Improving Waste Management Practices Research Articles

Unravelling the Environmental Challenges: a State-of-the-Art Review of the Legal Framework of Solid Waste Management in Metropolitan Cities of India

Abstract This article provides insights into the challenges and current state of solid waste management in metropolitan cities of India. It emphasizes the importance of legal regulations in ensuring effective waste management to address environmental concerns. This research highlights the need for coordinated efforts among public authorities, adopting technologically advanced best practices globally, and incorporating Waste Hierarchy and Circular Economy concepts for efficient waste management. By addressing challenges like poor community engagement, understaffing, and political interference, the article underscores the significance of robust legal frameworks and strategic policies to mitigate environmental impacts and improve waste management practices in metropolitan cities. Recommendations include enhancing transparency in environmental information, establishing sustainable waste management systems, improving legislation, and promoting stakeholder engagement.

Enhancing Leachate Management with Antibacterial Nanocomposites Incorporating Plant-Based Carbon Dots and Satureja Khuzestanica Essential Oils

Landfill leachate, a complex mixture of pollutants, poses a significant environmental hazard. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent nanocomposites (SANs) designed for enhanced performance in waste management applications. SANs were prepared using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium polyacrylate (SPA) as the main components, carbon dots (CDs) to improve absorption, and Satureja Khuzestanica essential oil (SEO) for antibacterial performance. The results demonstrated that the addition of CDs significantly increased the absorption capacity and liquid retention of the samples, with a water absorption capacity reaching up to 8621%. Furthermore, the samples exhibited high mechanical strength, with tensile strength improving by over 100% in the presence of CDs. The inclusion of SEO provided strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones measuring up to 26mm. These SANs, with their high absorption capacity, mechanical robustness, and antibacterial properties, show great potential for improving waste management practices, particularly in leachate absorption strategies.

An innovative approach to municipal solid waste characterization for waste-to-energy processes in Egypt

This study enhances municipal solid waste (MSW) characterization methodologies by introducing an innovative sampling approach that prioritizes organic content over traditional components like paper and cartons, particularly suited to developing countries like Egypt. This innovative method adapts the ASTM D5231 − 92 standard to capture the actual MSW profile in the Giza governorate, where this research was carried out. Focusing on organic waste, this approach ensures more relevant and accurate data for waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion processes. This research documents significant seasonal variability in waste composition, with organic content averaging 66 % in winter compared to 59 % in fall. The energy-rich fraction shows similar variability, with winter having an average of 28 % compared to fall's 30 %. Moreover, the calorific value is notably higher in winter at 10.3 MJ/kg, compared to 8.4 MJ/kg in fall. These variations are critical for optimizing energy recovery processes in WtE projects. The results from this case study contribute to the limited but growing body of knowledge on waste management in Egypt, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of adapting standard characterization methods to local conditions. The insights gained from this research fill a notable gap in the regional waste management literature and enhance the scientific understanding of how seasonal factors affect MSW properties, providing a robust framework for improving waste management practices in similar settings globally.

Characteristics and environmental implications of coal fines at Hwange Colliery Company, Zimbabwe: A comprehensive analysis

The study investigates the characteristics and environmental implications of coal fines at Hwange Colliery Company in Zimbabwe, aiming to address gaps in understanding and propose sustainable management strategies. The research encompasses a comprehensive analysis, including particle size distribution, proximate properties, elemental composition of coal fines, water and soil quality analysis. Sample collection and analysis were conducted following standardized procedures, revealing significant variations among sites in terms of particle size distribution and proximate properties. The sieve analysis revealed that around 80 % of the coal fines passed through the 2 mm sieve. Sites A and B exhibited lower moisture content and higher carbon content in contrast to site C, possibly due to variances in disposal duration. With an average gross calorific value of 17.43 MJ/kg, the coal fines showcase notable potential for energy extraction. Elemental analysis uncovered traces of heavy metals like Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, and Cu, posing an environmental risk if not managed appropriately. The water quality analysis revealed generally low turbidity levels in groundwater, with readings ranging from 0.34 to 0.55 NTU. However, elevated sulfate concentrations in some samples, averaging 113.67 mg/l, coupled with traces of nickel at levels up to 0.07 mg/l, warrant continuous monitoring to ensure compliance with safety standards. Soil analysis indicated the presence of heavy metals near coal fines dump sites, with lead levels reaching up to 52.32 mg/L, nickel at 36.17 mg/L, and copper at 53.70 mg/L, impacting soil enzyme activity and agricultural productivity. The study emphasizes the importance of improved waste management practices and sustainable utilization strategies to mitigate environmental risks and enhance resource efficiency in coal mining operations.

Assessing female anopheles mosquito susceptibility to three insecticide classes in Ilorin metropolis Nigeria: Implications for environmental management and effective vector control

This study investigates the environmental factors affecting the susceptibility of Female Anopheles mosquitoes to three classes of insecticides in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, following WHO standards. The analyzed breeding sites showed severe water pollution, with low dissolved oxygen, high conductivity, and heavy metal contamination. Anopheles mosquito populations at two of the five breeding sites, Akanlanbi and Aminlengbe, were resistant to all three insecticide types tested. The mosquitoes in Aminlengbe exhibited higher resistance to organochlorine (71% mortality), organophosphate (73%), pirimiphos methyl (73%), and carbamates (83%) and bendiocarb (88%) compared to those in Akanlanbi, which had lower resistance to pirimiphos methyl (94%) and carbamates (67%) and bendiocarb (86%). In contrast, mosquitoes from the other three sites (Edun, Niger, Shao-garage) were mostly susceptible (98%-100%) to the organophosphate insecticide pirimiphos methyl but showed varying susceptibility to the two carbamate insecticides tested (propoxur and bendiocarb). Mosquitoes at these sites were 98.4%-99.5% susceptible to bendiocarb, yet resistant to propoxur (88.7%-94.6%). The study attributes environmental pollution at these breeding sites to historical agricultural practices, industrial activities, and improper waste disposal, contributing to insecticide resistance among mosquito populations. This resistance poses significant challenges to malaria vector control efforts in Ilorin. The study emphasizes the urgent need for integrated vector management (IVM) strategies that incorporate environmental management into vector control plans. This study therefore recommends adopting pesticide and fertilizer degradation strategies, improving waste management practices, implementing comprehensive IVM approaches, developing supportive policies, and enhancing community awareness and participation to mitigate mosquito-borne diseases and ensure effective malaria control amidst rising insecticide resistance.

Bersama Desa Mangunarga: Membangun Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat untuk Kehidupan Sejahtera

Waste management remains a major challenge in Indonesia, particularly concerning marine plastic waste and the increase in hazardous waste (B3). The lack of understanding and limited facilities such as TPS-3R and waste banks further exacerbate the situation. In response, we conducted a community service program in Mangunarga Village, Sumedang, West Java, aimed at raising awareness and improving waste management practices. This program included educational workshops and equipping waste processing facilities. The results showed a significant increase in community understanding and behavior related to waste management, with awareness rising from 16.5% to 97.2%, and proper waste sorting practices increasing from 8.2% to 96.3%. The success of this program underscores the importance of community-based approaches and supportive infrastructure in addressing environmental challenges at the local level.

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles in Escherichia coli isolated from captive mammals in Ecuador.

This study focuses on the AMR profiles in E. coli isolated from captive mammals at EcoZoo San Martín, Baños de Agua Santa, Ecuador, highlighting the role of wildlife as reservoirs of resistant bacteria. The aim of this research is to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli strains isolated from various species of captive mammals, emphasizing the potential zoonotic risks and the necessity for integrated AMR management strategies. A total of 189 fecal samples were collected from 70 mammals across 27 species. These samples were screened for E. coli, resulting in 90 identified strains. The resistance profiles of these strains to 16 antibiotics, including 10 β-lactams and 6 non-β-lactams, were determined using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, the presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) genes and other resistance genes was analyzed using PCR. Significant resistance was observed, with 52.22% of isolates resistant to ampicillin, 42.22% to ceftriaxone and cefuroxime, and 27.78% identified as ESBL-producing E. coli. Multiresistance (resistance to more than three antibiotic groups) was found in 35.56% of isolates. Carnivorous and omnivorous animals, particularly those with prior antibiotic treatments, were more likely to harbor resistant strains. These findings underscore the role of captive mammals as indicators of environmental AMR. The high prevalence of resistant E. coli in these animals suggests that zoos could be significant reservoirs for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The results align with other studies showing that diet and antibiotic treatment history influence resistance profiles. The study highlights the need for an integrated approach involving veterinary care, habitat management, and public awareness to prevent captive wildlife from becoming reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Improved waste management practices and responsible antibiotic use are crucial to mitigate the risks of AMR in zoo environments and reduce zoonotic threats.

Metagenomic investigation of antibiotic resistance genes and resistant bacteria contamination in pharmaceutical plant sites in China

Pharmaceutical plant sites play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment. It is imperative to comprehensively monitor of ARGs across various environmental media at these sites. This study focused on three pharmaceutical plants, two located in North China and one in South China. Through metagenomic approaches, we examined the composition, mobility potential, and bacterial hosts of ARGs in diverse media such as process water, groundwater, topsoil, soil cores, and pharmaceutical fermentation residues across diverse environmental matrices, including topsoil, soil cores, process water, groundwater, and pharmaceutical fermentation residues. We identified a wide array of ARGs, comprising 21 types and 740 subtypes, with process water exhibiting the highest abundance and diversity. Treatment processes varied in their efficacy in eliminating ARGs, and the clinically relevant ARGs should also be considered when evaluating wastewater treatment plant efficiency. Geographical distinctions in groundwater ARG distribution between northern and southern regions were observed. Soil samples from the three sites showed minimal impact from pharmaceutical activity, with vancomycin-resistance genes being the most prevalent. High levels of ARGs in pharmaceutical fermentation residues underscore the necessity for improved waste management practices. Metagenomic assembly revealed that plasmid-mediated ARGs were more abundant than chromosome-mediated ARGs. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) analysis identified 166 MAGs, with 62 harboring multiple ARGs. Certain bacteria tended to carry specific types of ARGs, revealing distinct host-resistance associations. This study enhances our understanding of ARG dissemination across different environmental media within pharmaceutical plants and underscores the importance of implementing strict regulations for effluent and residue discharge to control ARG spread.

A novel framework for waste management in smart city transformation with industry 4.0 technologies

Most of the developed and developing nations focus on the transformation of city livelihood through the development of smart cities. Waste management in smart cities is a critical concern for policymakers and smart city administration. The fourth industrial transformation (hereafter Industry 4.0) helps to improve waste management practices in smart cities to improve the sustainability of the city. This paper tries to develop a roadmap for industry 4.0 technologies relevant to managing waste in smart cities. This paper proposes a novel framework for analyzing the deployment enablers of Industry 4.0 technologies, implementation barriers, current best practices, and opportunities for digital technologies (EBPO) for smart city transformation. The proposed EBPO conceptual framework is analyzed in the context of studies conducted in developed and developing countries. The EBPO presents the unique linkages among the technological advancements for managing waste in smart cities. The present research is an early attempt to explore the relevance of industry 4.0 technologies in the smart waste management context for improving environmental sustainability. The keyword and theme mapping analysis proposes three major waste management clusters in smart cities. This paper provides insight for improving EBPO elements for smart cities’ waste management. The policy and theoretical implications are presented for smart city stakeholders. The paper also highlights the different dimensions of the EBPO framework.

Recycling potential of medical plastic waste

Medical plastic waste threatens the environment and human health if not properly handled and disposed of. This study used field visits, multi-criteria decision analysis, material testing, and data analysis to assess the feasibility of recycling medical plastic waste. The study identified medical plastic products (syringes, intravenous bags, and infusion sets) with high recyclability potential and proposed targeted recommendations for improving waste management practices. Medical plastic waste generation rates in kg/bed/day were 0.486 and 0.428. 55 kg/day and 5 kg/day of recyclable medical plastic waste are generated at KATH and KNUST hospitals, respectively. The contextual relevance of this research extends beyond the Ghanaian healthcare system, with implications for waste management practices in low and middle-income countries by contributing to the advancement of sustainable waste management practices.

From Waste to Renewables: Challenges and Opportunities in Recycling Glass Fibre Composite Products from Wind Turbine Blades for Sustainable Cement Production

The progress of civilization, driven significantly by the widespread adoption of electricity, has impacted various aspects of life, from household operations to industrial activities. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in waste production across different sectors of the economy. Among used materials, composite products reinforced with glass fibres stand out due to their prevalent use in numerous industries. While offering strength and durability, they pose disposal challenges due to their complex composition, making recycling difficult and contributing to waste accumulation in landfills or to environmental contamination. Industrialised nations wrestle with balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability, aiming to reduce the ecological footprint of industrial activities. Efforts to promote recycling, develop alternative materials, and improve waste management practices are crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of civilisation’s progress. This article presents methods of disposing of post-operation wind turbine blades, focusing on recycling glass and glass fibre as secondary raw materials. We discuss technological, normative, and economic challenges and emphasise the need for ongoing research and innovation in waste management practices. We examine the use of glass and glass fibres in cement production and advocate for sustainable principles in the renewable energy industry, aligning industrial endeavours with ecological sustainability for a greener future.

From Awareness to Action: Tetovo's Journey in Waste Management

Abstract Waste is increasing worldwide, causing many adverse impacts to the environment, human health, as well as the global climate. The increasing global waste generation trend is also reflected in North Macedonia, including Tetovo, where lower sustainable waste management practices pose an ongoing challenge. This research offers a comprehensive examination of the city of Tetovo's waste management practices, focusing on its residents’ awareness levels and the undertaken strategies for sustainability. Building on existing research and new insights (especially those generated through the survey with Tetovo's citizens), it explores the historical evolution of waste management in Tetovo, highlighting past challenges and initiatives. With a focus on 'Municipal Public Services Co. (JPK) Tetova', the study navigates legislative hurdles, regional constraints, and potential for intermunicipal collaboration. Furthermore, it extracts Tetovo's community behaviors and awareness level through a conducted survey with citizens, which's insights reveal a significant gap between awareness and active citizen participation, underscoring the need for actionable recommendations. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks like Waste Management Theory (WMT) and the “Zero Waste” concepts, this research explores opportunities for enhancing sustainability in Tetovo's waste management approach. Additionally, it discusses the implications of waste management on climate change, emphasizing the need for alignment with international standards to mitigate environmental impacts. Based on the literature review findings and survey data, the research proposes practical steps for improving waste management practices in Tetovo. These include collaborative initiatives, awareness-raising campaigns, educational programs, and measures for incentivizing compliance, all centered around a citizen-centric approach. By implementing these recommendations, Tetovo can progress towards a more efficient, environmentally conscious waste management system, benefiting present and future generations. Furthermore, stakeholders are encouraged to leverage the insights from this study to collaboratively implement effective strategies for fostering sustainable waste management practices, thereby empowering citizens to contribute actively to environmental conservation efforts.

Micro(nano)plastics: invisible compounds with a visible impact.

The plastic related research has been an epicentre in recent times. The presence and spread of micro (nano) plastics (MNPs) are well-known in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. However, the focus on the fate and remediation of MNP in soil and groundwater is limited. The fate and bioaccumulation of ingested MNPs remain unknown within the digestive tract of animals. There is also a significant knowledge gap in understanding the ubiquitous organic environmental pollutants with MNPs in biological systems. Reducing plastic consumption, improving waste management practices, and developing environmentally friendly alternatives are some of the key steps needed to address MNP pollution. For better handling and to protect the environment from these invisible substances, policymakers and researchers urgently need to monitor and map MNP contamination in soil and groundwater.

A Monte Carlo Simulation study on the Gamma Radiation Shielding Properties of Concrete with PET Plastic Composite using the PHITS Code

The gamma radiation shielding properties of four different types of PET concretes, containing 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % PET additives, were simulated using the PHITS code. The simulation covered photon energy levels ranging from 0.01 to 1.5 MeV and employed a NaI (Tl) scintillation detector. Parameters such as the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) were calculated to evaluate the gamma-ray attenuation for each photon energy level. The effectiveness of PET plastics as a radiation shield depends on factors like material thickness, the type of radiation, and specific application requirements. However, this research provides valuable insights into repurposing waste PET plastics to enhance the radiation-shielding properties of concrete, contributing to improved waste management practices and the development of radiation-shielding materials. The results obtained from the PHITS code align satisfactorily with both the simulation results and the theoretical XCOM data.

Recyclable plastic waste segregation with deep learning based hand-eye coordination

Plastic waste management is a critical concern in municipal solid waste management systems worldwide. Despite the efforts of waste management personnel to segregate waste manually, the existing challenges persist. In municipal waste facilities, individuals responsible for waste segregation face numerous obstacles. Consequently, a significant amount of plastic waste ends up in landfills, exacerbating the plastic waste problem. To overcome these challenges, this research focuses on developing an automated system capable of categorizing plastic waste based on its visual characteristics. The trained model exhibits high precision in identifying various types of plastic waste, including PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS. Specifically, the model achieves an Average Precision of 0.917 and an Average Recall of 0.801. Moreover, the model maintains a good balance between precision and recall. In real-time operation, an overhead camera locates the positions of both the waste items and the gripper. By calculating the positional difference between the waste and the gripper, the system achieves a higher level of segregation accuracy, resembling human-like hand-eye coordination. The proposed system offers a solution to the challenges faced in MSW facilities, where the timely segregation of waste is crucial. By automating the plastic waste categorization process, the system can significantly improve waste management practices, leading to a more sustainable approach to plastic waste disposal and recycling.

Investigation of Rates of Demolition Waste Generated in Decoration and Renovation Projects: An Empirical Study

There is an increase in decoration and renovation activities in the construction industry, and waste generation rates (WGRs) play a crucial role in guiding the management of demolition waste in decoration and renovation projects (DWDRPs). However, there has been little systematic research on this type of waste. Based on site surveys and a document review of 26 projects, this study offers insights into DWDRP wastes, from their initial generation to their final disposal. The results revealed that the WGRs for DWDRPs ranged from 30.96 kg/m2 to 629.96 kg/m2 and that the key components of DWDRPs included mortar, concrete, timber, tile, and metal; these five types of waste contributed 75.02% of the total waste. Although these findings deviate slightly from those of previous studies, these variations are attributed to diverse waste management practices, awareness levels, and employed construction technologies. Despite its importance, in China, the management of DWDRPs faces challenges, such as limited public awareness, inadequate collection and sorting guidance, and insufficient legislation. To counter these issues, we recommend a set of strategies, including stringent regulations, enhanced supervision, government incentives, improved collection and sorting methods, and the adoption of innovative technologies. This study not only sheds light on the specific challenges in decoration and demolition waste management in rapidly urbanizing areas but also proposes a comprehensive approach for improving waste management practices.

Assessment and Sustainable Management Strategies for Plastic Waste in Can Tho City, Vietnam: A Circular Economy Approach

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of plastic waste accumulation in both terrestrial and aquatic environments in Can Tho city, Vietnam, a nation with high per capita plastic consumption and significant plastic waste discharge. Focusing on urban residential areas, riverside communities, suburbs, and rural regions, the research investigates the extent and impact of plastic waste in these diverse settings. Additionally, the study examines the accumulation of plastics at barriers, under bridges, and in the Hau River, identifying the predominance of single-use plastics and their environmental implications. The key findings indicate that the plastic waste leakage at land-based-source emission sites is substantial, with waste persisting for extended periods without effective clean-up. The study reveals a significant accumulation of plastics at barriers and bridge bases in aquatic environments, including along the river. The pollution level was observed to be more influenced by the quantity of waste rather than its mass per unit area, emphasizing the need for targeted waste reduction strategies. The study also identifies seven types of plastic, each associated with different sources of accumulation or settlement. This variety presents both challenges and opportunities for waste management and recycling. Significantly, the research underscores the potential of repurposing plastic waste into recycled products, aligning with the circular economy model. This approach not only extends the lifecycle of plastic products but also contributes to reducing plastic waste generation and minimizing the environmental impact. Overall, the findings highlight the urgent need for improved waste management practices in Vietnam, particularly in urban and riverside areas, and advocate for innovative recycling solutions to mitigate the environmental challenges posed by plastic pollution.

Micro(nano)plastics: invisible compounds with a visible impact

The plastic related research has been an epicentre in recent times. The presence and spread of micro (nano) plastics (MNPs) are well-known in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. However, the focus on the fate and remediation of MNP in soil and groundwater is limited. The fate and bioaccumulation of ingested MNPs remain unknown within the digestive tract of animals. There is also a significant knowledge gap in understanding the ubiquitous organic environmental pollutants with MNPs in biological systems. Reducing plastic consumption, improving waste management practices, and developing environmentally friendly alternatives are some of the key steps needed to address MNP pollution. For better handling and to protect the environment from these invisible substances, policymakers and researchers urgently need to monitor and map MNP contamination in soil and groundwater.

Design and synthesis of Ag NPs/Cellulose nanofiber-starch nano-bio composites for packaging applications

Addressing problems due to conventional plastics requires a comprehensive approach involving waste reduction, improved waste management practices, and the development of sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. In this study, a system was designed that can decorate cellulose nanofiber with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and then used as a reinforcing agent in thermoplastic starch matrix. The composites were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transport properties. The morphology and chemical modification of cellulose nanomaterials with silver nanoparticles were confirmed by FESEM, TEM and FTIR and the results indicated proper adhesion of silver nanoparticles in cellulose nanofiber. The addition of AgNP decorated cellulose nanofiber on thermoplastic starch matrix could effectively reduce cracks and pores and improves the overall performance of nanocomposite films. The unique properties of starch nanoparticles make them a promising candidate for diverse applications, showcasing their potential as a sustainable and versatile nanomaterial.

The Environmental and Health Implications of Microplastics on Human and Aquatic Life

The pervasive presence of microplastics in the environment has emerged as a significant concern due to their potential health implications for both human and aquatic life. Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters, originated from various sources, including the degradation of larger plastic debris, industrial processes and consumer products. In aquatic ecosystems, microplastics are ingested by a wide range of organisms, from plankton to fish, leading to physical and chemical impacts. These particles can cause internal injuries, blockages, and alterations in feeding behavior, ultimately affecting growth, reproduction, and survival rates of marine species. The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of microplastics and associated pollutants further aggravates these effects and eventually disrupting entire food webs. However, human exposure to microplastics occurs through multiple pathways including consumption of contaminated seafood, drinking water and inhalation of airborne particles. Studies have shown that microplastics can translocate across the gastrointestinal tract and accumulate in various tissues, raising concerns about their potential toxicity. The health implications for humans include inflammatory responses, cytotoxicity and potential endocrine disruption. Although extensive long-term studies are still needed to fully understand these effects. Microplastics can also act as vectors for harmful chemicals and pathogens, further complicating their impact on health. Additionally, addressing the issue of microplastic pollution requires a multi-faceted approach, encompassing improved waste management practices, reduction in plastic production and use, and enhanced public awareness. Research into alternative materials and innovative technologies for plastic degradation is also essential. By mitigating the sources and impacts of microplastics, we can safeguard the health of both aquatic ecosystems and human populations.