Improve Bone Density Research Articles

Beta thalassemia minor: a potential risk factor for osteopenia and osteoporosis

A 74-year-old male patient with beta thalassemia minor presented in 2022 for a follow-up of osteoporosis diagnosed prior to 2004. At the time of presentation, his medical history included: radiation exposure to his head and neck, goiter, prostate cancer status post resection in 2019 without a history of anti-androgen therapy, and atrial fibrillation, for which he had been prescribed apixaban since 2021. Treatment with risedronate occurred from approximately 2004 to about 2011, with improvement in bone density to osteopenia. He had also taken vitamin D and calcium supplementation and engaged in regular weight-bearing exercise. The patient had no other known risk factors for decreased bone mineral density preceding the onset of his osteoporosis, and a previous workup for secondary causes of his osteoporosis etiology proved negative. We propose that beta thalassemia minor is potentially a risk factor for osteopenia and osteoporosis, and that bisphosphonates can be considered for management when therapeutic intervention is indicated. Even in the absence of other known risk factors, clinicians should consider periodically screening beta thalassemia minor patients with DXA for evaluation of bone health.

Osseodensification versus piezoelectric internal sinus elevation (PISE) technique in delayed implant placement (a randomized controlled clinical trial)

Transalveolar sinus elevation is a minimally invasive technique aimed at augmenting the vertical bone height in the posterior maxilla, facilitating successful implant placement in areas with insufficient bone volume. This study compares the efficacy of osseodensification and piezoelectric internal sinus elevation (PISE) techniques in delayed implant placement. The primary objective was to radiographically assess vertical bone gain and bone density, while secondary objectives included clinical assessment of primary implant stability and post-operative satisfaction of both patients and operators. The study population of a total of 16 patients was randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 underwent osseodensification sinus lift using sticky bone as a graft material, whereas Group 2 received PISE with the same graft material. Results indicated that the osseodensification technique led to greater bone gain, improved bone density, and shorter surgical duration. Additionally, osseodensification was associated with enhanced rapid healing and higher patient satisfaction. Conversely, the PISE technique demonstrated superior primary stability of implants on the day of surgery. These findings suggest that while both techniques are effective, osseodensification may offer advantages in terms of bone gain, density, and patient satisfaction, making it a reliable method for enhancing rapid healing in delayed implant placement. the study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov at 26th September 2023 and clinical trials ID is NCT06055127.

Puerarin alleviates osteoporosis in rats by targeting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common chronic progressive bone disease that increases fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Research suggests that puerarin (Pue) may be an effective treatment for OP. This study examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of Pue in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) in rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy to simulate PMOP and were then treated with subcutaneous injections of Pue. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using a bone densitometer. Micro-CT scans assessed femur bone structure and various parameters were calculated: bone volume fraction (BV/TV), bone surface density (BS/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and bone surface area-to-bone volume ratio (BS/BV). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to observe femoral tissue pathology. Serum levels of bone formation metabolism-related markers-osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP)-were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels of the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway in bone tissue were evaluated using Western blotting assay. The results showed improved bone density and reduced bone loss in rats treated with Pue. There were also significant increases in serum levels of OC and BALP, indicating enhanced osteogenesis. Furthermore, there was a decrease in activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in femoral tissue, suggesting a pathway inhibition. These findings indicate that Pue may combat osteoporosis by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation.

Maltobionic acid protects against ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis by suppressing bone resorption

AbstractBackgroundOsteoporosis is a debilitating disease characterized by decreased bone density. In this study, we evaluated the anti‐osteoporotic effect of maltobionic acid (MB), one of the components of honey, and calcium maltobionate (MBCa) on bone density and metabolism using a mouse model of osteoporosis. The underlying mechanisms of MB and MBCa action were also investigated.ResultsOvariectomized (OVX) mice were fed diet containing MB or MBCa for 80 days, and femoral bone mineral content and mineral density (BMD) were evaluated. As expected, OVX reduced BMD; however, the administration of MB and MBCa significantly prevented this decrease. Furthermore, MB and MBCa treatment significantly reduced the serum levels of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP‐5b), a bone resorption marker, and significantly increased the levels of serum calcitonin, compared to those in the OVX control group. In vitro, the relatively high‐dose levels of MB and MBCa inhibited osteoclast differentiation by decreasing the protein expression of nuclear factor of activated T‐cell cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), the master transcription factor of osteoclastogenesis.ConclusionOur results showed that osteoporotic mice treated with MB and MBCa had improved bone density and bone metabolism compared to the OVX controls. Moreover, it was hypothesized herein that the suppressive effect on osteoclast differentiation slightly contributed to these results concomitantly. These findings suggest that the intake of MB or MBCa may contribute to the maintenance of bone health, including the prevention of primary osteoporosis.

Bilobalide ameliorates osteoporosis by influencing the SIRT3/NF-κB axis in osteoclasts and promoting M2 polarization in macrophages

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease with complex etiology and high prevalence, resulting in a huge economic burden. For a long time, the search for new therapeutic pharmaceuticals has never stopped. Bone loss is related to the imbalance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In recent years, the role of immunity and inflammation in the development of osteoporosis has studied well. For example, various cytokines, chemokines and endocrine factors regulate osteoclastogenesis via activating different macrophage subtypes, including pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2. Bilobalide (Bil), an active Ginkgo biloba ingredient, has garnered great interest because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we found that Bil can attenuate osteoclast generation induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor- kappa B ligand (RANKL) through upregulating the sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and negatively regulating NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, Bil promotes M2 polarization of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo studies provided evidence that Bil improves bone density in osteoporosis mice models. Based on the above results, we have reason to believe that Bil has potential therapeutic value in osteoclast-mediated bone loss and offers an effective option for long-term osteoporosis management.

Osteogenic effect of alogliptin in chemical-induced bone loss: a tri-modal in silico, in vitro, and in vivo analysis.

To investigate the effects of Alogliptin in chemical-induced post-menopausal osteoporosis. The binding affinity of alogliptin with osteogenic proteins was analysed in silico. The effect of alogliptin on osteogenic proteins and mineralization of osteoblastic cells was evaluated in UMR-106 cells. Further, in vivo anti-osteoporotic activity of alogliptin was evaluated in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Various bone turnover markers were assayed in serum. This followed the analysis of microarchitecture of bone, histology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of bone tissue. Docking scores showed that alogliptin has binding affinity for bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin, and bone morphogenic protein (BMP-2). Alogliptin also enhanced mineralization of osteoblast cells, evidenced with increased ALP, osteocalcin, and BMP-2. Animal studies revealed significant elevation of bone formation markers, bone ALP, osteocalcin and BMP-2, and decreased bone resorption markers, receptor activator of NF-κβ (RANKL), cathepsin K (CTSK), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP5b) in VCD-induced post-menopausal osteoporosis. Micro computed tomography (μCT) analysis and histology of femur bone and lumbar vertebrae demonstrated decrease in trabecular separation and improved bone density. IHC of femur showed reduced DPP4 enzyme. Alogliptin increased mineralization in osteoblast cells. It had beneficial effects also altered bone turnover markers, repaired the trabecular microstructure, improved bone mineral density, and exhibited bone forming capacity targeting DPP-4 enzyme in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Physical Activity in the Older Adults: A Review of the Benefits and Recommendations for Promoting Healthy Aging through Exercise

Abstract This literature review examines the advantages of regular physical activity for older individuals, who often experience declines in physical and cognitive capabilities that impact their health and quality of life. Regular exercise has been demonstrated to counteract many age-related negative effects by improving cardiovascular health, including enhanced heart function, increased circulation, and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease while promoting longevity. In addition, resistance training is beneficial in preserving muscle mass and strength, which is crucial for maintaining independence and preventing falls. Furthermore, resistance training can improve bone density, preventing osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Furthermore, physical activity supports brain health by promoting neurogenesis, preventing cerebral atrophy, and enhancing neuroplasticity, which can lead to improved cognition, memory, and executive function. Exercise can also alleviate the symptoms of depression and anxiety, significantly enhancing mental well-being. Virtual group-based exercise programs have been found to effectively reduce depressive symptoms and promote social engagement, combating loneliness and improving emotional well-being. The review emphasizes the extensive benefits of regular physical activity for older adults, including cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health improvements, cognitive function, and mental well-being. It recommends implementing tailored exercise programs and community-based initiatives and using technological tools to encourage and monitor physical activity among older individuals, which is vital for enhancing their quality of life.

Improvement of heat treated spirulina proteins and their enzymatic hydrolysates on osteoporosis under simulated microgravity

In the space microgravity environment, bone loss poses a formidable health challenge for astronauts. Dietary intake of renewable food components offers a feasible approach to mitigate bone loss associated with primary osteoporosis, aligning with the demands of long-term space missions. Recent research has highlighted the potential of Spirulina in ameliorating osteoporosis, with thermal processing enhancing the protein bioavailability. This study investigates the effects of different heat-treated Spirulina proteins (SPP) and their enzymatic hydrolysates on osteoporosis using a hindlimb suspension model (HLS) in mice to simulate microgravity conditions. The results demonstrate that heat-treated SPP and enzymatic hydrolysates significantly preserve skeletal morphology, suppress bone resorption, and enhance bone density, with the microwave-treated SPP hydrolysate (MWSPPH) showing the most pronounced improvement effects. Mechanistic insights reveal that MWSPPH enhances bone health by modulating the FoxO/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Specifically, MWSPPH reduces the expression of FoxO and facilitates the accumulation of β-catenin, while also indirectly modulating osteoclast-related signaling by altering RANKL and RANK expression. It also beneficially increases beneficial gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids, thereby improving bone density, suggesting its potential as a dietary strategy for managing osteoporosis in space environments.

Development of New Variant Beer Using Papaya

Beer becoming one of the ancient and most widely enjoyed beverages globally, is witnessing a growing popularity in the form of functional brews. Nevertheless, there is a constraint on conducting a study on the impact of incorporating functional adjuncts at different stages of the production process and how this affects the final physical, chemical, and sensory properties. The current study examines the ingredients employed and their degree of incorporation to produce a functional beer with bioactive compounds, improved antioxidant activity, and increased flavor qualities. Beer has been a trend with an infusion of fruit in the form of Pieces or extracts. In addition, they were successfully introduced into the various steps like wort boiling, fermentation, maturation, and packaging processes to enhance the consumer perception point of view and the mutual benefits of health such as heart diseases and Stroke as improvement of Bone Density. Beer samples were made with the addition of papaya pulp in different ratios in 17 combinations/replicants.

Associations between life's essential 8 and femoral neck bone mineral density among adults: A national population-based study.

Osteoporosis represents a significant public health issue, impacting both health outcomes and economic costs. This research investigates how cardiovascular health, as indicated by the LE8 score, correlates with bone mineral density (BMD). Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2011 to 2018 were analyzed in this cross-sectional analysis, including 9018 subjects following the exclusion of individuals lacking BMD or LE8 data. The LE8 score, comprising factors such as diet, physical activity, smoking status, sleep quality, body mass index, lipid profiles, blood glucose, and blood pressure, was used to evaluate cardiovascular health. BMD was determined through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Relationships between the LE8 scores and BMD at the femoral neck were assessed using linear regression and smooth curve fitting techniques. Enhanced LE8 scores were linked to improved BMD at the femoral neck. Notably, a 10-point increment in the LE8 score was associated with a rise in BMD by 0.04 g/cm² [β = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.03-0.05]. The data indicate a strong positive association between cardiovascular health, as measured by LE8, and BMD. These results support the development of holistic health strategies that promote cardiovascular health to potentially improve bone density.

A combination of osteosynthesis in proximal femur fracture and contralateral femoral neck local osteo-enhancement procedure (LOEP) in severe osteoporotic bone loss

Proximal femur fractures are among the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide in the elderly female population. Research efforts are currently focused on the development of a procedure that has immediate and long-term effectiveness, although pharmacological therapies are already capable of improving bone density and reducing the risk of fracture. A local bone enhancement procedure (LOEP) has been developed to facilitate bone augmentation. The procedure requires the preparation of an area of osteoporotic bone into which a triphasic, resorbable, calcium-based material is injected. Following the procedure, both the bone mineral density of the proximal femur and the bone resistance to compression and distraction forces acting on the femoral neck, which can cause fracture, are significantly improved. Ten women suffering from severe osteoporosis and intertrochanteric fracture underwent preliminary investigations after application of a local bone-strengthening procedure involving the use of AGN1 and nailing of the contralateral proximal femur. KEY WORDS: Proximal femur fracture, osteoporosis, local osteo-enhancement procedure (LOEP), proximal femoral nail (PFN).

From Stiffness to Strength: The Role of Physical Activity in Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and potential disability. While pharmacological treatments are central to managing RA, physical activity plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes. This article explores the influence of physical activity on RA, detailing its benefits, challenges, and best practices. Physical activity offers numerous benefits for RA patients, including reduced pain, improved joint function, enhanced physical mobility, and better mental health. Regular exercise also mitigates the risk of cardiovascular disease, improves bone density, and contributes to overall quality of life. Suitable forms of physical activity for RA patients include low-impact aerobic exercises, strength training, flexibility exercises, balance training, and mind-body practices like yoga and Tai Chi. Despite these benefits, RA patients face challenges in engaging in physical activity, such as pain, fatigue, and psychological barriers. Properly tailored exercise programs, guided by healthcare professionals, can help overcome these challenges, ensuring that patients can safely incorporate physical activity into their management plans. This article highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating physical activity with conventional RA treatments, to optimize patient outcomes and enhance their quality of life.

Impact of physical activity on menopausal symptoms and health in middle-aged women

The aim of this article is to review and analyze what is known about the effects of physical activity on the physical and mental health of menopausal women, and to summarize general recommendations for women at this time. Studies show that physical activity can lead to a reduction in the severity of symptoms associated with menopause. The enhanced quality of life is also due to the beneficial effects of physical activity on a woman's metabolism. Regular exercise leads to a normalization of lipid metabolism, a reduction in body fat, an improvement in bone density and, therefore, the avoidance of osteoporosis.

Study protocol for the ROLEX-DUO randomised placebo-controlled trial: ROmosozumab Loaded with EXercise – DUal effects on bone and muscle in postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Osteopenia

IntroductionNovel strategies are needed to address the rising burden of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. High-intensity resistance and impact (HiRIT) exercise has shown benefit in improving bone density in postmenopausal women...

Impact of Surgical Parathyroidectomy on Craniofacial Morphology in Patients With Renal Failure.

Parathyroidectomy is beneficial in tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) consequent to chronic renal failure. The craniofacial morphology of patients who undergo total parathyroidectomy and autologous transplantation (tPTX + AT) has not been widely studied. This study assessed the efficacy of tPTX + AT in THPT and evaluated possible improvements in craniofacial features. This retrospective analysis included patients who were diagnosed with medically refractory THPT and had undergone tPTX + AT between September 2013 and May 2021. The VAS was used to evaluate improvements in various symptoms including bone pain and pruritus. Changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels were also assessed. The impact of the procedure was assessed by comparing two-photon X-ray bone mineral density measurements obtained 1 year before and after surgery. The VAS of pain and pruritus decreased significantly on the first postoperative day (P < 0.05). Calcium levels changed significantly (from 2.50 ± 0.22mmol/L to 2.10 ± 0.26mmol/L) on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.0000); iPTH levels also declined substantially on this day, reducing from 211.00 (122.10, 252.80) to 5.04 (2.96, 9.40) pmol/L. Bone mineral density increased significantly across various regions including the greater trochanter of the femur, intertrochanteric area, total hip, and third lumbar vertebra (P < 0.05). The angles between the upper incisor and mandibular plane and the lower lip and Ricketts E line (drawn from the tip of the nose to the soft tissue area) also improved (P = 0.043, P = 0.001). Total parathyroidectomy and autologous transplantation can rapidly alleviate bone pain and skin itching in THPT. It may also improve bone density and facial soft tissue.

Evaluation of Peri-Implantitis Bone Defect Healing: Comparing the Efficacy of Small-Particle Dentin and Bio-Oss in Bone Density Attenuation.

Introduction: Peri-implantitis is a serious complication in dental implantology that, if left untreated, may lead to implant loss and systemic diseases. Effective regeneration of bone defects resulting from peri-implantitis is crucial to maintaining the functionality of dental implants. Purpose of the Study: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of fine-particle dentin and Bio-Oss in the reconstruction of bone defects caused by peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods: The study included a comprehensive radiological assessment of changes in bone density over time. Bone density was assessed using Hounsfield Units (HUs) as a measure of bone attenuation, with radiological assessments performed at 8- and 12-week intervals during the healing process. The study included participants ranging in age from 30 to 65 years. Fifty-seven patients were divided into three groups: 22 patients received small-particle dentin, 15 received Bio-Oss, and 20 controls without bone substitute material. Results: The fine-dentin group showed a 20% increase in bone density after 8 weeks (p < 0.05), while the Bio-Oss group showed a 15% increase after 12 weeks (p < 0.05). The control group showed minimal changes in bone density (5% after 12 weeks), which was not statistically significant. Clinical evaluations showed 95% successful integration in the fine dentin group, 85% in the Bio-Oss group, and 70% in the control group. The fine-dentin group showed a 20% increase in bone density after 8 weeks (p < 0.05), while the Bio-Oss group showed a 15% increase after 12 weeks (p < 0.05). The control group showed minimal changes in bone density (5% after 12 weeks), which was not statistically significant. Clinical evaluations showed 95% successful integration in the fine-dentin group, 85% in the Bio-Oss group, and 70% in the control group. Conclusions: Both fine-particle dentin and Bio-Oss significantly improved bone density compared to the control group. Fine-particle dentin is suitable for immediate bone regeneration due to its rapid initial regeneration, while Bio-Oss provides long-term support, ideal for maintaining implant stability over a longer period of time. The results highlight the importance of selecting appropriate bone replacement materials depending on the clinical scenario to improve patient outcomes after dental implant placement.

The Role of Sport in Human Health: Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

Introduction and purpose Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, characterized by diminished bone mineral density, compromised bone microarchitecture, and geometry, culminating in diminished bone strength and susceptibility to fractures. Physical activity posits potential as a preventive measure and therapeutic approach for osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of physical activity on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Materials and method In order to curate appropriate sources for this article, a comprehensive search was conducted within the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A brief description of the state of knowledge One of the risk factors for osteoporosis is a lack of physical activity. For this reason, many scientists have decided to conduct some research to determine whether physical activity will have a beneficial impact on both the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. These studies show that physical activity can benefit people with osteoporosis by improving bone density, balance, strength, and overall physical function. Regular and long-term exercise is essential to maximize these benefits. Summary The studies conducted so far provide promising results and confirm the beneficial impact of physical exercises on people with osteoporosis as well as on the prevention of this disease. Exercises should be performed regularly and persistently.

Bone matrix properties in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta are not adversely affected by setrusumab-a sclerostin neutralizing antibody.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by low bone mass and frequent fractures. Children with OI are commonly treated with bisphosphonates to reduce fracture rate, but treatment options for adults are limited. In the Phase 2b ASTEROID trial, setrusumab (a sclerostin neutralizing antibody, SclAb) improved bone density and strength in adults with type I, III, and IV OI. Here, we investigate bone matrix material properties in tetracycline-labeled trans iliac biopsies from 3 groups: (1) control: individuals with no metabolic bone disease, (2) OI: individuals with OI, (3) SclAb-OI: individuals with OI after 6 mo of setrusumab treatment (as part of the ASTEROID trial). In addition to bone histomorphometry, bone mineral and matrix properties were evaluated with nanoindentation, Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation imaging, quantitative backscatter electron imaging, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Spatial locations of fluorochrome labels were identified to differentiate inter-label bone of the same tissue age and intra-cortical bone. No difference in collagen orientation was found between the groups. The bone mineral density distribution and analysis of Raman spectra indicate that OI groups have greater mean mineralization, greater relative mineral content, and lower crystallinity than the control group, which was not altered by SclAb treatment. Finally, a lower modulus and hardness were measured in the inter-label bone of the OI-SclAb group compared to the OI group. Previous studies suggest that even though bone from OI has a higher mineral content, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has comparable mechanical properties. Therefore, fragility in OI may stem from contributions from other yet unexplored aspects of bone organization at higher length scales. We conclude that SclAb treatment leads to increased bone mass while not adversely affecting bone matrix properties in individuals with OI.

Multi-objective optimization of custom implant abutment design for enhanced bone remodeling in single-crown implants using 3D finite element analysis

The optimal configuration of a customized implant abutment is crucial for bone remodeling and is influenced by various design parameters. This study introduces an optimization process for designing two-piece zirconia dental implant abutments. The aim is to enhance bone remodeling, increase bone density in the peri-implant region, and reduce the risk of late implant failure. A 12-month bone remodeling algorithm subroutine in finite element analysis to optimize three parameters: implant placement depth, abutment taper degree, and gingival height of the titanium base abutment. The response surface analysis shows that implant placement depth and gingival height significantly impact bone density and uniformity. The taper degree has a smaller effect on bone remodeling. The optimization identified optimal values of 1.5 mm for depth, 35° for taper, and 0.5 mm for gingival height. The optimum model significantly increased cortical bone density from 1.2 to 1.937 g/cm3 in 2 months, while the original model reached 1.91 g/cm3 in 11 months. The standard deviation of density showed more uniform bone apposition, with the optimum model showing values 2 to 6 times lower than the original over 12 months. The cancellous bone showed a similar trend. In conclusion, the depth and taper have a significant effect on bone remodeling. This optimized model significantly improves bone density uniformity.

Different types of algae beneficial for bone health in animals and in humans – A review

Algae have long been recognized as a valuable source of nutrients and minerals. Recent studies suggest that diverse types of algae may provide benefits for bone health in animals and humans. This review article provides an overview of the several types of algae that have been found to be beneficial for bone health, including red, green, and brown algae and contain varying amounts of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, essential for the development and maintenance of healthy bones. In addition to these minerals, algae contain bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, and carotenoids, having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may support bone health. Studies suggest that the consumption of algae or algae-derived supplements may improve bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in both animals and humans. Algae-based supplements have been found to have other health benefits, including immune system modulation, anti-cancer properties, and antiviral effects. While algae may hold promise as a natural source of bone-boosting nutrients, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind their effects on bone health and to determine optimal dosages for supplementation. Overall, the findings of this review suggest that algae are a promising dietary supplement for promoting bone health in animals and humans.