Improved Cultivation Technology Research Articles

Assessment of cluster front line demonstration on yield and economics of summer sesame

Sesame is one of the most important oilseed crops which play a major role in increasing the income of small and marginal farmers of the Kutch region of Gujarat. To promote the improved cultivation technology of sesame with high yielding variety ‘GT4’ and ‘GJT5’, 123 cluster front line demonstrations (CFLDs) were conducted in 63.2 ha area during summer, at ICAR-CAZRI, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kukma, Bhuj, Kachchh, Gujarat during summer 2017 to 2020. The four years data revealed that the average yield increased to 16.34% over the existing practice due to adoption of improved practice. The average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were 270.5 kg/ha, 121 kg/ha and 24.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the economics of the demonstrations and farmers practice showed an increased net return of ₹39,319/ha with benefit: cost ratio (BCR) of 2.47 in demonstrated plots over conventional plots where it was ₹30,700/ha and 2.19, respectively. By conducting front line demonstration of the proven technologies, yield potential of sesame crop could be enhanced to a greater extent with increase in the income level of the farming community.

Economic and energy efficiency of resource-saving technology for switchgrass cultivation

Purpose. The study aimed to compare the efficiency of the resource-saving technology with the conventional technology for switchgrass cultivation using the developed methodology for assessing the economic and energy efficiency. Methodology / approach. The study used general and special methods, including the methodology of scientific research in agronomy, laboratory determination of dry matter content in biomass, quantitative-weight analysis to establish crop yield, and the authors’ improved methodology for assessing economic and energy efficiency. The research results were statistically processed using variance and comparative analysis. Results. The results of the research on the use of resource-saving cultivation technology in comparison with conventional technology show an increase in switchgrass biomass yield from 14.6 to 15.7 t/ha, an increase in economic efficiency with profitability growth from 73.8 to 79.0 %, and an increase in energy efficiency with a growth of the energy efficiency coefficient by 0.7 – from 4 to 4.7 (average level of energy efficiency) when applying a specific complex of agrotechnical measures. When using resource-saving technology, the average full cost of cultivating switchgrass for six years is 8305.6 UAH/ha, compared to 7952.8 UAH/ha with conventional technology. However, resource-saving technology generates an average sales revenue of 14867.5 UAH/t, which is 1045 UAH/t more than conventional technology (13822.5 UAH/t). Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, a field experiment was conducted to compare switchgrass cultivation using resource-saving and conventional technologies. The authors have developed a methodology to assess the economic and energy efficiency of cultivating switchgrass. The results indicate that the efficiency of switchgrass biomass production is influenced by improved cultivation technology. The authors have developed a three-dimensional econometric model that demonstrates how the profitability level depends on the chosen switchgrass cultivation technology. Practical value / implications. The research results have practical significance as they have led to the development of a methodology and evaluate the economic and energy efficiency of switchgrass cultivation. These results will be useful for agrarian enterprises to save resources.

Effect of varieties and applications of clove oil on growth, productivity, and pest and disease resilience of soybean

Efforts to increase soybean productivity are carried out in various ways, including improving cultivation technology and applying pest and disease control technologies for soybeans. In addition to chemical pesticides, pest and disease control can use botanical pesticides or biopesticides, including those made from clove oil. This study aimed to determine the effect of varieties and clove oil on the growth, production, and pest-disease resilience of soybean. The study was conducted at Majalengka Regency, West Java, Indonesia from April to July 2021. The research used a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor was soybean genotypes: Dena 1, Dega 1, and Anjasmoro. The second factor was the concentration and interval of application of clove oil: control, 3 mL L-1 with an interval of 10 days, 3 mL L-1 with an interval of 15 days, 5 mL L-1 with an interval of 10 days, and 5 mL L-1 with an interval of 15 days. The results showed that the Dena 1 variety had the highest plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, and dry weight per plant. The Dega 1 variety produced the highest weight of plant dry mass, dry pod shell weight, and 100-grain. Anjasmoro variety had the highest root length and number of nodules per plant. The Anjasmoro was more resistant to leaf caterpillar attacks, while the Dena 1 was more resistant to leaf rust disease. Botanical pesticides derived from clove oil affected various aspects of soybean growth including plant height at 60 days after planting, weight of dry biomass, root length and number of root nodules per plant, dry pod shell weight, dry seed weight, and 100-grains weight.
 Keywords: botanical pesticide; clove oil; Glycine max; root nodulation; variety

Оценка использования фотосинтетически активной радиации соей на орошаемых землях юга Ростовской области

Purpose: assessment of the use of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by soybeans while using the improved cultivation technology on irrigated lands in Rostov region. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on irrigated lands at Bessergenevskoe Agricultural Enterprise LLC in 2019–2021. The laying of field experiments on soybean crops, recording and observations were carried out according to the methods of VNIIMK and All-Union Scientific Research Institute of soybean. In the experiments, the following soybean varieties were sown: SK Optima, SK Riana, Selecta 201, Selecta 302, SK Veda. The method of A. A. Nichiporovich was used to calculate the use of PAR. Indicators of solar radiation were determined according to the data of the meteorological station in Gigant. Results. As a result of the research, the indicators necessary for calculating the capacity utilization (CU, an analogue of Efficiency) of the PAR under the conditions of Rostov region were specified: the duration of the soybean vegetation and total solar radiation for this period, the core product yield and the by-products biomass, the ratio of soybean seed yield to by-products, energy value of the core product and by-products. It has been found that the level of seed yield of soybean varieties on average for three years of research varies within the range of 3.96–4.66 t/ha, the maximum indicator was obtained for the cultivar SK Riana. Conclusions. The studies allowed determining the total mass of soybean plants, including the core product: the seed yield of the studied soybean varieties is from 3.96 to 4.66 t/ha, and of the by-product is from 4.79 to 5.64 t/ha absolutely dry mass with a ratio of 1:1.21, the energy content of the core and by-products and calculating the utilization capacity of the total radiation Kfar. Calculations showed that the Kfar soybean utilization factors depend on the total solar radiation received and the mass of the substance synthesized by soybean plants and reach 1.43 and 1.48 % for the cultivars SK Optima and SK Veda, respectively (this characterizes the crops of these varieties as ordinary) and 1.61; 1.62 and 1.67 % for cultivars Selecta 201, Selecta 302 and SK Riana, respectively (this characterizes the crops of these varieties as good).

Pengembangan Hortikultura Lahan Kering dan Penerapan Teknologi Budidaya Ramah Lingkungan untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan Petani Di Desa Sukadana Lombok Utara

One important issue of agricultural development in the dry land area of North Lombok Regency is how to increase the Cropping Index that supported by the availability of sufficient water, especially for the development of horticultural commodities. The increase in the Planting Index is expected to lead to an increase in community welfare, specifically an increase in farmers' incomes. The development of horticulture is intended to provide added value to farmers' income by applying environmentally friendly Good Agricultural Practices with production management in accordance with the conditions of natural resources. One area of dry land that has sufficient potential for horticultural development in North Lombok Regency is Sukadana Village. Problems faced by dry land farmers include the level of knowledge and skills of farmers, especially in the management of horticultural commodities and the relatively low level of farmer participation. To overcome these problems, innovation technology transfer is needed through the development of environmentally friendly horticultural crops by regulating cropping systems and improving cultivation technology to increase farmers' incomes. Counseling and training, as well as demonstration plots for improved cultivation technology and regulation of horticultural cropping patterns were carried out during Mei-November 2022. Community service activities were considered quite successful in terms of the enthusiasm and perseverance of participants in participating in counseling and training, as well as demonstration plots (tomato plants, chili peppers, intercropped chili peppers and sawi/pachoy). The results of the demonstration plot showed a significant increase both in crop productivity and increased income per unit area of arable land. On going assistance from all parties, especially the local government, is expected to sustainably develop horticultural commodities in order to increase the income of dry land farmers.

Knowledge of the Ginger Growers toward Improved Cultivation Technology in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya

The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge of the ginger growers toward improved cultivation technology in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. A total number of 120 ginger growing farmers were selected proportionately from eight villages under Umsning Block because production, productivity and area under ginger cultivation were found to be maximum. The data were collected by personal interview method by using pre-tested interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. The findings of this study revealed that majority (65.83 %) of the respondents had medium level of overall knowledge towards improved cultivation technology of ginger followed by 21.67 percent and 12.50 per cent of the respondents with low and high levels of knowledge respectively.

Controlling maize weevil in corn plants by improving cultivation technology and postharvest handling

The maize weevil is corn pests that reduce production and damages the storage quality. Therefore, pest management should simultaneously be carried out by applying all available technologies. This pest can damage up to 30% of plant productivity, not including the value of losses due to decreased quality of hazardous materials for health and safety, both as feed and feed. Aflatoxin contamination for example, can be dangerous if consumed. This paper is a desk study that reviews some literature, attempts to describe the role of cultivation technology improvement, crop protection, optimum watering, phosphate fertilization, the technology of postharvest handling, management of water content of corn kernels, sanitation, cleanliness, warehouse management, pesticide use, and fumigation in reducing the scale of damage and increasing the added value of production, and improving the quality of stored materials so that they are safe to use, both as food and feed. The utilization of cultivation technology management and good postharvest handling will have an impact on controlling and reducing the damage quality of storage materials and increasing the safe product quality for both food and feed needs as well.

Status of agricultural technology innovation in swampy land

This research was carried out to know the status of agricultural technology innovation used by farmers in lowland swamps and formulate policy recommendations for relevant stakeholders in land management for sustainable farming. The study was conducted using a survey method with a structured questionnaire and focus group discussion in 5 villages in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, with a total of 48 respondents. The results showed that the main commodity cultivated by farmers in lowlands was rice, where the agricultural technology innovation used was still limited to the use of superior varieties, while the use of other technologies was still low which resulted in low farm productivity. The causes of limited use of agricultural technology innovations include poorly organized land conditions and high-water levels in the land that make it difficult for equipment operations, narrow land area per farmer, limited infrastructure for mobility of agricultural machinery, limited capital, and low educational level of the main actors. Some of the proposed recommendations are improving cultivation technology, especially fertilization according to nutrient status and yield targets, land and water management, using mechanical devices as needed, and increasing the role of related institutions.

Unapređenje organske proizvodnje uvođenjem biopreparata kroz analizu prinosa i komponenti prinosa soje

Organic agriculture as a system of sustainable agricultural production today is essential part in the development of value chains of products that have high nutritional value and environmental characteristics. Soybean is an important source of protein and oil, both for food and feed and belongs to one of the most important field crops. Continuous work on improving cultivation technology in organic systems of agricultural production is of great importance for expanding sustainable farming systems. Limited mineral nutrition in organic production has resulted in a large number of studies that were aimed primarily at increasing yields, as well as the quality of the final product, where the application of foliar fertilizers and fertilizers generally occupies an important place. The research aimed to present the possibility and importance of the application of fertilizers in organic soybean production. Three preparations (Italpollina NPK 4:4:4, Biofor soja, Wuxal ascofol) on soybean variety NS Kaća were tested. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the weight of 1000 grains differed statistically significantly between treatments, while fertilization reacted positively to the soybean grain yield in relation to the control variant, but no statistical significance was determined. The highest yield was determined on the treatment with Biofor soja (4.3 t ha-1 ).The results obtained after one year of research can serve as a guideline for improving the technology of soybean cultivation in organic production, but it is necessary to conduct further research on the application of different foliar fertilizers at different stages of growth, as well as in different doses.

The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of red chili

Red chili is one of the strategic horticultural commodities in Indonesia. Improved cultivation technology is required to increase the production of red chili. This research aim to determines the optimal dosage of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) to increase the growth and yield of red chili. The research was designed in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block. The first factor was mycorrhizae with three dosages levels: 0, 5, and 10 g plant-1. The other factor was liquid organic fertilizer with 4 level concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 ml l-1. The result shows that mycorrhizal inoculation increase the root absorption area. Liquid organic fertilizer increased nutrient sources for plants and improved the physical, biological, and chemical soil. Mycorrhizal inoculation and LOF improved the growth of red chili, there were plant height, number of branches, stem diameter, header width, and leaf area index. The yield components also increased the number of fruit, fruit length, fruit weight, and productivity. The highest productivity was resulted by the treatment of AMF 10 g plant-1and 15 ml l-1LOF (11.16 t ha-1), that was 33% higher than without treatment.

Study of tricho-compost and rice husk biochar applications to development of Phytophthora late blight diseases and yields of potato plants

Increasing crop productivity can do through improved cultivation technology by utilizing agricultural waste. This study aims to determine the development of Phytophthoralate blight deseases and yields of potato crops through the applications of tricho-compost and rice husk biochar. Trico-compost and biocharapplication on agriculture has benefits to improving soil quality, enhance crop yield, also reduce carbon and mitigate green house gas emission. Potato varieties used are Granola. Beds covered with plastic mulch, fertilizing using NPK according to recommendations, weeding weeds according to conditions, controlling pests and diseases based on Integrated Pest Control. The difference in technological treatment studied was 1) tricho-compost 10 tons/ha, 2) tricho-compost 10 tons/ha + rice husk biochar 1 ton/ha, 3) tricho-compost 10 tons/ha + rice husk biochar 2 tons/ha, and control(farmer technology without tricho-compost and without rice husk biochar). The environmental design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 7 replications. Data were analyzed by The F test and further tests used with Duncan. Results showed that the intensity of Phytophthoraleaf deseaseswas lower in potato fields with tricho-compost and rice husk biochar applications. Application of tricho-compost + rice husk biochar 2 tons/ha can increase potato productivity to 27 tons/ha (28.6% higher than farmer technology), and improve the quality of potato tubers, especially XL tubers.

Pengembangan Hortikultura Lahan Kering Berbasis Pertanian Organik Dengan Perbaikan Teknologi Budidaya Di Desa Kayangan Lombok Utara

One important issue of agricultural development in the dry land area of North Lombok Regency is how to increase the Planting Index (IP) supported by the availability of sufficient water, especially for the development of horticultural commodities. The increase in the Planting Index is expected to lead to an increase in community welfare, specifically an increase in farmers' incomes. The development of horticulture is intended to provide added value to farmers' income by applying environmentally friendly Good Agricultural Practices with production management in accordance with the conditions of natural resources. One area of dry land that has sufficient potential for horticultural development in North Lombok Regency is Kayangan Village. Problems faced by dry land farmers include the level of knowledge and skills of farmers, especially in the management of horticultural commodities and the relatively low level of farmer participation. To overcome these problems, innovation technology transfer is needed through the development of environmentally friendly horticultural crops by regulating cropping systems and improving cultivation technology to increase farmers' incomes. Counseling and training, as well as demonstration plots for improved cultivation technology and regulation of horticultural cropping patterns were carried out during May-November 2019. Community service activities were considered quite successful in terms of the enthusiasm and perseverance of participants in participating in counseling and training, as well as demonstration plots (tomato plants, chili peppers, melons, intercropped tomatoes and pachoi). The results of the demonstration plot showed a significant increase both in crop productivity and increased income per unit area of arable land. On going assistance from all parties, especially the local government, is expected to sustainably develop horticultural commodities in order to increase the income of dry land farmers

Handling priority issues in the potato value chain to increase farmers income

The potato commodity value chain actors need additional activities to create added value and open employment opportunities. The study aims to (1) Identify a map of the potato value chain and (2) to analyze problems that cause harm to the main potato value chain actors and how to deal the problem. The study was conducted in South Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2018. Data collection is done by qualitative method. Qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews with informants who are considered to know about what will be studied in the field. Value chain mapping model used to describe the potato value chain and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model used to identify the various problems faced by the main actors of the potato value chain and how to solve the problem. The results showed that, (1) Potato value chain in South Sulawesi Province involves key actors and supporting actors. The main actors consist of potato farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, and home industries. While supporting actors consist of agricultural extension agents, farmer groups, farm shops, farm laborers, seed growers, Labiota Foundation, inter-provincial traders, and consumers, and (2) The priority of potato value chain problems in the main actors is plant pests and diseases, lack of supply of potatoes, and damage to processed equipment and machinery. Priority in handling problems is the use of plant medicines appropriately, developing land for potato production, improving cultivation technology for farmers, and improving the quality of processed machinery.

Effect of mycorrhizae and kirinyu (chromolaena odorata L.) compost on the production of red onion in ultisol soil

One of the factors causing the low productivity of red onion is the low soil fertility. Some efforts are needed to improve Ultisol fertility through improved cultivation technology. Increasing the fertility of Ultisol soils can be carried out by adding kirinyu compost and mycorrhizal inoculation so that plants can absorb nutrients maximally. Research on the application of kirinyu compost and mycorrhizal inoculation was carried out in 2018. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors; which were: kirinyu compost dosage (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/plant) and mycorrhizae dosage (3, 6, and 9 g/plant). The results showed that the treatment of compost to 600 g/plant increased plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and tuber weight for of plant. Mycorrhizal inoculation up to 9 g/plant was not able to increase plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and tuber weight of plant. There were no interactions between the dosage of compost and mycorrhizal on all observed parameters. There was an increase in Ultisol soil fertility through the addition of kirinyu compost and mycorrhizae.

Adoption of lentil varieties in Bangladesh: An expert elicitation approach

The study was undertaken to find out variety wise adoption rate of lentil in Bangladesh through expert elicitation procedure. Many varieties have been developed by BARI and BINA but in details of varietal information and adoption information database was not developed which is very important and valuable for the scientist and policy planner. From all over the Bangladesh, 12 experts was invited to share their valuable knowledge and experience on lentil cultivation and adoption in the country. The average age of the experts were 51 yrs and average experience on lentil adoption was 21 yrs. The lentil expert informed that 16 major varieties are adopted by the farmers in the recent year (2013-14). Among those varieties, BARI Masur-6 covered highest cultivated area (54,642 ha) which shared 30.04% of total lentil cultivated area. BARI Masur-4, BARI Masur-3 and BARI Masur-5 ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th position according to the share of cultivated area covered. The seed production information showed that BADC the only lentil seed producer supplied 2151 mt of lentil seed in the year 2009-2013.The adoption of variety BARI Masur-6 increased due to its high yield attribute. The another variety BARI Masur-4 and BARI Masur-3 adoption increased due to its high yield, resistant to rust disease attributes which showed increasing adoption path among the expert. Satisfying higher demand for lentil consumption and ensuring food security through providing alternative to winter crops are the major concerning issue of the policy planner and the scientist. To ensure nutrition security in the country, it is very important to encourage and support the farmers to grow more lentil through providing improved cultivation technology to the farmers.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(1): 159-168, March 2018

Aplikasi Teknologi Budidaya Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Kultivar Gama Melon Basket di Lahan Karst Pantai Porok Kabupaten Gunungkidul D.I.Yogyakarta

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of favorite fruits for Indonesian. The fruit is sweet with good odor, and has a high nutrient content. Efforts to increase the production of melon can be reached by improving cultivation technology along with seeds that have better quality, such as resistance to pests and disease, and high production. The low production of melon in farmer fields is often caused by use of local varieties with less improvement technology in crop management. Faculty of Biology has developed a new melon cultivars called Gama Melon Basket. Test the stability of melon cultivars at various enviromental condition have been conducted, except for karst land. Therefore, the stability test of Gama Melon Basket phenotype character cultivated in karst land of Porok Beach of Gunungkidul Yogyakarta is required. The purpose of research was to study stability and uniformity of phenotypic character on Gama Melon Basket cultivar cultivated in karst land of Porok Beach, Gunungkidul, DIY and comparison of its phenotypic characters using modern, intermediate-modern, and traditional methods of cultivation. The research was carried out by cultivating Gama Melon Basket at Coastal Land of Porok Beach with modern, intermediate-modern and traditional cultivation methods. Every week phenotype characters of plants were observed until harvest. Results of quantitative characters of Gama Melon Basket showed that intermediate-modern cultivation method produced highest melon production compare to other methods.The result of Gama Melon Basket using intermediate-modern method is 1552 grams for average weight, fruit circumference is 46,19 cm, fruit diameter is 14,3 cm, fruit length is 14,08 cm, skin thickness is 0,6 cm and thick meat is 0,62 cm. The results revealed that intermediate-modern method is more advisable for melon cultivation in karst land of Porok Beach compared with other methods. Karst Land of Porok Beach has a potential for melon cultivation and production in Gunungkidul. Keywords: Gama Melon Basket, Gunungkidul, karst, phenotype, Porok beach

Management Increasing competitiveness of local beef for the forest fringe communities

Competitiveness of local cattle forest fringe communities is generally low, which resulted in weak local economy. Efforts to improve the competitiveness of the local cows will strengthen the local economy through improved cultivation technology, market structure, industry structure and demand conditions of the local cows.. Specific target in this research is to formulate a model improving the competitiveness of local cattle in an attempt to strengthen the economy of forest fringe communities. The results showed that (1) cattle breeders in the study site in Jember District generally is a model gaduhan (the result is divided in two) Local cattle owners were actually better kind of cattle Bali and Madura cattle generally maintain beef cattle with an average tenure 2-8 tails. (2) the competitive and comparative competitiveness of local beef cattle types Bali is high as indicated by the PCR values 0.4261 and 0.4397 DRCR. Madura local beef cattle types also have high competitiveness competitive PCR value 0.3679, but the comparative competitiveness is quite high with DRCR 0.5135. (3) Average profit local cattle rancher (cattle types of Bali and Madura) with the scale 2-8 44.115.638/tail/year or tails of Rp Rp 3.676.303tailr/month or greater than the minimum wage on Jember (Rp 1,200,000), and contribute to the family income by 53.96%. (4) There are six production facilities required to enhance the competitiveness of local cattle, namely human resources, technology, capital, raw materials, machinery and markets.

Compensatory abilities depending on seasonal timing of thallus excision of the kelp Undaria pinnatifida cultivated in Matsushima Bay, northern Japan

Improved cultivation technology for the kelp Undaria pinnatifida is greatly needed to increase production to meet increasing commercial demand. A previous cultivation trial indicated that the crop yield of U. pinnatifida sporophytes could be increased greatly by thallus excision in late February due to compensatory growth of the remaining tissues. To develop this potential new cultivation technology, it is essential to identify the time period during which this kelp can compensate and its physiological responses to thallus excision. In this study, U. pinnatifida sporophytes were excised at about 30 cm above the meristem at the beginning of January, February, March, and April, respectively. Morphological features, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and carbon and nitrogen contents of excised kelps were measured and compared with these parameters in control kelps grown without excision. Both experimental and control kelps were farmed together in Matsushima Bay, northern Japan. The kelps excised in January and February showed significant increases in the lengths and dry weights of the blade, photosynthetic rates, nutrient uptake rates, and carbon and nitrogen contents compared with the control kelps, and the growth phase was prolonged for at least 1 month. No significant increases were found in dry weights and carbon and nitrogen contents of sporophylls until early April, which indicated that the maturation period was delayed. At the end of this experiment, the nitrogen contents of sporophyll tissues formed after excisions were significantly lower than those of tissues formed before excisions. In contrast, the kelps excised in March and April showed no significant increases in morphological and physiological parameters compared with control kelps. These results suggest that U. pinnatifida sporophytes exhibited great compensation when excisions were conducted during the growing phase in January and February but not in March and April when the maturation phase had started. The regulation of resource allocation to growth and maturation after thallus excisions in January and February likely results in prolongation of the growth phase and maturation phase in excised kelps.