Improvement Of Quality Traits Research Articles

The Carthamus tinctorius L. genome sequence provides insights into synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids

Domesticated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a widely cultivated edible oil crop. However, despite its economic importance, the genetic basis underlying key traits such as oil content, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and flowering time remains poorly understood. Here, we present the genome assembly for C. tinctorius variety Jihong01, which was obtained by integrating Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and BGI-SEQ500 sequencing results. The assembled genome was 1,061.1 Mb, and consisted of 32,379 protein-coding genes, 97.71% of which were functionally annotated. Safflower had a recent whole genome duplication (WGD) event in evolution history and diverged from sunflower approximately 37.3 million years ago. Through comparative genomic analysis at five seed development stages, we unveiled the pivotal roles of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and fatty acid desaturase 6 (FAD6) in linoleic acid (LA) biosynthesis. Similarly, the differential gene expression analysis further reinforced the significance of these genes in regulating LA accumulation. Moreover, our investigation of seed fatty acid composition at different seed developmental stages unveiled the crucial roles of FAD2 and FAD6 in LA biosynthesis. These findings offer important insights into enhancing breeding programs for the improvement of quality traits and provide reference resource for further research on the natural properties of safflower.

Effects of slaughter weight and backfat depth on trimming, curing, and deboning losses and quality traits of Italian dry-cured ham

This study aimed at assessing the effects of two infra-vitam traits, specifically the slaughter weight (SW) and the ultrasound backfat depth (BCKF) on several post-mortem and quality traits of typical Prosciutto Veneto protected designation of origin (PDO) dry-cured ham. The trial was conducted on a population of 423 pigs fed using different strategies to generate a high variation in SW (175 ± 15.5 kg) and BCKF (23.16 ± 4.14 mm). All the left thighs were weighed at slaughter and the ham factory during the different processing phases. The fat cover depth of green trimmed hams was measured. Data were analyzed with a linear model including SW classified in tertiles, BCKF as a covariate, SW × BCKF interaction, sex, batch, and pen nested within batch. Our results highlighted that, for each 10 kg increase in SW, trimmed and seasoned ham weights increased by 0.76 and 0.54 kg, respectively. The increase in SW significantly reduced relative curing and deboning losses but did not affect ham fat cover depth and trimming losses. A rise in BCKF increased the ham fat cover depth and trimming losses and decreased the curing and deboning losses. Increases in SW and BCKF improved quality traits of the seasoned ham including fat cover depth, visible marbling, inner lean firmness, and fat color. These findings confirm the feasibility of increasing SW and BCKF, which will result in a reduction in the relative losses associated with the dry-curing process while improving the quality of the seasoned ham.

Effect of drought stress on grain quality of wheat and its mitigation through arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi

Aim: Grain quality is an important aspect to ensure food and nutritional security of the ever-increasing population of the world, and maintaining wheat grain quality under stressful conditions is decisive for end-use functional properties. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving grain quality under stress condition. Methodology: The present study was conducted on two wheat varieties viz. Drought tolerance (WH 1105) and drought sensitive (WH 1025) under drought stress condition. This experiment was conducted in CRD factorial design and drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation before jointing (40-45 days) and heading (80-85 days) stages. Results: Drought stress imposed at either jointing or heading stage deteriorated all quality traits except for crude protein content and gluten content. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation played a significant role in enhancing the ash, moisture, crude protein, gluten, total sugar and and β-carotene contents in both varieties, however, the interactive effects were found non-significant. Crude protein, which defines nutritional properties increased by 14.6 and 15.9% in WH 1025 grains and 13.9 and 14.9% in WH 1105 grains of AMF untreated and treated plants at heading stage. In both wheat varieties, sedimentation value and grain hardiness were observed higher at heading stage as compared to the jointing stage, irrespective of AMF inoculation. Interpretation: AMF inoculation played a significant role in improving quality traits by enhancing water relations and nutrient uptake under drought conditions. Key words: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Drought, Grain quality, Wheat

Screening of Lablab purpureus (L.) Genotypes against Alternaria Leaf Spot Resistance

Background: Lablab purpureus (L.) bean research in Uttar Pradesh has given less emphasis on improving quality traits preferred by farmers and focused mostly on developing varieties that are high yielding. Though, there are some released Lablab purpureus (L.) varieties farmers mostly prefer to grow their own landrace. Moreover, analysis of farmers’ perceptions and views on Lablab purpureus (L.) bean diseases and control methods utilized by farmers has been minimal. Farmers’ insights and understanding of crop diseases play an important role in sustainable disease management. Therefore, there is a need to assess farmers’ priority problems for Lablab purpureus (L.) bean production, their variety preference and their perception of the leaf spot disease. Methods: In our study, the landraces were assessed both in the field and in the greenhouse during 2021-22 with Alternaria doliconidium and Alternaria destruens isolates. Result: The highest level of resistance were found Under greenhouse evaluation in VRSEM-757, VRSEM-776, VRSEM-730 and VRSEM-739 to Alternaria doliconidium whereas genotypes found to be resistance under field evaluation were VRSEM-799, VRSEM-757 and VRSEM-776. Similarly, genotypes found to be resistance to Alternaria destruens were VRSEM- 757 and VRSEM- 702 under greenhouse evaluation whereas, genotypes VRSEM-776 found to be resistance during field evaluation.However, the resistance were moderate. Overall, resistance were highly heritable, suggesting that phenotypic selection can be exploited to improve leaf spot resistance in lablab bean varieties.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of flowering genes in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck: a comparison among C. Medica L., C. Reticulata Blanco, C. Grandis (L.) Osbeck and C. Clementina

BackgroundFlowering plays an important role in completing the reproductive cycle of plants and obtaining next generation of plants. In case of citrus, it may take more than a year to achieve progeny. Therefore, in order to fasten the breeding processes, the juvenility period needs to be reduced. The juvenility in plants is regulated by set of various flowering genes. The citrus fruit and leaves possess various medicinal properties and are subjected to intensive breeding programs to produce hybrids with improved quality traits. In order to break juvenility in Citrus, it is important to study the role of flowering genes. The present study involved identification of genes regulating flowering in Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck via homology based approach. The structural and functional characterization of these genes would help in targeting genome editing techniques to induce mutations in these genes for producing desirable results.ResultsA total of 43 genes were identified which were located on all the 9 chromosomes of citrus. The in-silico analysis was performed to determine the genetic structure, conserved motifs, cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and phylogenetic relationship of the genes. A total of 10 CREs responsible for flowering were detected in 33 genes and 8 conserved motifs were identified in all the genes. The protein structure, protein-protein interaction network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was performed to study the functioning of these genes which revealed the involvement of flowering proteins in circadian rhythm pathways. The gene ontology (GO) and gene function analysis was performed to functionally annotate the genes. The structure of the genes and proteins were also compared among other Citrus species to study the evolutionary relationship among them. The expression study revealed the expression of flowering genes in floral buds and ovaries. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the flowering genes were highly expressed in bud stage, fully grown flower and early stage of fruit development.ConclusionsThe findings suggested that the flowering genes were highly conserved in citrus species. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed the tissue specific expression of flowering genes (CsFT, CsCO, CsSOC, CsAP, CsSEP and CsLFY) which would help in easy detection and targeting of genes through various forward and reverse genetic approaches.

Grafting in Tomato for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Yield and Quality Traits

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major vegetable crop worldwide, however, its production is adversely affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses at various stages of its cultivation. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, flooding, extreme temperatures and heavy metals can cause morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the plant, which ultimately affect crop growth, yield and quality. Among various mitigation strategies, grafting technology has emerged as an effective and alternative tool to slow breeding programs to alleviate various biotic and abiotic stresses. Various studies indicated that increased osmolytes accumulation, synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, improved photosynthesis and vigorous root architecture in grafted tomatoes confer tolerance towards abiotic stresses, besides improving plant growth and fruit yields. Moreover, tomato grafting on suitable rootstocks has also a positive effect on the nutritional qualities of fruits, such as, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, proteins, etc.). In this review, we have tried to summarize the adverse effects of abiotic stresses in tomatoes and include all possible recent references related to the response of grafted tomatoes using different intra-and/ or inter-specific rootstocks on improving plant growth, yield and quality and alleviation in various abiotic stresses.

CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in soybean for improving quality traits

CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in soybean for improving quality traits

Novel transcriptome networks are associated with adaptation of capsicum fruit development to a light-blocking glasshouse film.

Light-blocking films (LBFs) can contribute to significant energy savings for protected cropping via altering light transmitting, such as UVA, photosynthetically active radiation, blue and red spectra affecting photosynthesis, and capsicum yield. Here, we investigated the effects of LBF on orange color capsicum (O06614, Capsicum annuum L.) fruit transcriptome at 35 (mature green) and 65 (mature ripe) days after pollination (DAP) relative to untreated control in a high-technology glasshouse. The results of targeted metabolites showed that LBF significantly promotes the percentage of lutein but decreased the percentage of zeaxanthin and neoxanthin only at 35 DAP. At 35 DAP, fruits were less impacted by LBF treatment (versus control) with a total of 1,192 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with that at 65 DAP with 2,654 DEGs. Response to stress and response to light stimulus in biological process of Gene Ontology were found in 65-DAP fruits under LBF vs. control, and clustering analysis revealed a predominant role of light receptors and phytohormone signaling transduction as well as starch and sucrose metabolism in LBF adaptation. The light-signaling DEGs, UV light receptor UVR8, transcription factors phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4), and an E3 ubiquitin ligase (COP1) were significantly downregulated at 65 DAP. Moreover, key DEGs in starch and sucrose metabolism (SUS, SUC, and INV), carotenoid synthesis (PSY2 and BCH1), ascorbic acid biosynthesis (VTC2, AAO, and GME), abscisic acid (ABA) signaling (NCED3, ABA2, AO4, and PYL2/4), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (PAL and DFR) are important for the adaptation of 65-DAP fruits to LBF. Our results provide new candidate genes for improving quality traits of low-light adaptation of capsicum in protected cropping.

A Comprehensive Review on Role of Plant Tissue Culture in Ornamental Crops: Cultivation Factors, Applications and Future Aspects

Ornamental plants are grown largely for their artistic value, floriculturists must prioritize the proliferation and improvement of quality traits, as well as the production of unique diversity. Micropropagation, clonal reliability and conservation are all crucial factors to consider. Application of in vitro techniques in ornamental plant such as in vitro embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, in vitro pollination and in vitro ploidy manipulation but to enhance, techniques like as embryo rescue and somatic hybridization are commonly employed. The creation of synthetic seed allows for season-independent seed producing and long-term seed preservation. Many factors influence ornamental plant tissue culture, including plant genotype, explants type, and the physical environment (light, temperature, humidity, and CO2), in addition to medium composition and growth regulators. We compiled and reviewed an overall update on cultivation factors, application procedures in ornamental plant tissue culture, in vitro plant enhancement approaches and future prospects in this study.

Quality trait improvement in horticultural crops: OMICS and modern biotechnological approaches.

Horticultural crops are an essential part of food and nutritional security. Moreover, these form an integral part of the agricultural economy and have enormous economic potential. They are a rich source of nutrients that are beneficial to human health. Plant breeding of horticultural crops has focussed primarily on increasing the productivity and related traits of these crops. However, fruit and vegetable quality is paramount to their perishability, marketability, and consumer acceptance. The improved nutritional value is beneficial to underprivileged and undernourished communities. Due to a declining genetic base, conventional plant breeding does not contribute much to quality improvement as the existing natural allelic variations and crossing barriers between cultivated and wild species limit it. Over the past two decades, 'omics' and modern biotechnological approaches have made it possible to decode the complex genomes of crop plants, assign functions to the otherwise many unknown genes, and develop genome-wide DNA markers. Genetic engineering has enabled the validation of these genes and the introduction of crucial agronomic traits influencing various quality parameters directly or indirectly. This review discusses the significant advances in the quality improvement of horticultural crops, including shelf life, aroma, browning, nutritional value, colour, and many other related traits.

Spectroscopic Analyses Highlight Plant Biostimulant Effects of Baker's Yeast Vinasse and Selenium on Cabbage through Foliar Fertilization.

The main aim of this study is to find relevant analytic fingerprints for plants' structural characterization using spectroscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) as alternative methods, particularized on cabbage treated with selenium-baker's yeast vinasse formulation (Se-VF) included in a foliar fertilizer formula. The hypothesis investigated is that Se-VF will induce significant structural changes compared with the control, analytically confirming the biofortification of selenium-enriched cabbage as a nutritive vegetable, and particularly the plant biostimulant effects of the applied Se-VF formulation on cabbage grown in the field. The TGA evidenced a structural transformation of the molecular building blocks in the treated cabbage leaves. The ash residues increased after treatment, suggesting increased mineral accumulation in leaves. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced a pectin-Iα-cellulose structure of cabbage that correlated with each other in terms of leaf crystallinity. FTIR analysis suggested the accumulation of unesterified pectin and possibly (seleno) glucosinolates and an increased network of hydrogen bonds. The treatment with Se-VF formulation induced a significant increase in the soluble fibers of the inner leaves, accompanied by a decrease in the insoluble fibers. The ratio of soluble/insoluble fibers correlated with the crystallinity determined by XRD and with the FTIR data. The employed analytic techniques can find practical applications as fast methods in studies of the effects of new agrotechnical practices, while in our particular case study, they revealed effects specific to plant biostimulants of the Se-VF formulation treatment: enhanced mineral utilization and improved quality traits.

An Untargeted Metabolomics Approach to Study the Variation between Wild and Cultivated Soybeans.

The differential metabolite profiles of four wild and ten cultivated soybeans genotypes were explored using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Ground soybean seed samples were extracted with methanol and water, and metabolic features were obtained using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) in both positive and negative ion modes. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis of the two different extracts resulted in the putative identification of 98 metabolites belonging to several classes of phytochemicals, including isoflavones, organic acids, lipids, sugars, amino acids, saponins, and other compounds. The metabolic profile was significantly impacted by the polarity of the extraction solvent. Multivariate analysis showed a clear difference between wild and cultivated soybean cultivars. Unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms were applied to mine the generated data and to pinpoint metabolites differentiating wild and cultivated soybeans. The key identified metabolites differentiating wild and cultivated soybeans were isoflavonoids, free amino acids, and fatty acids. Catechin analogs, cynaroside, hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid derivatives, amino acid, and uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine were upregulated in the methanol extract of wild soybeans. In contrast, isoflavonoids and other minor compounds were downregulated in the same soybean extract. This metabolic information will benefit breeders and biotechnology professionals to develop value-added soybeans with improved quality traits.

Remote Sensing for Sustainable Pistachio Cultivation and Improved Quality Traits Evaluation through Thermal and Non-Thermal UAV Vegetation Indices

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) has earned recognition as a significant crop due to its unique nutrient composition and its adaptability to the growing threat of climate change. Consequently, the utilization of remote sensing techniques for non-invasive pistachio monitoring has become critically important. This research was conducted in two pistachio orchards located in Spain, aiming to assess the effectiveness of vegetation indices (VIs) in estimating nut yield and quality under various irrigation conditions. To this end, high-resolution multispectral and thermal imagery were gathered using a Micasense ALTUM sensor carried by a DJI Inspire 2 drone in order to calculate the NDRE (normalized difference red edge index), GNDVI (green normalized difference vegetation index), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), and CWSI (crop water stress index). Each orchard underwent two flights at distinct growth stages, totaling four flights. In June, NDRE-carbohydrates (r = 0.78) and CWSI-oleic (r = 0.77) showed the highest correlations, while in September, CWSI-carbohydrates (r = 0.62) and NDVI-iron (r = 0.54) Despite NDVI’s limitations due to saturation effects, all VIs had significant yield and quality correlations, with GNDVI proving most effective in both flights. CWSI correlated considerably on both dates in terms of several quality parameters (carbohydrate percentage, magnesium, iron, and fatty acids, namely palmitoyl, stearic, oleic, and linoleic), surpassing non-thermal indices. Finally, it is important to consider the impact of environmental factors, such as the location of the sun, when interpreting the CWSI, as it modifies the temperature distribution pattern within the canopy. This study supports the viability of remote sensing and vegetation indices as potential tools for enhancing the management of pistachio orchards.

RsGLK2.1-RsNF-YA9a module positively regulates the chlorophyll biosynthesis by activating RsHEMA2 in green taproot of radish

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically important and widely cultivated root vegetable crop. The coloration of the green skin and green flesh is an important trait influencing the nutrition and flavor quality in fruit radish. GOLDEN2-LIKEs (GLKs) play critically important roles in plastid development and chlorophyll biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis still remain elusive in green fruit radish taproot. Herein, the RsGLK2.1 gene exhibited higher expression level in taproot with a green skin (GS) and green flesh (GF) than that in taproot of the white or red radish genotypes. RsGLK2.1 is a nuclear transcription factor that has intrinsic transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of RsGLK2.1 increased the total chlorophyll content of 20.68%–45.84% in radish leaves. Knockout of the RsGLK2.1 gene via CRISPR/Cas9 technology resulted in a significant decrease in the chlorophyll content. Overexpression of the RsGLK2.1 gene could restore the phenotype of the glk1glk2 mutant Arabidopsis. RsGLK2.1 was participated in regulating the chlorophyll biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoter of RsHEMA2 and activating its transcription. The interaction of RsNF-YA9a with RsGLK2.1 increased the transcriptional activity of the downstream gene RsHEMA2 under the light condition rather than the dark condition, indicating that both of them regulate the chlorophyll biosynthesis in a light-dependent manner of radish. Overall, these results provided insights into the molecular framework of the RsGLK2.1-RsNF-YA9a module, and could facilitate dissecting the regulatory mechanism underlying chlorophyll biosynthesis in green taproot of radish, and genetic improvement of quality traits in fruit radish breeding programs.

Breeding cereal rye (Secale cereale) for quality traits

AbstractCereal rye (Secale cereale) is a multi‐purpose crop, harvested for grain (for food, feed, and other products) as well as used as a forage or cover crop. The functionality of rye across these spheres is due to its abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and unique phytochemical composition. In this review, we focus on the current state and prospects of breeding rye for quality traits, where we define quality traits as grain, feed, or forage quality. Rye grain for human consumption has numerous healthful compounds, notably high dietary fiber content in grain and unique flavors that contribute to the signature properties of rye baked products and distilled spirits. As a forage, rye is useful in marginal environments and has high quality, including high crude protein, and is thus valuable for livestock production. While yield remains a major focus of breeding efforts, due to recent improvements in rye genomic and phenotypic resources, there are now opportunities for increased attention on breeding high‐quality ryes for multiple end uses. Through genetic improvement of quality traits, cereal rye has the potential to expand and serve multiple markets as a climate‐resilient crop.

Beneficial microorganisms: a sustainable horticultural solution to improve the quality of saffron in hydroponics

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice in the world. Its organoleptic properties are mainly dictated by the apocarotenoids crocins (dyeing capacity), picrocrocin (pleasant taste), and safranal (scent). Cultivation of saffron in controlled conditions with beneficial microorganisms may increase its profitability. In this study saffron was grown in hydroponics under a greenhouse with the PGPR Bacillus megaterium CB97032 and Paenibacillus durus CB1806 (Pgpr treatment), and the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices (Myc treatment), alone or mixed (Mix treatment). The influence exerted during all crop phases on flowering trend, flower and spice yield, secondary metabolites, ecophysiological traits, and corm production was investigated, with the hypothesis that microbial synergy would have more positively affected these parameters. All the bioinoculants did not positively influence flower and spice yield, but enhanced the content of safranal (up to +96% in all the treated plants). When mixed, the PGPR and AMF improved the total phenolic content (+19%) of the saffron spice. Even if no differences emerged from the ecophysiological analysis, the corm yield was improved for the inoculated plants. The single-type bioinoculants allowed to obtain a higher number of replacement corms (up to +13% for the Myc plants) without reducing their weight, but lowering their size. When mixed, the size of the corms was restored. Together, the PGPR and AMF also increased the corm weight (+24%) of the largest corm fraction (> 1.5 cm). Thus, the bioinoculants may have stimulated the secondary metabolism of the plants by improving quality traits, rather than having acted as biofertilizers by increasing yield, at least during flowering. Overall, AMF and PGPR were proved to be a sustainable horticultural solution in hydroponics to improve the quality of saffron, especially when applied in mixed formulations.

Preharvest Multiple Applications of GABA Improve Quality Traits and Antioxidant Compounds of Pomegranate Fruit during Storage

GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid with diverse effects on plant development, including delayed senescence in horticultural commodities. The main goal of this research was to investigate the impact of GABA applications to pomegranate trees on the ‘Mollar de Elche’ quality traits and antioxidant compounds during storage for 60 days at 10 °C. In the 2019 experiment, pomegranate trees received foliar sprays of GABA at 10-, 50- or 100-mM concentrations at three stages of fruit development. Pomegranates harvested from GABA-treated trees exhibited enhanced fruit firmness, titratable acidity, the red color of skin and aril, and higher levels of total phenolics and total and specific anthocyanins compared to those obtained from the control group. These quality traits were maintained at higher levels during 60 days of preservation at 10 °C, and the most important effects were observed for 100 mM dose. In a 2020 experiment, GABA was sprayed at a 100 mM dose, and results were confirmed, showing a retard of the ripening process in pomegranates from GABA-treated trees concerning controls for two months of storage and an extension of their shelf life (with optimal quality traits appreciated by consumers) from 30 to 60 days. Moreover, the increase in anthocyanin content due to GABA treatments resulted in redder fruits, which would appeal more to consumers and have improved health benefits.

Foliar Applications of ZnO and SiO2 Nanoparticles Mitigate Water Deficit and Enhance Potato Yield and Quality Traits

The yield and quality of field crops are affected by abiotic stresses such as water deficit, which can negatively impact crop growth, productivity, and quality. However, nanotechnology holds great promise for increasing crop yield, maintaining quality, and thus mitigating abiotic stresses. Therefore, the current study was conducted to examine the influences of 0, 50, and 100 mg L−1 zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and 0, 25, and 50 mg L−1 silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles on the yield and quality traits of potato plants grown under water deficit conditions (100%, 75%, and 50% ETc). Water deficit significantly reduced yield traits (average tuber weight, number of plant tubers, and tuber yield) and quality traits (tuber diameter, crude protein, and mineral content). However, it enhanced tuber dry weight, specific gravity, ascorbic acid, starch, and total soluble solids. Foliar applications of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles under water deficit treatments significantly enhanced yield and improved quality traits of potato plants. Moreover, significant and positive correlations were found among yield traits. Thus, it can be concluded that using ZnO NPs at 100 mg L−1 significantly improves potato productivity and quality traits by mitigating the negative effects of water deficit in arid regions.

Molecular breeding of barley for quality traits and resilience to climate change.

Barley grains are a rich source of compounds, such as resistant starch, beta-glucans and anthocyanins, that can be explored in order to develop various products to support human health, while lignocellulose in straw can be optimised for feed in husbandry, bioconversion into bioethanol or as a starting material for new compounds. Existing natural variations of these compounds can be used to breed improved cultivars or integrated with a large number of mutant lines. The technical demands can be in opposition depending on barley's end use as feed or food or as a source of biofuel. For example beta-glucans are beneficial in human diets but can lead to issues in brewing and poultry feed. Barley breeders have taken action to integrate new technologies, such as induced mutations, transgenics, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, site-directed mutagenesis and lastly machine learning, in order to improve quality traits. Although only a limited number of cultivars with new quality traits have so far reached the market, research has provided valuable knowledge and inspiration for future design and a combination of methodologies to achieve the desired traits. The changes in climate is expected to affect the quality of the harvested grain and it is already a challenge to mitigate the unpredictable seasonal and annual variations in temperature and precipitation under elevated [CO2] by breeding. This paper presents the mutants and encoded proteins, with a particular focus on anthocyanins and lignocellulose, that have been identified and characterised in detail and can provide inspiration for continued breeding to achieve desired grain and straw qualities.

Revealing the Genetic Architecture of Yield-Related and Quality Traits in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.] Using Meta-QTL Analysis

A meta-QTL analysis was conducted in Indian mustard to identify robust and stable meta-QTLs (MQTLs) by utilizing 1504 available QTLs, which included 891 QTLs for yield-related traits and 613 QTLs for quality traits. For yield-related traits, a total of 57 MQTLs (YRTs_MQTLs) were uncovered from the clustering of 560 projected QTLs, which had a 4.18-fold smaller confidence interval (CI) than that of the initial QTLs, whereas, for quality traits, as many as 51 MQTLs (Quality_MQTLs) were derived from 324 projected QTLs, which had a 2.65-fold smaller CI than that of the initial QTLs. Sixteen YRTs_MQTLs were observed to share chromosomal positions with 16 Quality_MQTLs. Moreover, four most promising YRTs_MQTLs and eight Quality-MQTLs were also selected and recommended for use in breeding programs. Four of these selected MQTLs were also validated with significant SNPs that were identified in previously published genome-wide association studies. Further, in silico functional analysis of some promising MQTLs allowed the detection of as many as 1435 genes, which also involved 15 high-confidence candidate genes (CGs) for yield-related traits and 46 high-confidence CGs for quality traits. After validation, the identified CGs can also be exploited to model the plant architecture and to improve quality traits through marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing approaches.