Improve Air Quality Research Articles

Source variations of atmospheric particles in response to control measures in northern China during 2022 winter olympics and paralympics: Evidence from microscopic analysis.

The physicochemical properties of atmospheric particles including morphologies and composition are directly related to their sources and formation mechanisms. However, most previous studies have been limited to a few sites and small numbers of particles. In this study, we employed computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) to enhance measurement efficiency and enable long-term observations across multiple sites. To investigate properties and source variations of atmospheric particles in response to control measures before, during, and after the 2022 Winter Olympic Games (WOG) and Winter Paralympic Games (WPG), ambient particles were passively collected in 15 northern Chinese cities and automatically analyzed by an advanced CCSEM (IntelliSEM EPAS). Variations in particle numbers (PN), size distribution, elemental composition, and sources were comprehensively analyzed. Over one million particles were classified into mineral, carbonaceous, fly ash, sulfur-related, metal-containing, salt, and biological particles using the user-defined classification rules. The results showed that improved air quality was witnessed during the WOG with reduced PN and anthropogenic particles, but deteriorated during the WPG due to increased coarse-mode PN, mineral, and sulfur-related particles. Beijing and Zhangjiakou exhibited lower AQI, PN, and anthropogenic particles, while non-competition cities experienced higher levels of anthropogenic and sulfur-related particles. Notably, Taiyuan and Shijiazhuang showed distinct emission reductions during the WOG, while Baoding and Tangshan demonstrated less effective control with high levels of sulfur-related and anthropogenic Fe-rich particles. This study shows the capability of CCSEM to provide microscopic evidence of particle sources and behaviors, offering valuable insights into the efficacy of control measures during major events.

The Green Infrastructure Model Based On Waterlogging Mitigation In The Street Landscape Of Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province

Background: In many cases, the planning of public and social space in Indonesia is not accompanied by the planning of green open space, which is their functions as a healthy environmental balancer. One of the public spaces is the street landscape. This results in to the impact of natural phenomena such as floods, waterlogging in the rainy season, and hot weather in summer. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the Green Infrastructure model of roads, can also function as a place to anticipate waterlogging, flooding, air quality improvement, and human-friendly designation. Materials and Methods: The methodology was carried out through field inventory, mapping based on Shp ArcGis data, and a modified literature study. The location of the research is on roads spread across 8 subdistricts of Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province. Results: Based on government administration and axis content, the public roads of Sungai Penuh City are categorized into class III Provincial Roads. The number of road sections in Sungai Penuh City is 49 (forty-nine) road sections. The details are that the primary collector road landscape consists of 11 road sections, the secondary collector road landscape consists of 12 road sections, and the local road landscape is very dominant, which is as many as 26 roads. The total length of the entire Sungai Penuh City road section is 51.43 km with an average width of 6 meters. Based on the level of urgency, the results of the assessment of priority sub-districts determined 31 road sections spread across Sungai Penuh District, Sungai Bungkal District, and Pondok Tinggi District as priority sub-districts for the implementation of the Green Infrastructure system. Based on hydrological calculations of rainfall for the last 20 years (2003-2023). Conclusion: The Green Infrastructure Model is prioritized for 3 sub-districts. Based on the assessment of the Green Infrastructure Implementation Indicator, two green infrastructure concepts are applied, namely Green Stormwater Infrastructure 1 (GSI 1) and Green Stormwater Infrastructure 2 (GSI 2) which are equipped with the Complete Street concept. The GSI 1 system is applied on 24 roads in Sungai Penuh City using the Stormwater Tree Trench and planter. The GSI 2 system consisting of Stormwater Bump-Out, Stormwater Tree Trench, and Stormwater Planter and the Complete Street concept will be applied on 7 roads in Sungai Penuh City

Estimation of carbon sequestration potential and air quality impacts of biochar production from straw in China

Aiming to optimize straw resource utilization and to reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions in China, the environmental benefits of biochar production using straw and utilization need to be assessed. Two biochar production scenarios were studied: centralized production scenario (CPS) utilizing an industrialized production method with advanced air pollution control devices, and decentralized production scenario (DPS) based on a distributed production method of biochar at the village level, compared to an open-burning scenario (OBS). The potential GHG emission reductions under DPS, including the benefit of soil biochar application, were evaluated as 680 Tg CO2-eq yr-1, which was lower than the reductions under CPS (780 Tg CO2-eq yr-1). Although the attentional centralized production method of biochar has more potential environmental benefits, at present the distributed production method is more practical in China due to its convenience, management ease, and lower costs. Modeling on air quality in China showed that in comparison with OBS, DPS could reduce the average monthly PM2.5 concentration of key regions by 19%, and about 190 Tg yr-1 biochar could be produced with 150 Tg C yr-1 sequestered in biochar. Our findings support widespread biochar use in China for improved air quality and climate neutrality.

Improving performance of air quality monitoring: a qualitative data analysis

This research aims to improve performance of air quality monitoring and understand the latest relevant technological developments. Employing the Kitchenham systematic literature review (SLR) method, the study examines 436 journal articles and conference proceedings published from 2019 to 2023, sourced from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. The analysis was carried out using Leximancer 5.0 and identified research five themes; i) air quality, ii) artificial intelligence (AI), iii) pollution, iv) middleware, and v) smart environment. The results showed that only 48 journals had strict inclusion and exclusion criteria include relevance to the research theme, methodological quality, and contribution to the research field. In addition, this research integrates AI and middleware, which has significantly contributed to improving air quality. These findings can become the basis for the development of air quality monitoring technology that is more sophisticated and responsive to environmental needs. This research contributes to further understanding air quality monitoring technology trends and designing solutions to improve overall air quality.

Large scale utility solar installation in the USA: Environmental impact and job creation

Large-scale utility solar installations in the United States have gained momentum as a key component of the nation's renewable energy transition. This review examines the environmental impact and job creation associated with these projects, focusing on their contribution to decarbonizing the energy sector and stimulating economic growth. Utility-scale solar installations offer significant environmental benefits, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and displacing fossil fuel-based energy sources. They also contribute to improving air quality and mitigating climate change. However, challenges such as land use, habitat disruption, and water usage in arid regions present potential environmental concerns. To address these, mitigation strategies such as dual-use projects and siting solar farms on degraded lands are becoming more common. In addition to environmental advantages, utility-scale solar installations play a pivotal role in job creation and economic development. These projects generate a wide range of employment opportunities, particularly in construction, operations, and maintenance. The solar energy sector has grown rapidly, creating tens of thousands of jobs across various regions, including economically disadvantaged and rural areas. The economic ripple effect of solar job creation extends to local communities and related industries, further boosting economic activity. Workforce training and development initiatives are crucial for preparing workers to meet the demands of this growing sector, ensuring that job creation benefits are widespread and inclusive. Despite the positive impacts, challenges related to regulatory barriers, grid integration, and financing remain. This review underscores the importance of supportive policy frameworks and continued innovation to overcome these obstacles and maximize the potential of large-scale solar installations. Looking ahead, advancements in technology, energy storage, and grid infrastructure will be essential for sustaining the environmental and economic gains from utility-scale solar energy in the U.S.

Molecular Mechanisms of Aerosol Nucleation: from CLOUD Chamber Experiments to Field Observations

Atmospheric aerosol particles contribute to over four million premature deaths annually and play a critical role in modulating Earth’s climate. Most atmospheric particles and more than 50% of the cloud condensation nuclei are formed through a secondary process named new particle formation involving unique precursor vapors. This article summarizes current knowledge of how new atmospheric particles form, based on experiments at the CERN CLOUD chamber. While the role of sulfuric acid has long been known, other vapors like highly oxygenated organic molecules and iodine oxoacids are also important, along with stabilizers like ammonia, amines, and ions from cosmic rays. We explain how findings from CLOUD experiments help us understand particle formation in various atmospheric conditions and improve air quality and climate models.

Cost–Benefit Analysis of the China’s Household Coal-to-Electricity Transition: A Case Study on the Beijing Mentougou Area

Since 2013, China has implemented clean heating projects such as the coal-to-electricity project to reduce emissions and improve air quality in northern China, but it still requires significant investment from governments, businesses, and households. However, the benefits of coal-to-electricity to improve the rural family environment have received less attention. In this study, we conducted a cost–benefit analysis of the coal-to-electricity transition in Beijing’s Mentougou District from 2013 to 2017, distinguishing private costs and benefits, government costs and public benefits, and social costs and benefits. The results show that for all coal-to-electricity households, the private benefits far outweigh the private costs, with a benefit–cost ratio of 15.9. The government costs outweigh the benefit of air pollutants and carbon dioxide emission reduction, with a benefit–cost ratio of 0.4. Overall, the social benefits outweigh the social costs: the benefit–cost ratio for society was 2.2. The environmental benefits of the coal-to-electricity policies did not offset the large amount of investment of the government, but society received a positive net benefit owing to the large benefits gained by rural households. This also proves that the investment by the government is efficient and verifies the government’s next step to continue to promote the coal-to-electricity transition.

Residents’ Preferences on Green Infrastructure in Wuhan, China

Green infrastructure (GI) provides considerable benefits, including stormwater runoff management, biodiversity conservation, and urban sustainability promotion, and thus has garnered widespread attention. However, the limited research on residents’ preferences for GI constrains further promotion in China. To address this issue, data were collected from 436 residents in Wuhan, China, through an online survey. This study employed a comprehensive analytical framework that integrates best–worst scaling (BWS) with the contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess the preferences of residents in Wuhan, China, for six types of GI and estimate their willingness to pay (WTP) for GI enhancements. The conditional model and mixed logit model results indicated that residents preferred GI facilities that offer direct benefits, such as street trees and permeable pavements, and showed a lower preference for structures less suited to a Chinese context, such as eco-roofs. Regarding heterogeneity, only permeable pavements showed significant variation in preferences. Furthermore, the average WTP for GI enhancement was 142.28 RMB/household/year. Factors including familiarity with GI, information sources, and air quality improvement perceptions positively influenced the WTP, while low income negatively impacted the WTP. These findings offer insights for urban planners to develop effective policies to enhance public support for GI and promote urban sustainability.

Association of long-term exposure to air pollutants with sensory impairment in middle-aged and elderly adults: a nationwide study in China

ABSTRACT Few studies have examined the impact of ambient air pollutants on sensory impairments (SIS) in adults. Using a nationally representative study of 13,505 participants from 125 Chinese cities, we investigated the association of air pollutants with SIS among middle-aged and elderly adults. The SIS were evaluated by self-reported visual impairment (VI) and/or hearing impairment. Residential exposure to particulate matter (PM) ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤ 10 μm (PM10), and ≤ 1 μm (PM1), nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide were estimated using a satellite model. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.015, 95% CI:1.00–1.032) and PM1 (1.035, 1.007–1.064) was associated with SI. Moreover, a significant association with VI was found for annual PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. The association was stronger in individuals who had chronic diseases. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM1, was associated with SIS among adults, underscoring the importance of improving air quality to prevent SIS.

Can a Driving Restriction Policy Improve Air Quality? Empirical Evidence from Chengdu

Automotive exhaust emissions contribute significantly to air pollution in developing countries. However, the effectiveness of driving restriction policies (DRPs) is unclear, and most research on China emphasizes Beijing. This study used Chengdu, a typical large city in China, to examine the impact of a DRP on air quality. To alleviate potential endogeneity threats, we employed a regression discontinuity design to verify the policy’s effect. The results show that the DRP significantly reduced air pollution levels, effectively improving air quality in restricted areas. The heterogeneity analysis found that (1) the DRP effectively reduced pollution in newly added and original areas, while the air quality in adjacent areas deteriorated; and (2) the DRP significantly improved air quality during peak travel periods but had no significant impact in other periods. Our results indicate that the DRP is an effective tool for urban environmental governance but presents potential negative aspects. Therefore, restricted areas and periods should be carefully considered when designing similar policies. This study provides significant insights into the governance of automotive exhaust emissions pollution for large cities in developing countries.

Weakened Aerosol‐PBL Interactions Enhance Future Air Quality Benefits Under Carbon Neutrality in China: Insights From the Advanced Variable‐Resolution Global Model

AbstractChina's pursuing the carbon neutrality goal could affect future air quality not only by reducing anthropogenic emissions but also by modulating aerosol‐planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions. However, contributions of aerosol‐PBL interactions to future air quality benefits remain unclear. Here we conduct ensemble experiments using the variable‐resolution (VR) Community Atmosphere Model with full chemistry based on the scalable spectral element (SE) dynamical core with East Asia refined to ∼28 km (SE_VR). Additional simulations at a uniform resolution of ∼111 km (SE_UR) are conducted to help demonstrate SE_VR's advantages in projecting future air quality. Results of SE_VR show that the mean PM2.5 concentrations in China would drop to below 10 μg/m3, especially in Sichuan Basin (SCB) where the frequencies of moderate and severe air pollution events are predicted to decrease from 60.7% and 11.3% to nearly zero respectively when achieving carbon neutrality. The aerosol‐PBL interactions would be substantially weakened with anthropogenic emission reductions. At SCB and Eastern China (EC), the weakened radiative effects of black carbon (BC) would contribute 34.3% and 71.6% to the increase in PBL height (PBLH). Consequently, these weakened BC‐PBL interactions reduce the surface PM2.5 concentrations by 16.1 μg/m3 (18.9%) in SCB and 4.6 μg/m3 (16.4%) in EC. Notably, SE_VR outperforms SE_UR in projecting the frequency decrease of future air pollution events for its better reproducing current levels, particularly those caused by BC aerosols. This study highlights the importance of weakened aerosol‐PBL feedbacks on future air quality improvement and demonstrates the added values of variable‐resolution global models in air quality projections.

Exploring Respiratory Viruses: A Day at School

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted people to stay home to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for COVID-19). But did you know that other respiratory viruses, like the ones that cause colds and flu, can also spread indoors? We spend a lot of time indoors. This might be at home, school, or elsewhere. That is why indoor air quality is an important topic for public health. In this article, we explore viruses and how they spread indoors. By knowing more about viruses and how to improve air quality, we can help to keep ourselves healthy.

Penerapan IoT dalam Sistem Monitoring Suhu dan Kelembapan pada Lahan Bawah Tanah (Basement) Masjid Al-Barkah

Underground areas, commonly referred to as basements, are often used for essential functions such as parking and electrical distribution spaces. However, unstable temperature and humidity levels due to poor air circulation can affect comfort and safety. Therefore, a system capable of automatically monitoring and controlling temperature and humidity is needed to optimize comfort and energy efficiency. This research employs an Internet of Things (IoT) approach using a DHT11 sensor to detect temperature and humidity in the basement. The data collected by the sensor is processed using a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller and then displayed in real-time on a web-based application via the cloud. The system also automatically controls the fan/blower to maintain ideal conditions in the basement. The results of this research show that the implemented IoT system demonstrates high effectiveness in monitoring temperature and humidity in real-time, providing accurate data, enabling energy savings by automatically regulating the fan/blower, and improving air quality and user comfort in the basement.

From Interior Aesthetics to Perceived Indoor Air Quality: A Home Halo Effect

Many odorless and invisible pollutants contribute to poor indoor air quality at home. Previous research has shown that subjective ratings of indoor air quality are biased by a home halo effect. This effect is characterized by the tendency to subjectively assess air quality based on pleasant aspects that are unrelated to its objective quality. We hypothesize that the pleasing aesthetics of a living room image will increase the perceived indoor air quality in the room and influence the intention to improve air quality. In three studies, participants ( n = 1,016) were exposed to an image of a low- or high-aesthetic living room. Perceived self-reported knowledge (SRK) of indoor air quality was surveyed. Results showed that indoor air quality was rated as better in a highly aesthetic living room. Participants with low perceived SRK were less likely to ventilate the low aesthetic living room. Practical implications for communications on indoor air risk and interior design are discussed, especially the integration of knowledge surrounding the aesthetic halo effect into the education and design processes of interior designers to heighten awareness among occupants and prioritize materials minimizing indoor air pollution. For occupants, a necessity for enhanced comprehension of indoor air quality and the adoption of proactive measures is examined through public health policies that address broader concerns surrounding indoor air quality and endorse initiatives for disseminating information related to indoor concerns.

Sustainable Commuting: Active Transport Practices and Slovenian Data Analysis

This study examines the influence of transportation policies and urbanisation on cycling participation and environmental sustainability in Slovenia. Factor and regression analyses were employed. The yearly data from 2008 to 2021 were isolated. A modest increase in urban cycling frequency was observed, bolstered by investments in environmental protection and safety enhancements; however, additional evidence is needed to confirm the long-term effects (H1). Furthermore, while increased cycling was linked to a reduction in CO2 emissions and improved air quality, the overall environmental benefits were found to be affected by other factors, such as motorisation and public transportation in summer (H2). The study revealed that the introduction of reduced urban speed limits and expanded cycling lanes significantly enhanced cycling safety and desirability, leading to a shift from car usage to bicycles (RQ). These findings indicate that cycling could play a vital role in advancing Slovenia’s sustainable development goals, emphasising the need for continued investments and supportive urbanisation policies.

Systematic Review of Air Pollution in Ethiopia: Focusing on Indoor and Outdoor Sources, Health, Environment, Economy Impacts and Regulatory Frameworks

The varied geography (Bekele, 1996) and rapid economic growth of Ethiopia (World Bank, 2020) might have impact its air pollution patterns, with topography, elevation, and climate variability (Lemma Gonfa, 1996) playing significant roles. Environmental challenges, including deforestation and climate change, also affect air quality. This study offers a systematic review of air pollution research in Ethiopia, providing a thorough analysis of its health, environmental, and economic impacts, regional variations, and policy suggestions. It addresses both indoor and outdoor air pollution, assessing their wide-ranging effects. Data were gathered through an extensive search of peer-reviewed articles, policies, and guidelines using Google Scholar and reputable sources, following PRISMA guidelines. The review highlights critical sources of air pollution in Ethiopia, including indoor biomass fuel combustion and outdoor emissions from traffic and industries. Indoor air pollution, particularly from traditional biomass fuels like wood and dung, affects rural and peri-urban areas, leading to high levels of particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Outdoor pollution, driven by urbanization, industrial expansion, and vehicle emissions, worsens health issues and environmental damage. The study identifies severe health consequences, such as respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases, with air pollution contributing to premature deaths and rising healthcare costs. Economic analysis highlights the significant costs related to healthcare, lost productivity, and infrastructure damage. Environmental impacts include harm to plant health, soil degradation, and contributions to climate change. Despite initiatives to improve air quality monitoring and regulation, challenges persist due to outdated policies, limited infrastructure, and insufficient data. The study emphasizes the need for more comprehensive research and regulations to tackle air pollution crisis.

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis and Strategic Placement of Fine Dust Alert Systems for Vulnerable Populations in Gangseo District

Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM), poses significant health risks to vulnerable populations such as children, older adults, and individuals with chronic illnesses. Understanding the spatial distribution of these populations and their access to air quality information is crucial for effective interventions. In urban areas like Gangseo District, the distribution of essential facilities and accessibility varies greatly. While studies have highlighted the health impacts of PM, research on optimizing air quality monitoring for at-risk groups remains limited. This study aims to identify optimal locations for air quality monitoring by analyzing the spatial distribution of vulnerable populations and facility accessibility. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and isochrone maps, we identified areas with high concentrations of vulnerable groups and poor access to healthcare facilities. Our findings revealed significant disparities in access to air quality information, with some high-risk areas underserved by current monitoring systems. This study integrated demographic data and spatial analysis to propose strategic monitoring placements. The methodology can be applied to other urban settings and offers a framework for improving air quality management. This study underscores the importance of targeted air quality monitoring to protect vulnerable populations and suggests practical steps for policymakers to enhance public health.

Dynamic Changes of Air Particle Pollutants and Scale Regulation of Forest Landscape in a Typical High-Latitude City

Particulate pollutants, particularly PM2.5 and PM10, pose serious threats to human health and environmental quality. Therefore, effectively mitigating and reducing the concentrations of these pollutants is crucial for human survival and development. In this study, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of air particulate pollutants in a typical high-latitude city, extracted urban forest areas from high-resolution remote sensing images, and examined the changing characteristics of PM concentration and the relationship between landscape pattern indexes and PM at different scales. The results showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were highest in winter and lowest in summer. At the small scales of 0.5 km × 0.5 km to 1.5 km × 1.5 km, PM concentration decreased with the decrease in PARA (Perimeter–Area Ratio). At the mesoscales of 2 km × 2 km to 2.5 km × 2.5 km, both PARA and CIRCLE (Related Circumscribing Circle) were highly significant (p < 0.001) correlated with PM concentration. At the large scales of 3 km × 3 km to 4 km × 4 km, PARA and PAFRAC (Perimeter–Area Fractal Dimension) were positively correlated with PM concentration. Our study indicates that reducing the complexity of forest patches in small-scale planning can help mitigate particulate air pollution. In the medium scale of urban forest planning, the more regular the forest patch shape and the more similar the patch shape to the strip, the better PM can be alleviated, while in large-scale planning, increasing the forest area and making the patches more normalized and simplified can reduce PM concentration. Moreover, reducing the complexity of forest patches can significantly mitigate PM pollution at all scales. The results of this research provide theoretical support and guidance for improving air quality in urban forest planning at different scales.

‘Incense is the one that keeps the air fresh’: indoor air quality perceptions and attitudes towards health risk

BackgroundAir pollution is of significant environmental and public health concern globally. While much research has historically focused on outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution has been relatively under-explored despite its strong connection with health outcomes, particularly respiratory health. Studies on air pollution exposure mitigation consistently reveal a significant knowledge gap between the understanding of air pollution as a health risk among lay individuals and expert scientists. This study aimed to assess how people define and understand the concept of ‘clean air’ within their home setting.MethodsWe adopted a mixed-methods approach which used a guided questionnaire designed to elicit both quantitative and qualitative data, collected as digital voice notes. The total sample (n = 40) comprised data from two socially different sites of science and non-science events. We compared whether the notion of clean air inside homes differs between these two different social contexts and how views and ‘sense’ of indoor air pollution are formed. The concept of ‘place’ facilitated fluidity in our explorative analysis. Insights allowed us to assess the extent to which context mediates individuals’ perceptions of indoor air pollution and attitudes towards health risk.ResultsWe found that individuals’ insights were embodied in repetitive day-to-day activities (e.g. cleaning and cooking). Three key themes emerged (1) Stimulative Effects, (2) Contextual Conditions, and (3) Risk Attitudes. Sensory perceptions such as sight, smell and temperature primarily motivated participants to assess air quality inside their homes. These perceptions were shaped by contextual conditions, influencing how individuals perceived their health risk and were subsequently motivated to spend personal time considering or seeking information about household air pollution, or improving their home air quality.ConclusionsOur insights revealed that social, geographical, and contextual factors play a crucial role in individuals’ understandings of indoor air pollution. These dimensions should be integrated into designs of effective public health risk communication strategies. Our findings highlight that common lay perceptions and practices intended to improve air quality may pose health risks. Therefore, risk communication about household air pollution must extend beyond objective information by considering contextual factors that shape how people interpret and respond to air quality issues.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Modeling and Optimization of NO2 Stations in the Smart City of Barcelona

The growing problem of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in urban environments is driving cities to adopt smart and sustainable approaches to address this challenge. To quantify and compare the effect of environmental policies, cities must be able to make informed decisions with real-time data that reflect the actual situation. Therefore, the objective of this work is threefold: The first is to study the behavior of the key performance indicator (KPI) of NO2 concentrations per station in Barcelona through exploratory analysis and clustering. The second is to predict NO2 concentration behavior, considering meteorological data. Lastly, a new distribution of current and new stations will be proposed using an optimization algorithm that maximizes the distance between them and covers the largest area of the city. As a result of this study, the importance of the location of measurement points and the need for better distribution in the city are highlighted. These new spatial distributions predict an 8% increase in NO2 concentrations. In conclusion, this study is a comprehensive tool for obtaining an accurate representation of NO2 concentrations in the city, contributing to informed decision-making, helping to improve air quality, and promoting a more sustainable urban environment.