Improved Extraction Efficiency Research Articles

Isolation of stilbenoids from fresh knotwood of Scots pine using a high yield method

Abstract Scots pine knotwood contains valuable amount of stilbenoids such as pinosylvin (Ps) and pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PsMME). The stilbenoids have numerous biological activities. Traditional methods of extracting stilbenoids often yield low quantities and involve complex processes. In the present study, a simple and high-yield method was proposed for the extraction of stilbenoids from fresh Scots pine knotwood using ethanol taking a total of three days. In addition, the impact of drying process, extraction time, extraction solvents (acetone and ethanol) and storage time were evaluated on the yield of the stilbenoids. The increased yield and improved extraction efficiency make this method a promising advancement for promoting the utilization of stilbenoids for their valuable bioactive properties.

Research on the processing and interpretation methods of distributed fiber optic vibration signal logging injection profiles

The oil and gas industry currently faces the dual challenges of improving extraction efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. Traditional well monitoring technologies are increasingly unable to meet the demands of modern oil and gas extraction due to technological limitations and environmental concerns. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology, which utilizes optical fibers as sensing elements, enables real-time and accurate monitoring of the CO2 injection process in wells. However, DAS technology encounters issues such as weak amplitude signals and noise interference in practical applications. In response, a comprehensive method for processing and interpreting DAS logging data for CO2 injection wells has been proposed. This method involves restoring amplitude signals through wavefront energy compensation and applying Gaussian filtering and wavelet threshold denoising algorithms for noise reduction. The processed results are classified using the K-Medoids clustering algorithm and the CO2 absorption volume in the injection layer is calculated using the integral area method. The accuracy and practicality of this method have been validated through comparative analysis with pulse neutron oxygen activation logging results. This approach aims to address the challenges faced by DAS technology in the oil and gas industry, thereby providing technical support for the efficient, environmentally friendly, and intelligent management of oil and gas fields.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) Leaves Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES): Process Optimization and Extraction Mechanism Research.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), as emerging green solvents, can efficiently extract natural products from natural resources. However, studies on the extraction of phenolic compounds from celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. augustana) leaves (CLs) by NADESs are still lacking. This study screened the NADES L-proline-lactic acid (Pr-LA), combined it with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract phenolic compounds from CLs, and conducted a comparative study on the extraction effect with traditional extraction solvents. Both SEM and FT-IR confirmed that Pr-LA can enhance the degree of fragmentation of cell structures and improve the extraction rate of phenolic compounds. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that Pr-LA can improve the solubility of phenolic compounds and has stronger hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions with phenolic compounds. Single-factor and Box-Behnken experiments optimized the process parameters for the extraction of phenolic compounds from CLs. The second-order kinetic model describes the extraction process of phenolic compounds from CLs under optimal process parameters and provides theoretical guidance for actual industrial production. This study not only provides an efficient and green method for extracting phenolic compounds from CLs but also clarifies the mechanism of improved extraction efficiency, which provides a basis for research on the NADES extraction mechanism.

Co-exploitation of coal and geothermal energy through water-conducting structures: Improving extraction efficiency of geothermal well

Co-exploitation of coal and geothermal energy through water-conducting structures is one of the most promising methods for harnessing renewable energy in some coal mines. A rock compression-erosion coupling test system is built to investigate the extraction efficiency of geothermal wells in the co-exploitation scheme. Compression-erosion tests are carried out to analyze the evolution of mechanics and hydraulic characteristics of broken rocks. The testing results show that the hydrothermal flow erodes the fine rock particles, and compressive deformation can be observed during the erosion process. The erosion effect in broken rocks intensifies with the decrease of axial stress and the increase of fractal dimension, water pressure, and inner radius. Meanwhile, the rock sample shows more significant deformation. Two permeability forecasting models are adopted to forecast permeability evolution during geothermal extraction. The forecasting results indicate that the Brinkman model is better than the Hazen model, and the accuracy of the Brinkman model is lower for the samples with stronger compression-erosion effects. In addition, strategies to improve the extraction efficiency are proposed, i.e., reinforcing the broken rocks above the geothermal well, locating geothermal wells in rocks with higher fragmentation, increasing pumping pressure, and expanding the geothermal well size.

A Hybrid Model for Carbon Price Forecasting Based on Improved Feature Extraction and Non-Linear Integration

Accurately predicting the price of carbon is an effective way of ensuring the stability of the carbon trading market and reducing carbon emissions. Aiming at the non-smooth and non-linear characteristics of carbon price, this paper proposes a novel hybrid prediction model based on improved feature extraction and non-linear integration, which is built on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), fuzzy entropy (FuzzyEn), improved random forest using particle swarm optimisation (PSORF), extreme learning machine (ELM), long short-term memory (LSTM), non-linear integration based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (MLRRF), and error correction with the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), named CEEMDAN-FuzzyEn-PSORF-ELM-LSTM-MLRRF-ARIMA. Firstly, CEEMDAN is combined with FuzzyEn in the feature selection process to improve extraction efficiency and reliability. Secondly, at the critical prediction stage, PSORF, ELM, and LSTM are selected to predict high, medium, and low complexity sequences, respectively. Thirdly, the reconstructed sequences are assembled by applying MLRRF, which can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and generalisation ability. Finally, error correction is conducted using ARIMA to obtain the final forecasting results, and the Diebold–Mariano test (DM test) is introduced for a comprehensive evaluation of the models. With respect to carbon prices in the pilot regions of Shenzhen and Hubei, the results indicate that the proposed model has higher prediction accuracy and robustness. The main contributions of this paper are the improved feature extraction and the innovative combination of multiple linear regression and random forests into a non-linear integrated framework for carbon price forecasting. However, further optimisation is still a work in progress.

Enhancing Cutin Extraction Efficiency from Industrially Derived Tomato Processing Residues by High-Pressure Homogenization.

This study primarily aimed to enhance the extraction of cutin from industrial tomato peel residues. Initially, the conventional extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Subsequently, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was introduced to improve extraction efficiency and sustainability. The optimization process focused on determining the optimal conditions for conventional extraction via chemical hydrolysis, including temperature (100-130 °C), time (15-120 min), and NaOH concentration (1-3%). The optimized conditions, determined as 130 °C, 120 min, and 3% NaOH solution, yielded a maximum cutin extraction of 32.5%. Furthermore, the results indicated that applying HPH pre-treatment to tomato peels before alkaline hydrolysis significantly increased the cutin extraction yield, reaching 46.1%. This represents an approximately 42% increase compared to the conventional process. Importantly, HPH pre-treatment enabled cutin extraction under milder conditions using a 2% NaOH solution, reducing NaOH usage by 33%, while still achieving a substantial cutin yield of 45.6%. FT-IR analysis confirmed that cutin obtained via both conventional and HPH-assisted extraction exhibited similar chemical structures, indicating that the main chemical groups and structure of cutin remained unaltered by HPH treatment. Furthermore, cutin extracts from both conventional and HPH-assisted extraction demonstrated thermal stability up to approximately 200 °C, with less than 5% weight loss according to TGA analysis. These findings underscore the potential of HPH technology to significantly enhance cutin extraction yield from tomato peel residues while utilizing milder chemical hydrolysis conditions, thereby promoting a more sustainable and efficient cutin extraction process.

Application of continuous magnetic solid phase extraction in the extraction of tetracycline antibiotics from honey samples

This study aimed to develop a continuous magnetic solid phase extraction method in a narrow bore tube for the extraction of tetracycline antibiotics from honey samples before their determination with high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector. In this work, a magnetic covalent organic framework is used as the sorbent. The extraction method is performed in a narrow bore tube by adding 25 mg of a magnetic sorbent prepared from melamine, barbituric acid, and Fe3O4 into the diluted honey sample solution. By using a magnet, the sorbent is moved up and down through the narrow bore tube for five times to improve extraction efficiency. After adsorption the analytes, they are eluted from the sorbent surface using 2,2–dimethoxypropane under vortexing. Then, by using a magnet, the eluent containing the extracted analytes are taken and evaporated with continuous flow of nitrogen. Finally, the residue containing the enriched analytes is reconstituted in microliter–level of mobile phase and injected into chromatographic system for quantitative analysis. Based on the outcomes, the method demonstrated good linearity (0.37–1000 ng g−1), high enrichment factors (175–203), good extraction recoveries (70–81 %), low LODs (0.11–0.18 ng g−1) and LOQs (0.37–0.60 ng g−1). The proposed method is effectively applied for quantification of tetracyclines in twenty–four honey samples. Considering the results, none of the honey samples was contaminated with the studied antibiotics. Regarding to the above–mentioned analytical advantages of the proposed method, its simplicity and rapidity, and green synthesis of the magnetic sorbent particles, the suggested method can be used as a routine method for the extraction of tetracyclines from honey samples.

Browsing target extraction and spatiotemporal preference mining from the complex virtual trajectories

Public Map Service Platforms (PMSPs) aggregate and disseminate the earth observation data. Leveraging spatiotemporal preference patterns derived from browsing targets within complex virtual trajectories on PMSPs aids in constructing user-profiles and comprehending their intentions. However, complex virtual trajectories, characterized by numerous trajectory points and overlapping pyramidal spatial structures, introduce inefficiencies and inaccuracies during browsing target extraction. To mitigate this, we propose an Optimized Spatial Structure Segmentation (OSSS) method that divides complex virtual trajectories into sub-trajectories with simplified spatial structures, enhancing the efficiency of browsing target extraction. Spatiotemporal reconstruction of these sub-trajectories establishes sequences of browsing targets, revealing patterns of interest transitions. Moreover, recognizing the spatial uncertainty inherent in complex virtual trajectories, which results in imprecise matching between browsing targets and spatial features, we introduce a spatial co-occurrence semantic modeling approach. This involves constructing a POI semantic space and introducing a semantic similarity matching method to reduce spatial uncertainty and refine the accuracy of mining spatiotemporal preference patterns. We evaluate these methods using real-world data from Tianditu. Results demonstrate that the OSSS improves extraction efficiency by 3.45 times and accuracy by 18.84%. Additionally, the semantic similarity approach combined with spatial co-occurrence effectively mitigates spatial uncertainty. This research contributes to advancing the intelligence of PMSPs.

Air-agitated liquid–liquid microextraction method based on solidification of a floating organic droplet (AALLME-SFO) followed by UPLC-MS/MS for trace analysis of steroids in water samples: Assessment of the method environmental impact using Analytical Eco-Scale, green Analytical procedure Index and the Analytical GREEnness metric

In the present study, we developed and optimized an air-agitated liquid–liquid microextraction method, employing the solidification of a floating organic droplet (AALLME-SFO), for the effective and rapid identification of specific steroids in water samples using UPLC-MS/MS. The methodology relies on the utilization of 1-dodecanol as the extractant.Initial microextraction trials were carried out to identify an appropriate study space within the experimental conditions. The factors influencing extraction efficiency, including the type and volume of extractant, sample pH, salt concentration, and centrifugation time, were investigated and optimized using experimental designs. The method was carried out using 1-dodecanol as the extractant solvent, the centrifugation time was 15 min and no requirement for the addition of salt or adjustment of pH. Under optimized conditions, the method exhibited favorable linearity, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990. Detection limits fell within the range of 0.0025–0.034 µg/L. The proposed method effectively determined the targeted steroids in water samples, yielding satisfactory recoveries ranging from 90.14 % to 98.90 % and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of ≤ 4.10. The environmental impact of the method was assessed through the Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metric, affirming its ecological compatibility. The AALLME-SFO method, as proposed, offers advantages over established methods for steroid detection in water, such as simple preparation, cost-effectiveness, improved extraction efficiency, and environmental friendliness, establishing it as a practical alternative to conventional methods.

Effective separation of maslinic acid and oleanolic acid from olive pomace using high-speed shear off-line coupled with high-speed countercurrent chromatography and their antibacterial activity test

In this work, a high-speed shear extraction off-line coupling high-speed countercurrent chromatography method was developed to separate maslinic acid and oleanolic acid from olive pomace. To improve extraction efficiency, the polar disparity between maslinic acid and oleanolic acid necessitated the concurrent utilization of both polar and non-polar solvents during high-speed shear extraction. Then, the high-speed shear extraction was directly feed to high-speed countercurrent chromatography for subsequently separation. A total of 250 min were needed to complete the extraction and separation process. This yielded two molecules from 3.3 g of defatted olive pomace: 7.2 mg of 93.8 % pure maslinic acid and 2.3 mg of 90.1 % pure oleanolic acid, both determined by HPLC at 210 nm. Furthermore, the compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, its efficacy in inhibiting hyaluronidase was comparable to that of the standard drug indomethacin. Compared with the conventional separation method, this coupled technique reduced the whole time due to the direct injection of sample extraction solution. This technique provides a useful approach for the separation of natural products with significant polarity differences.

Gas transport model and numerical solution in roof rock based on the theory of free gas diffusion

Accurately identifying the source of coalbed methane is of great practical significance in preventing gas concentration overruns and improving extraction efficiency. At present, it is widely believed that underground gas mainly comes from coal desorption, and the mechanism of gas flow inside the coal seam is explored in depth, while the gas released inside the rock is often neglected, and there is insufficient understanding of its internal transportation law. In this study, the density gradient theory (FGDGD) in the coal matrix was used as a guide to characterize the adsorption and transport properties of gases within the rock. The anthracite and mudstone from the same roadway in Yuxi mine were selected for the experiments, and coal rock samples with particle sizes of 0.425 mm–0.25 mm were ground. The adsorption constant test and adsorption process experiments were carried out under the constant volume condition, and the transport behavior of gas within the rock was simulated and numerically solved, and the content and flow behavior of gas in the rock were discussed in detail. The results are as follows: (i) The simulation curves based on the density gradient model fit well with the experimental data for both coal and rock downholes, indicating that the gas transport law inside the rock downhole is also in accordance with the density gradient theory, which broadens the scope of application of the theory. (ii) The free gas diffusion coefficients Dks (rock) are smaller than Dks (coal) for the gases in the rock matrix and coal matrix, which may be due to the difference in the pore structure of the rock matrix, resulting in lower adsorption sites than those of the coal. (iii) Although the gas content inside the rock is relatively low compared with that of coal, it is significant for reducing the prediction error of gas influx in engineering practice. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the storage of gas in rocks and its migration behavior when studying the sources of gas emissions in engineering fields.

Rapid and High-Yield Recovery of Sodium Alginate from Undaria pinnatifida via Microwave-Assisted Extraction

Alginate, a promising biopolymer in the food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and electronic materials industries, is characterized by its biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and gel-forming properties. It is most abundantly found in brown algae. However, conventional dilute acid and alkali extraction methods face limitations in commercialization due to their long processing time, low throughput, and high solvent requirements. In this study, a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process for sodium alginate was designed to improve extraction efficiency. The solid/liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction solvent concentration were major variables affecting sodium alginate extraction from Undaria pinnatifida (sea mustard). They were then statistically optimized using response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions (13.27 g/L, 91.86 °C, 2.51% (w/v), and 15 min), the yield was 38.41%, which was 93.43% of the theoretical content of sodium alginate in Undaria pinnatifida. Our work has confirmed the productivity and industrial feasibility of the efficient extraction of sodium alginate from marine biomass, and we hope that it will serve as an encouraging case for the application of biopolymers as one of the desirable options for alternative petrochemicals to construct a sustainable society.

Compressor Water Extraction

Abstract The effect of putting a bleed slot behind the rotor or stator of a modern representative IP compressor stage has been investigated using a purpose built test rig. The first part of the paper, goes over the construction and operation of a rig, which for the first time allows for accurate measurement of water extraction and rapid testing of a variety of bleed slot geometries. Using this test rig it was found that the use of a bleed slot behind the rotor increases water extraction by up to 40% compared to placing it behind the stator. The overall extraction efficiency for the rotor exit was above 70% for all bleed rates considered from 0% to 30% and is relatively constant. Whilst rotor exit bleed might be advantageous for water extraction, further improvements in extraction efficiency are required for future engines with low fan speed and low blade solidity. The final part of the paper, looks at the effect of a bleed lip protrusion to improve water extraction, as this can be retrofitted in engines. An extra 5% can be achieved by doing this without a penalty operability. This has been explained using 3D CFD by examining the flow separation topology.

Optimizing juice extraction in sugar mills: application of time delay compensation with intelligent controllers

The juice extraction process plays a crucial role in the sugar production industry, but it often faces challenges due to time delays that can negatively impact efficiency and quality. This paper introduces a Time Delay Compensation (TDC) technique aimed at mitigating this issue. The TDC technique is specifically designed to minimize the adverse effects of time delays, thereby improving control performance. The primary objective of this research is to enhance the efficiency and quality of the juice extraction process, ultimately leading to increased productivity and profitability for sugar mills. To achieve this goal, we conducted an extensive review of existing solutions, highlighting their limitations and associated challenges. In response, we propose a unique and practical solution that can be implemented using MATLAB Processes. Through simulation results, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the TDC technique in suppressing time delay and enhancing control performance, resulting in a significant improvement in extraction efficiency. This work contributes to the field of sugar production by introducing a specialized TDC technique tailored for the juice extraction process in sugar mills.

Sustainable production and preparative purification of thermostable alkaline α-amylase by Bacillus simplex (ON754233) employing natural deep eutectic solvent-based extractive fermentation

Using PEG-based deep eutectic solvents (PDES), the current study proposes extractive fermentation as a sustainable process integration for the production and purification of α-amylase from Bacillus simplex (ON754233). Glucose: PEG 400 outperformed five PDES in terms of tie lie length (58) and slope value (1.23) against sodium sulphatt. Apple cider pomace was used as a low-cost, sustainable carbon source to produce-amylase, with a maximum enzyme production of 2200.13 U/mL. PDES concentration (20% w/v), salt (12.75 w/v), and apple waste (2.75 g/mL) were all optimized using response surface methodology. When scaled upto 3 L benchtop bioreactor, extractive fermentation was proved to be better technology with maximum recovery of 92.4% with highest partition coefficient (3.59). The partially purified enzyme was further purified using a Sephadex G 100 followed by DEAE-Sephadex anion exchange chromatography with a purity fold of 33. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at the temperature (60 °C), remains alkaline (pH 8), and the activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg2+ ions. With SDS PAGE electrophoresis, the molecular weight was found to be around 140 kDa. Finally, the enzyme kinetics parameters were evaluated with observed Km (0.00396 mM) and Vmax (37.87 U/mL). Thus scaling up extractive fermentation entails increasing production capacity with improved extraction efficiency using green solvents.

Optimization of low-energy slow extraction efficiency of XiPAF

Xi’an Proton Application Facility (XiPAF) synchrotron provides 10∼200MeV proton beam for the experimental simulation of the space radiation environment. Due to the space charge effect, the slow extraction of 10 MeV proton beam is a work full of challenges. In a past experiment, the total extraction efficiency was over 65% with 4.5 ∽ 6.5×1010 protons stored before extraction but decreased to 52% with 9×1010 protons stored. In order to study the beam loss caused by a strong space charge effect, based on experimental parameters, the beam loss fractions at different positions of XiPAF synchrotron are obtained through the simulation. According to the beam loss analysis, optimized parameters are found for reference in subsequent experiments. It is also noted that negative beam average momentum spread before extraction is beneficial to the improvement of extraction efficiency.

Charge-carrier engineering of staggered-gap p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 bipolar heterojunction for self-powered photodetector with exceptional linear dynamic range and stability

Beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3)-based heterojunction photodetectors (HJPDs) based on p-n heterojunction have drawn a lot of attention since p-type doping of β-Ga2O3 is challenging to perform. Thus, choosing affordable and effective inorganic hole transport layers (HTLs) is a crucial first step in commercializing PDs. Copper aluminum oxide (p-CuAlO2) is a very likely candidate material for heterojunction with β-Ga2O3, because of its large hole mobility for use in solar-blind photodetectors and high-power electronics. In this study, we propose employing a p-CuAlO2 interlayer for built a β-Ga2O3-based SBUV HJPDs by regulating the oxygen flow rate (OFR) from 0 % to 30 % using the RF magnetron sputtering (RFMS) technique. Prior to building the p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 HJPDs, the heterojunction band alignment was established and displayed staggered-gap band alignment with a valence band (ΔEV) offset of 1.1 eV and conduction band offset (ΔEC) of 0.65 eV with OFR of 30 %. In response to the UV-C (255 nm) wavelength, the good optoelectronic device properties such as low dark current of ∼10−12 A, large photo-to-dark current (Ilight/Idark) ratio (∼104), responsivity (R) (26.36 mA/W), detectivity (D*) (2.87 × 1010 cmHz1/2W−1), external quantum efficiency (EQE) (1.28 × 104 %), noise-equivalent power (NEP) (0.03 pWHz−1/2), linear dynamic range (LDR) (99.13 dB), and comparable rise (τr) and decay times (τd) of 0.25 s and 0.15 s respectively, were demonstrated for p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 HJPDs with OFR of 30 % and also compared with pristine Pt/β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diode photodetector (SBDPD). The band offset at the p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 interface is employed to explain the improvement of p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 HJPDs. The incorporation of p-CuAlO2 into Pt/β-Ga2O3 SBDPD lead to an improved extraction efficiency of the generated free hole carriers under illumination. The Silvaco TCAD simulator was employed to get insight into the function of the p-CuAlO2 layer. The investigation focused on analyzing the variation profile of the recombination rate and electric field in Pt/β-Ga2O3 SBDPD and p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 HJPD with OFR of 30 %. The outcomes demonstrate the stability and electron transfer impact of staggered gap p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 HJPDs. Our findings show that the p-CuAlO2/β-Ga2O3 HJPDs have a great deal of potential as a candidate structure for the Ga2O3-based modern optoelectronic technologies.

Automatic extraction of coastline based on Google Earth engine

Traditional remote sensing image-based coastline extraction is limited by data volume and processing speed, and the extracted coastline is susceptible to noise. Therefore, this paper proposes a method based on the Google Earth Engine geospatial platform, which combines threshold segmentation, the Otsu method, and morphological algorithms. First, remote sensing images are preprocessed on the platform, and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is calculated. Then, the Otsu method is used to calculate the NDWI threshold for water-land segmentation, resulting in a binary water-land image. Next, morphological methods are employed to remove noise points, fill holes, and extract the coastline. The proposed method was tested using Hainan Island based on synthetic images from August 2021, and the average accuracy of land-water segmentation reached 98.49%. The results demonstrate that this method can accurately extract coastlines and significantly improve extraction efficiency. This research method provides a reference for the automatic extraction of coastlines over large areas and long time series.

Impact of well placement and flow rate on production efficiency and stress field in the fractured geothermal reservoirs

AbstractGeothermal energy has gained wide attention as a renewable alternative for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The advancements in enhanced geothermal system technology have enabled the exploitation of previously inaccessible geothermal resources. However, the extraction of geothermal energy from deep reservoirs poses many challenges due to high‐temperature and high‐geostress conditions. These factors can significantly impact the surrounding rock and its fracture formation. A comprehensive understanding of the thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupling effect is crucial to the safe and efficient exploitation of geothermal resources. This study presented a THM coupling numerical model for the geothermal reservoir of the Yangbajing geothermal system. This proposed model investigated the geothermal exploitation performance and the stress distribution within the reservoir under various combinations of geothermal wells and mass flow rates. The geothermal system performance was evaluated by the criteria of outlet temperature and geothermal productivity. The results indicate that the longer distance between wells can increase the outlet temperature of production wells and improve extraction efficiency in the short term. In contrast, the shorter distance between wells can reduce the heat exchange area and thus mitigate the impact on the reservoir stress. A larger mass flow rate is conducive to the production capacity enhancement of the geothermal system and, in turn causes a wider range of stress disturbance. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of geothermal energy extraction while considering reservoir safety and long‐term sustainability. This study deepens the understanding of the THM coupling effects in geothermal systems and provides an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy for a geothermal energy system.

Investigation of Gas-liquid Separation Experiment of Electric Pump Drainage and Gas Extraction Unit in High Gas-liquid Ratio Gas Wells

Given the prominent problem of water in the Tarim basin of China with high formation temperature and large water production, a preferred scheme of electric pump drainage and gas extraction unit for gas fields with a high gas-liquid ratio is proposed by the mechanical principle and structural design method. Then, the corresponding electric pumps were developed, and the drainage and gas extraction scheme of a permanent magnet electric pump unit with gas-liquid separation in the way of an inverted deflector is designed. Through indoor experiments simulating the downhole gas-liquid ratio environment, the gas-liquid separation ability and adaptability of the design scheme under different good conditions are verified. The results obtained demonstrate that the cable connection process can meet the requirements of high-pressure resistance (≥25 MPa), and the gas-liquid separation effect is very good in vertical wells by adopting the inverted deflector scheme. The separation effect exceeded 90% under different working conditions (production from 30 to 150 m3/day and inhalation gas-liquid ratio from 50% to 95% and even higher) in the experiment with high gas content. The results will promote the gas recovery rate of high gas-liquid ratio gas fields and improve extraction efficiency.