeds.

Effect of using different levels of cassava meal in a concentrate cassava peel diet on chemical composition, in vitro gas production, and rumen fermentation

This study was designed to evaluate effects of using different levels of cassava meal in a concentrate cassava peel diet on chemical composition, in vitro gas production (IVGP) and rumen fermentation. The treatments applied were: A=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (70%)+cassava leaves (5%)+moringa leaves (5%); B=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (60%)+cassava leaves (10%)+moringa leaves (10%); C=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (50%)+cassava leaves (15%)+moringa leaves (15%) cassava meal; D=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (40%)+cassava leaves (20%)+moringa leaves (20%); E=cassava peel (20%)+ cassava meal (30%)+cassava leaves (25%)+moringa leaves (25%) with 3 replications arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The result showed that the increasing levels of cassava meal in the ration significantly increased organic matter (OM) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) content (P<0.05), but reduced crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. Similarly, a significant increased (P<0.01) were found in values of cumulative in vitro gas production, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, but decreased NH3 concentration (P<0.05) due to the increased of cassava meal. It is concluded that increasing levels of cassava meal in concentrate has led to higher OM content of the ration and being available for rumen fermentation.

Improving the nutritional value and digestibility of wheat straw, rice straw, and corn cob through solid state fermentation using different Pleurotus species.

The growing food-feed-fuel competition, declining availability of traditional feeds, higher prices, and the urgent need to provide long-term sustainability for animal production have all triggered global research into the optimum extraction of energy and nutrients from lignin-rich plant biomass. Recent studies have shown that the Pleurotus species of white rot fungus can selectively degrade lignin in lignin-rich plant biomass; however, its effectiveness in selectively degrading lignin depends on the type of substrate and species of fungus. This study was therefore designed to treat wheat straw, rice straw, and corn cob, with Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus, and P. florida for 30 days under solid-state fermentation, to identify a promising fungus-substrate combination for the selective degradation of lignin and optimal improvement in the nutritional value and digestibility of each substrate. The type of fungus strongly influenced (P < 0.01) selectivity in lignin degradation, and the level of improvement in crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro gas production (IVGP), in wheat straw, rice straw, and corn cob. Fungus-substrate interaction data revealed that P. ostreatus caused maximum (P < 0.05) degradation of lignin, and greater (P < 0.05) improvement in CP, IVDMD, and IVGP in wheat straw and rice straw. The lowest (P < 0.05) degradation of lignin and improvement in CP, IVDMD, and IVGP was caused by P. eryngii in corn cob. Among the fungi, the maximum (P < 0.05) degradation of lignin, and greater (P < 0.05) improvement in CP, IVDMD, and IVGP were caused by P. florida as compared with those of P. ostreatus and P. eryngii. The results highlight significant influence of fungus-substrate combination for selective lignin degradability and the consequent improvement in the nutritional value of the substrates. Maximum selective lignin degradability and improvement in nutritional value and digestibility was caused by P. ostreatus in wheat straw and in rice straw, and by P. florida in corn cob. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

288 Inclusion Effects of Quebracho (Schinopsis Balansaie) Extract and Active Dry Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) in Beef Cattle Limit-fed a Grower Ration

Abstract Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) and yeast supplemented in growing cattle have been reported as improving dry matter digestibility (DMD) and reducing enteric methane emissions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combined supplementation with condensed tannin (CT; Schinopsis balansae) extract and active dry yeast (ADY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on fermentation dynamics, utilizing in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique. A 2 × 2 Latin square design was used to study fermentation patterns of four dietary treatments (CON- no CT and no ADY, ADY alone, CT alone or combined CT + ADY). Animals received daily CT at 1% DM and 10 g of ADY, respectively. On d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 rumen inoculum was collected from 23 fistulated steers (284.3 ± 4.1 kg) four hours post-feeding. Samples were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 39oC for 48 h with 200 mg of a grower diet (14.8% CP, 40.6% NDF, 88.5% DM). Gas parameters were analyzed using a mixed linear statistical model. There was a day effect for total gas production (TGP; P &amp;lt; 0.001), non-fiber carbohydrate degradation (P = 0.031) and fractional degradation assuming an asymptote model (P = 0.015). Both asymptote and non-fiber fractional degradation rate estimates had an interaction between Day × TRT (P = 0.001 and 0.0104, respectively). Data were analyzed using polynomial contrasts showed a difference in non-fiber fractional rate of fermentation for CON × CT and CT × ADY (P = 0.052 and 0.054, respectively). This was also true if an asymptote model was assumed (P = 0.0 34 and 0.034, respectively). We concluded that combined supplementation of CT and ADY exhibited similar IVGP trends over time, this may be because animals only received a grower diet at 1.5% shrunk BW. Future studies should investigate the impact of combined supplementation on varying levels of concentrate diets.

Comparative evaluation of in vitro techniques for predicting metabolizable energy content of total mixed ration for Murrah buffaloes

The present study was conducted to ascertain the sensitivity of in vitro techniques namely, in vitro gas production (IVGPT) and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) fraction for predicting the metabolizable energy (ME) content of total mixed ration for Murrah buffaloes. The total mixed ration forming dietary treatment were TMR1, TMR2 and TMR3 having mixture of maize silage and concentrate in ratio of 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50, respectively. The diets formulated were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The in vitro gas production was studied by incubation of diet with rumen liquor as inoculum to predict the metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeds. The CNCPS fraction analysing ME content of feed samples was carried out in laboratory. Lactating Murrah buffaloes (n = 18) having similar lactation yield (MY 9 kg±2.5) were allotted to three groups in a completely randomised design and fed TMR as per the dietary treatments. The feeding trial was carried out for 3 months and nutrient utilization was analysed. The efficiency of ME utilization in vivo were compared to in vitro gas production and CNCPS fraction. Correlation coefficient (r) between in vitro techniques and in vivo trial in evaluating ME content demonstrated a significantly (P&lt;0.01) high correlation of 0.734 with IVGPT and 0.752 with CNCPS fraction indicating that both in vitro techniques were reliable in predicting metabolizable energy content of feedstuffs for ruminant feeding.

In vitro gas production and its prediction on metabolize energy of complete feed using rumen fluid of three Indigenous cattle as inoculum taken from abattoir

In vitro gas production (IVGP) technique has been routinely used to evaluate the nutritional value of ruminant feed. The pre-requisite of using rumen fluid from fistulae animals is now facing a raising pressure from the animal welfare organization to ban this practice. Alternatively, rumen fluid (RF) from abattoir has been suggested to be used as source of inoculum by a number of scientists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of rumen fluid taken from cattle that were slaughtered at Surabaya abattoir as inoculum for IVGP measurement and its prediction on metabolic energy (ME) of a complete feed. Fresh rumen fluid of three indigenous cattle, namely Ongole Cross Breed (OCB), Madura (MC) and Bali Cattle (BC) was transferred into a vacuum thermo flask and immediately transported to the animal nutrition laboratory of Brawijaya University for further processes to measure IVGP of complete feed in a completely randomized block design with two replicates each. Gas production was monitored at time intervals and terminated after 48 hours incubation in the oxygen-free glass syringes at 38°C. Feed degradability was calculated by gravimetric method at 48 hours, while prediction of ME content was based on 24 h GP and estimated using the equation described by Menke and Steingass (1979).The results demonstrated that inoculum from OCB resulted in the superiority in all parameters, namely total GP (ml/500 mg DM), potential of GP (ml/500 mg DM), rate constant of gas production for insoluble fraction (ml/hour), and estimated ME content (MJ/DM) compared with MC and BC. Based on these findings it can be concluded that the fermentation process of complete feed in the rumen of OCB is more efficient than MC and BC which reflects to the more efficient interaction among rumen microbes to ferment the feed ingredients.

Moringa peregrina in ruminant nutrition: effects on rumen fermentation, digestion and microbial enzymes activity in vitro

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical and mineral compositions, in vitro gas production (IVGP) and fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility and rumen microbial enzymes activity of different parts of Moringa peregrina (MP) including leaves, stems and whole fodder compared to alfalfa hay (AH; four experimental treatments) using gas production (GP) technique. Leaves of MP had a higher crude protein (CP) than other fodder parts as well as AH. Content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in stems was higher than other experimental feed ingredients and it was comparable to AH. Highest and lowest non-fiber carbohydrates contents were observed in leaf part and AH, respectively. Regarding mineral contents, except for P and Fe which was highest in MP leaves, other minerals was highest in AH. Highest total GP and potential GP (b) was observed by stems incubation (p 0.05). Leaves of MP and alfalfa resulted in highest and lowest ruminal ɑ-amylase activity respectively (P>0.05). In conclusion, results indicated that different parts of MP fodder have potential nutritional value as alternative protein source for ruminant feeding, and leaves was also had higher nutritive value than other plant parts as well as AH.