Improvement In Global Cognition Research Articles

Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Background: There is mounting evidence to suggest that high adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) may reduce the risk of age-related diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, evidence for the role of the MedDiet in the relief of motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with PD remains limited and inconclusive. We provide a systematic review of the effects of the MedDiet on the clinical features of PD using data from randomised controlled trials (RCT) and prospective observational studies. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMCare, EMBASE, Scopus and PubMed from inception until June 2023. Reference lists and the grey literature were also searched. Human studies with no restriction on language or publication date, examining associations between MedDiet adherence and the symptoms of PD, were included. We employed standard methodological procedures for data extraction and evidence synthesis and used the Quality Criteria Checklist for assessing the studies included. Results: Four studies from three unique cohorts, including two observational studies (n = 1213) and one RCT (n = 70), met the inclusion criteria. Despite the short study duration reported in all included reports, high MedDiet adherence was associated with changes in the gut microbiota (e.g., increased abundance of short-chain fatty acids producers). These outcomes correlated with a significant improvement in several non-motor symptoms including cognitive dysfunction, dyspepsia and constipation. However, there were no significant changes in diarrhoea, gastrointestinal reflux, abdominal pain and motor symptoms. Conclusion: High MedDiet adherence may be associated with significant improvement in global cognition and several gastrointestinal symptoms, possibly associated to changes in gut microbiota composition. Further studies are warranted to clarify potential cause-and-effect relationships and to elucidate MedDiet impact on motor symptoms.

Neurocognitive Effects of an Online Brain Health Program and Weekly Telehealth Support Group in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Loss: A Pilot Study.

Adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors has the potential to slow cognitive decline in older adults by reducing risks associated with dementia. Curriculum-based group health coaching may aid in establishing behavior change centered for dementia risk factors. In this pilot clinical care patient group study (n = 6), we examined the effects of a six-month online Cognitive Health Program combined with a weekly telehealth support group led by the course creator, and personalized health optimization by a collaborating physician, in older adults with subjective cognitive decline. Cognition was assessed at baseline and post-intervention using a computerized battery. Cognitive changes were estimated with nonparametric tests and effect sizes (Cohen's d). Results showed significant improvements in global cognition (p < 0.03, d = 1.6), spatial planning (p < 0.01, d = 2.3), and visuospatial processing (p < 0.05, d = 1.1) compared to baseline. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the virtual group format and online curriculum. This small pilot study suggests that a virtual six-month personalized health coaching group with self-paced online health education is feasible and potentially efficacious for improving cognition in participants with subjective cognitive complaints. This format may facilitate behavior change to slow cognitive decline. Future studies should include a control group, a larger, more diverse sample as well as assessing mood and other subjective measures.

Understanding the Mechanisms of Cognitive Remediation on Recovery in People With Early Psychosis: A Mediation and Moderation Analysis.

To provide precision cognitive remediation therapy (CR) for schizophrenia, we need to understand whether the mechanism for improved functioning is via cognition improvements. This mechanism has not been rigorously tested for potential moderator effects. We used data (n = 377) from a randomized controlled trial using CIRCuiTS, a therapist-supported CR, with participants from first-episode psychosis services. We applied structured equation modeling to test whether: (1) CR hours explain the goal attainment functional outcome (GAS) at posttreatment, (2) global cognitive improvement mediates GAS, and if (3) total symptoms moderate the CR hours to cognitive improvement pathway, and/or negative symptoms moderate the cognition to functioning pathway, testing moderator effects via the mediator or directly on CR hours to functioning path. CR produced significant functioning benefit for each therapy hour (Coeff = 0.203, 95% CI 0.101-0.304, P < .001). The mediated path from CR hours to cognition and cognition to functioning was small and nonsignificant (Coeff = 0.014, 95% CI = -0.010, 0.037, P = .256). Total symptoms did not moderate the path to cognition (P = .211) or the direct path to outcome (P = .896). However, negative symptoms significantly moderated the effect of cognitive improvements on functioning (P = .015) with high negative symptoms reducing the functional gains of improved cognition. Although cognitive improvements were correlated with functioning benefit, they did not fully explain the positive effect of increased therapy hours on functioning, suggesting additional CR factors also contribute to therapy benefit. Negative symptoms interfere with the translation of cognitive improvements into functional gains so need consideration.

Cognitive protection and brain entropy changes from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplement in late-life depression: A 52-week randomized controlled trial

BackgroundLate-life depression (LLD) is associated with risk of dementia, yet intervention of LLD provides an opportunity to attenuate subsequent cognitive decline. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplement is a potential intervention due to their beneficial effect in depressive symptoms and cognitive function. To explore the underlying neural mechanism, we used resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) before and after omega-3 PUFAs supplement in older adults with LLD. MethodsA 52-week double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. We used multi-scale sample entropy to analyze rs-fMRI data. Comprehensive cognitive tests and inflammatory markers were collected to correlate with brain entropy changes. ResultsA total of 20 patients completed the trial with 11 under omega-3 PUFAs and nine under placebo. While no significant global cognitive improvement was observed, a marginal enhancement in processing speed was noted in the omega-3 PUFAs group. Importantly, participants receiving omega-3 PUFAs exhibited decreased brain entropy in left posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG), multiple visual areas, the orbital part of the right middle frontal gyrus, and the left Rolandic operculum. The brain entropy changes of the PCG in the omega-3 PUFAs group correlated with improvement of language function and attenuation of interleukin-6 levels. LimitationsSample size is small with only marginal clinical effect. ConclusionThese findings suggest that omega-3 PUFAs supplement may mitigate cognitive decline in LLD through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and modulation of brain entropy. Larger clinical trials are warranted to validate the potential therapeutic implications of omega-3 PUFAs for deterring cognitive decline in patients with late-life depression.

Empowerment-based cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in persons with mild cognitive impairment: A sequential explanatory mixed-method pilot study.

Insomnia is an emerging risk factor for the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its progression to dementia. Impaired cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms create challenges for persons with MCI to participate actively in non-pharmacological interventions. This study examined the feasibility and preliminary effects of empowerment-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on sleep, cognitive function, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in persons with MCI and sleep problems. Sixty participants were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group to receive empowerment-based CBT-I or usual care, respectively. The 12 week intervention comprised all core CBT-I techniques delivered through a group and individualised face-to-face approach. An empowerment approach with interactive teaching methods, goal setting, and action planning was used to deliver the intervention. Outcome measures included subjective and objective sleep quality and pattern, and a battery of neuropsychological tests and the 12-item Short Form Survey were administered 3 months (T1) and 6 months post-randomisation (T2). This intervention is feasible and highly acceptable for persons with MCI. The intervention group showed significant improvements in subjective and objective sleep-related outcomes compared with the control group. Moreover, the intervention group showed greater improvements in global cognition, processing speed, attention, and mental flexibility than the control group at T1 and/or T2. No significant between-group differences were observed in memory or HRQoL scores. The qualitative data converged with the quantitative data. In conclusion, empowerment-based CBT-I was well received by persons with MCI and had potential positive effects on improving sleep and cognition in this cohort.

Efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI): a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Stroke is a significant global cause of mortality and morbidity, and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) affects up to half of stroke patients. Despite the availability of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, there is a lack of definitive effective treatments for PSCI. Non-invasive brain stimulation, particularly intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), has emerged as a promising therapy for the treatment of PSCI. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of iTBS in enhancing cognitive function among patients with PSCI. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and CNKI, to identify relevant randomized controlled trials published before April 2023. The primary outcome measured changes in global cognitive scales, while the secondary outcomes focused on improvements in attention, orientation, visual-spatial perception, and activities of daily living. The meta-analysis encompassed six studies involving 325 patients. The results demonstrated that iTBS led to a significant improvement in global cognitive scales (SMD = 1.12, 95% CI = [0.59 to 1.65], P < 0.0001), attention (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI [0.13 to 0.82], P = 0.007), visual perception (SMD = 0.99, 95% CI [0.13 to 1.86], P = 0.02), and activities of daily living (SMD = 0.82, 95% CI [0.55 to 1.08], P < 0.00001). However, there was no significant effect on orientation (SMD = 0.36, 95% CI [- 0.04 to 0.76], P = 0.07). Subgroup analysis based on the number of sessions was conducted, revealing a significant improvement in global cognition among patients with PSCI across the three categories (10 sessions, 20 sessions, and 30 sessions) with no between-group difference (P = 0.28). None of the included studies reported any serious adverse effects. In conclusion, iTBS appears to be a safe and effective non-invasive treatment that can enhance the cognitive abilities and daily living skills of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. However, our conclusion is constrained by the limited number of studies. Further high-quality, large-sample RCTs with extended follow-up periods are necessary to validate these findings. Integrating iTBS with brain imaging techniques, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance, could aid in understanding the mechanism of iTBS action.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL TRAINING EXERCISE IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

Abstract Older adults with cognitive impairment are at risk of becoming care dependent. Functional training involves movements necessary for daily tasks, which may help maintain or improve independence. As part of a larger systematic review examining the effects of a functional training exercise in community-dwelling older adults, this study aimed to synthesize the functional and cognitive outcomes in those with cognitive impairment. A systematic search was conducted in 10 electronic databases to identify relevant studies published between January 2010 and September 2021. Studies were selected if recruited adults aged &amp;gt; 60 years, participants had a cognitive impairment that was not due to acquired brain injury, and activities of daily living and/or cognitive function were measured. Nine studies (847 participants) were identified. Five studies were conducted on older adults with mild cognitive impairment, all showed an improvement in activities of daily living, and 4 showed an improvement in global cognition. Three were conducted on older adults with dementia, and one showed an improvement in activities of daily living but not global cognition. One was conducted on older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia and reported an improvement in both outcomes. Functional training exercise seems effective in improving cognitive function and activities of daily living in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. For those with dementia, although research on functional training is limited, some preliminary evidence suggests that incorporating functional training with other components may be beneficial. Despite inconclusive findings, functional training exercises may hold potential for older adults with cognitive impairment.

Effect of multivitamin‐mineral supplementation on change in cognitive function in the COSMOS Clinical subcohort and meta‐analysis of COSMOS cognition studies

AbstractBackgroundFew randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have investigated the effect of multivitamin‐mineral supplementation (MVM) on cognitive change among community‐dwelling older adults and effects remain untested using detailed in‐person, gold‐standard neuropsychological assessments; thus, we tested the effect of daily MVM vs. placebo on cognitive function among older adults enrolled in the in‐clinic component of COSMOS (COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study). Furthermore, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the findings from the three COSMOS cognition studies: COSMOS‐Clinic (n = 603 for the detailed in‐person cognitive assessments), COSMOS‐Mind (n = 2262 for telephonic‐based cognitive assessments); and COSMOS‐Web (n = 3562 for computer‐based cognitive assessments) to provide a robust evaluation of the effects of MVM on cognition.MethodsCOSMOS is a 2×2 factorial RCT of cocoa extract supplements (Mars Edge; containing 500 mg/day flavanols) and/or MVM (Haleon, as Centrum Silver) for cardiovascular and cancer prevention. In COSMOS‐Clinic, n = 573 of n = 603 COSMOS‐Clinic participants completed all cognitive tests at baseline; n = 492 completed all cognitive tests at both baseline and 2‐year follow‐up. The primary outcome was global cognitive score [averaging z‐scores of 11 tests: general cognition (the Modified Mini‐Mental State), episodic memory (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease [CERAD] word list learning and delayed recall tests; East Boston Memory Test immediate and delayed recall trials), CERAD word list recognition, and executive function/attention (two fluency tests; Trail Making Tests A and B; digit span backwards)]. Episodic memory and executive function/attention were examined separately. Finally, we used random‐effects models to meta‐analyze the findings of three COSMOS cognition studies.ResultsIn COSMOS‐Clinic, we observed a signal for effect of MVM vs. placebo on improvement in global cognition over two years (mean difference = 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: ‐0.003, 0.12). MVM vs. placebo led to significant improvement in episodic memory (mean difference = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.23) but not in executive function/attention (mean difference = 0.04, 95% CI: ‐0.04, 0.11). The meta‐analysis of three COSMOS studies showed significant benefits of MVM on global cognition and episodic memory (will be presented in detail).ConclusionDaily MVM compared to placebo showed improvement in global cognition and episodic memory over 2 years among community‐dwelling older adults.

B - 111 The Role of Education, and Advocacy in Repeat Neuropsychological Evaluations of a Spanish Speaking Woman with Anti-LG-1 Encephalitis.

Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 limbic encephalitis (LGI1-LE) is a rare diagnosis but the second most common autoimmune encephalitis. While it has a growing body of neuropsychological literature, there is limited awareness by the lay public about this condition. As with all complex neurological conditions, caregiver/family understanding of the disorder and engagement in treatment is important for optimal recovery and dyad wellbeing. We present the case of a caregiver and patient dyad with confirmed LGI1-LE/ Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel antibodies seen for repeat neuropsychological evaluations to demonstrate the importance of education, advocacy, and multidisciplinary involvement as part of the neuropsychological assessment process. Repeat neuropsychological evaluations of a 72-year-old Spanish-speaking woman with limited formal education and complex medical history, including past strokes and recent autoimmune encephalitis. Initial evaluation revealed marked behavioral and cognitive fluctuations/variability with familial frustration secondary to poor understanding by caregiver until neuropsychological feedback session. Repeat evaluation was delayed four weeks due to caregiver factors but demonstrated improvement in global cognition and overall functioning. Follow up, six months later, demonstrated significant cognitive decline and new motoric symptoms with further difficulty coordinating appointments by the caregiver. In addition to assistance with medical management, neuropsychological involvement led to connection to case management, home evaluation, concrete solutions for food insecurity, and cognitive evaluation for the caregiver. This case adds to LG1-LE literature and demonstrates the importance of neuropsychology not only for disease tracking/ management but also as an important tool for advocacy and patient/caregiver education, specifically in culturally and educationally diverse populations with complex medical conditions.

A - 91 Serial Neuropsychological Evaluations of a Woman with Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Immunotherapy Treatment.

Neuropsychiatric System Lupus Erythematosus (NP-SLE) is a subtype of SLE characterized by chronic or episodic neurologic and/or psychiatric central nervous system features. The neuropsychological profile of NP-SLE is not well-established. Here we present serial evaluations of a woman with confirmed NP-SLE who underwent subsequent medical intervention. This case study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating the role neuropsychology plays in the care of patients with NP-SLE. This was an evaluation of a 25-year-old woman with NP-SLE. Initial testing took place inpatient prior to treatment with immunotherapy treatment subsequent evaluations were outpatient at 1month, 4months and 8months post-treatment. Inpatient evaluation revealed a woman of at least average premorbid abilities with suboptimal performances across cognitive domains including reduced speed of processing and notable difficulty with planning and organization. Evaluation 1month later evidenced worsening cognitive and motoric performances across tasks which led to adjustment of medical management. Evaluation at 4months demonstrated a positive trend and some improved cognitive functioning; 8-month evaluation confirmed improvement in global cognition and functioning with suspected return to premorbid abilities. This case provides an example of NP-SLE neuropsychological profile over time and demonstrates the beneficial impact of correct diagnosis and medical regimen. It also highlights the role of serial neuropsychological assessment in the management of complex neurological disease.

Multimodal Physical Exercise Affects Visuo-Spatial Working Memory: Preliminary Evidence from a Descriptive Study on Tai-Chi Practitioners and Runners.

Recent evidence has shown a relationship between physical exercise (PE) and cognitive functioning. However, it is unknown if unimodal and multimodal modalities of PE affect cognitive abilities in different ways. To fill this gap, we analyzed the effects of unimodal PE (running) and multimodal PE (Tai Chi) on specific cognitive abilities. A sample of 33 participants (mean age = 52.6 ± 7.2) divided into eleven runners, eleven Tai Chi practitioners, and eleven age-matched sedentary individuals were subjected to a neuropsychological tests battery to assess shifting and problem solving abilities (Rule Shift Cards, BADS-RS, and Key Search tasks), verbal fluency (semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tasks), verbal memory (Rey's 15 words test), visuo-spatial working memory (Corsi test), and global cognitive functioning (clock-drawing test). The results showed significantly higher BADS-RS scores in runners and Tai Chi practitioners in comparison to the sedentary participants, thus evidencing improved shifting abilities for active individuals. Interestingly, post hoc analysis showed significantly higher span scores of Corsi test only in Tai Chi practitioners as compared to sedentary participants, suggesting how multimodal PE facilitates the visuo-spatial working memory processes. Although preliminary, our descriptive study indicates that the type of PE could modulate specific cognitive domains, even if the practice of motor activity favors a global cognitive improvement.

Music-based multicomponent exercise training for community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive decline: a feasibility study.

This study explored the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a music-based, multicomponent exercise intervention among community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment. 16 older adults aged 85±9 years with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment received music-based multicomponent exercise training for 20 weeks at an independent living facility. Participants received aerobic, resistance, and balance training paired with beat-accentuated music stimulation. Participants' adherence to the training was tracked down and their cognitive and physical functioning and health-related quality of life were assessed at pre- and post-test. 3 participants withdrew due to unexpected issues unrelated to the intervention and thus 13 participants (7 females) attended an average of 4.6 days/week over 20 weeks and reported high satisfaction with the intervention (90.6%). Participants showed significant improvement in global cognition, cognitive processing speed, and walking endurance/aerobic fitness at post-test. These findings support the feasibility of music-based, multicomponent exercise training for older adults in an independent living facility and set the stage for future studies to test the efficacy of music on physical activity and ensuing health outcomes. We conclude that music-based, multicomponent exercise training can be beneficial for community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive decline. As a form of rhythmic auditory stimulation, beat-accentuated music can be combined with exercise training to manipulate exercise tempo and may provide a source of motivation to help older adults adhere to exercise.

Outcomes and clinical implications of intranasal insulin on cognition in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aberrant brain insulin signaling has been posited to lie at the crossroads of several metabolic and cognitive disorders. Intranasal insulin (INI) is a non-invasive approach that allows investigation and modulation of insulin signaling in the brain while limiting peripheral side effects. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of INI on cognition in diverse patient populations and healthy individuals. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane CENTRAL were systematically searched from 2000 to July 2021. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that studied the effects of INI on cognition. Two independent reviewers determined study eligibility and extracted relevant descriptive and outcome data. Twenty-nine studies (pooled N = 1,726) in healthy individuals as well as those with Alzheimer's disease (AD)/mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mental health disorders, metabolic disorders, among others, were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Patients with AD/MCI treated with INI were more likely to show an improvement in global cognition (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.38 p = <0.00001, N = 12 studies). Among studies with healthy individuals and other patient populations, no significant effects of INI were found for global cognition. This review demonstrates that INI may be associated with pro-cognitive benefits for global cognition, specifically for individuals with AD/MCI. Further studies are required to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms and differences in etiology to dissect the intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to the treatment response of INI.

Emerging Relations among Cognitive Constructs and Cochlear Implant Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hearing loss has a detrimental impact on cognitive function. However, there is a lack of consensus on the impact of cochlear implants on cognition. This review systematically evaluates whether cochlear implants in adult patients lead to cognitive improvements and investigates the relations of cognition with speech recognition outcomes. A literature review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies evaluating cognition and cochlear implant outcomes in postlingual, adult patients from January 1996 to December 2021 were included. Of 2510 total references, 52 studies were included in qualitative analysis and 11 in meta-analyses. Proportions were extracted from studies of (1) the significant impacts of cochlear implantation on 6 cognitive domains and (2) associations between cognition and speech recognition outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models on mean differences between pre- and postoperative performance on 4cognitive assessments. Only half of the outcomes reported suggested cochlear implantation had a significant impact on cognition (50.8%), with the highest proportion in assessments of memory &learning and inhibition-concentration. Meta-analyses revealed significant improvements in global cognition and inhibition-concentration. Finally, 40.4% of associations between cognition and speech recognition outcomes were significant. Findings relating to cochlear implantation and cognition vary depending on the cognitive domain assessed and the study goal. Nonetheless, assessments of memory & learning, global cognition, and inhibition-concentration may represent tools to assess cognitive benefit after implantation and help explain variability in speech recognition outcomes. Enhanced selectivity in assessments of cognition is needed for clinical applicability.

Changes In Cognitive Functioning In Patients Seeking Treatment For “Brain Fog” Through A Post-Covid Treatment Clinic (S21.008)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To examine changes in cognition in adults with “Brain Fog” secondary to Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). <h3>Background:</h3> While “brain fog” is common in PASC, little is known about the trajectory of cognitive functioning in these patients. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> 119 patients completed baseline neuropsychological evaluation, including clinical interview, cognitive assessments, and a comprehensive battery of self-report questionnaires, 12 to 134 weeks after symptom onset. Patients had mean age 50 years (range:18 to 74, SD=10.1), were primarily female (74%) and White/Caucasian (75%). 43 patients underwent follow-up neuropsychological evaluation, 6 months after initial evaluation. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used to partition data into groups based on cognitive performance. Paired t-tests were used to compare performance of clusters between baseline and follow-up. <h3>Results:</h3> Clustering yielded two distinct clusters: Group 1(n=57) performed worse than Group 2(n=62) on most cognitive variables at baseline and follow-up. There were no significant differences between groups in age, gender, income, or infection severity. Group 1 had a lower education level than Group 2 (M=14.7, SD=2.45 vs. M=16.2, SD=2.42; p=.001) and more minorities than Group 2 (40% vs. 8%; p&lt;.001). At follow-up, group 1(n=20) showed improvement on the MoCA (M=23.0, SD=3.60 vs. M=25.3, SD=3.50, p=0.016) and CVLT delayed recall (M=18.0, SD=17.5 vs. M=39.1, SD=29.7, p=0.006) but not on tests of attention/working memory, executive function, or processing speed. Group 2(n=23) showed improvement on the MoCA (M=26.4, SD=2.19 vs M=27.5, SD=1.97, p=0.034), letter fluency (M=36.1, SD=26.8 vs M=49.5, SD=23.8, p=0.031), animal fluency (M=44.6, SD=30.3 vs M=66.8, SD=28.8, p=0.003), and story recall (M=59.5, SD=24.8 vs M=73.0, SD=25.7, p=0.040). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Neuropsychological scores 6 months after initial evaluation in patients experiencing brain fog from PASC show improvement in global cognition and aspects of memory. Findings suggest that these patients may not experience spontaneous resolution of all cognitive symptoms within 6–12 months but may have gradual improvement in specific cognitive symptoms. <b>Disclosure:</b> An immediate family member of Dr. Agnihotri has stock in Gilead. Mrs. Robinson has nothing to disclose. Richard Kennedy has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for National Institutes of Health. The institution of Richard Kennedy has received research support from National Institutes of Health. Dr. Vance has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lokken has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Alabama Neurobehavior.

Effectiveness of computer-based interventions for community-dwelling people with cognitive decline: a systematic review with meta-analyses

BackgroundCognitive deficits arise with age and can increase the risk for subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which may result in dementia, leading to health problems, care dependency and institutionalization. Computer-based cognitive interventions (CCIs) have the potential to act as important counteraction functions in preserving or improving cognition concomitant to available pharmacological treatment. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of CCIs performed individually with a personal or tablet computer, game console, virtual, augmented, or mixed reality application on cognition in community-dwelling people with SCD, MCI and dementia.MethodsA systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. The systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO. In addition, a search for gray literature and backward citation searching were carried out. To judge on the evidence, two reviewers independently used the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The standardized mean difference (SDM) for pooling comparable studies using the random-effects model was applied.ResultsTwenty-four RCTs were identified, of which 1 RCT examined CCIs in individuals with SCD, 18 RCTs with MCI, and 6 RCTs with dementia. Most interventions were conducted with personal computers. Meta-analyses with 12 RCTs showed significant effects of computer-based cognitive interventions for people with MCI in the domains memory, working memory, attention/concentration/processing speed and executive functioning, but no significant improvements in global cognition and language. Regarding dementia a meta-analysis pooled with 4 RCTs demonstrated a tendency towards, but no significant increase of memory functions (SMD 0.33, CI 95% [-0.10, 0.77]). One RCT regarding SCD reported significant improvements in memory functions for participants conducting a cognitive training on a personal computer.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that CCIs have beneficial effects on domain-specific cognition in people with MCI but no significant effects on people with dementia. In terms of SCD, one study showed significant improvements in memory functions. It seems that the beneficial effect for cognitive preservation or improvement due to CCIs occurs at the earliest intervention state. However, more research on SCD is needed.Trial registrationPROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CDR42020184069.

Effect of CPAP on cognitive function in stroke patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on cognitive function in stroke patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) by exploring randomised controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsPublished RCTs that...

Computerized cognitive interventions for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta‐analyses

AbstractBackgroundPeople with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are faced with a higher risk of developing dementia, but with a “window of opportunity” for prevention and treatment. Computerized cognitive interventions (CCIs) might constitute a beneficial non‐pharmacological treatment approach. This systematic review evaluated evidence of CCIs performed individually with a computer, tablet‐PC, game consoles, virtual reality (VR), or augmented reality (AR) on cognition in community‐dwelling people with MCI.MethodA systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. The systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus and PsycINFO, and included an additional search for gray literature. The search was completed by backward citation tracking. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was independently assessed by two reviewers. Comparable studies were pooled using the random‐effects model.ResultA total of 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. 12 RTCs were used for conducting meta‐analyses which showed significant effects of CCIs for people with MCI in memory (SMD 1.12, CI 95% [0.08, 2.16]), working memory (SMD 0.85, CI 95% [0.32, 1.38]), attention/concentration/processing speed (SMD 0.61, CI 95% [0.21, 1.02]), executive functioning (SMD 0.96, CI 95% [0.26, 1.66]), and language (SMD 1.63, CI 95% [0.20, 3.06]), but no significant improvement in global cognition. Pooling follow‐up evaluations was not possible, but one of two studies showed continuing significant differences for the intervention group after 6 months post intervention in memory and working memory. CCIs were conducted predominantly with computers, followed by tablet‐PCs, VR, AR, and mixed reality.ConclusionThis review demonstrated beneficial effects of CCIs on domain‐specific cognition in people with MCI. Therefore, CCIs might be a valuable treatment option to maintain cognition and prevent progression to dementia. However, further research is necessary, especially on CCIs applied with emerging technologies like VR or AR. Furthermore, various outcome measurements used in the studies were challenging for the pooling of study results, which highlights the need for a predefined set of important cognitive outcomes and tools for future RCTs.

Computerized cognitive interventions for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta-analyses.

People with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are faced with a higher risk of developing dementia, but with a "window of opportunity" for prevention and treatment. Computerized cognitive interventions (CCIs) might constitute a beneficial non-pharmacological treatment approach. This systematic review evaluated evidence of CCIs performed individually with a computer, tablet-PC, game consoles, virtual reality (VR), or augmented reality (AR) on cognition in community-dwelling people with MCI. A systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. The systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus and PsycINFO, and included an additional search for gray literature. The search was completed by backward citation tracking. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was independently assessed by two reviewers. Comparable studies were pooled using the random-effects model. A total of 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. 12 RTCs were used for conducting meta-analyses which showed significant effects of CCIs for people with MCI in memory (SMD 1.12, CI 95 % [0.08, 2.16]), working memory (SMD 0.85, CI 95 % [0.32, 1.38]), attention/concentration/processing speed (SMD 0.61, CI 95 % [0.21, 1.02]), executive functioning (SMD 0.96, CI 95 % [0.26, 1.66]), and language (SMD 1.63, CI 95 % [0.20, 3.06]), but no significant improvement in global cognition. Pooling follow-up evaluations was not possible, but one of two studies showed continuing significant differences for the intervention group after 6 months post intervention in memory and working memory. CCIs were conducted predominantly with computers, followed by tablet-PCs, VR, AR, and mixed reality. This review demonstrated beneficial effects of CCIs on domain-specific cognition in people with MCI. Therefore, CCIs might be a valuable treatment option to maintain cognition and prevent progression to dementia. However, further research is necessary, especially on CCIs applied with emerging technologies like VR or AR. Furthermore, various outcome measurements used in the studies were challenging for the pooling of study results, which highlights the need for a predefined set of important cognitive outcomes and tools for future RCTs.

Associations of Multidomain Interventions With Improvements in Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have the highest risk of progressing to dementia. Evidence suggests that nonpharmacological, single-domain interventions can prevent or delay progressive declines, but it is unclear whether greater cognitive benefits arise from multidomain interventions. To determine whether multidomain interventions, composed of 2 or more interventions, are associated with greater improvements in cognition among older adults with MCI than a single intervention on its own. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, AgeLine, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched from database inception to December 20, 2021. Included studies contained (1) an MCI diagnosis; (2) nonpharmacological, multidomain interventions that were compared with a single active control; (3) older adults aged 65 years and older; and (4) randomized clinical trials. Data were screened and extracted by 3 independent reviewers. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate effect sizes from the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CIs. Postintervention cognitive test scores in 7 cognitive domains were compared between single-domain and multidomain groups. Exposure to the intervention was analyzed. A total of 28 studies published between 2011 and 2021, including 2711 older adults with MCI, reported greater effect sizes in the multidomain group for global cognition (SMD, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.23-0.59; P < .001), executive function (SMD, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04-0.36; P = .01), memory (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.14-0.45; P < .001), and verbal fluency (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12-0.49; P = .001). The Mini-Mental State Examination (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17-0.64; P < .001), category verbal fluency test (SMD, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.56; P = .002), Trail Making Test-B (SMD, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.13-0.80; P = .007), and Wechsler Memory Scale-Logical Memory I (SMD, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.15-0.80; P < .001) and II (SMD, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07-0.45; P < .001) favored the multidomain group. Exposure to the intervention varied between studies: the mean (SD) duration was 71.3 (36.0) minutes for 19.8 (14.6) weeks with sessions taking place 2.5 (1.1) times per week, and all interventions lasted less than 1 year. In this study, short-term multidomain interventions (<1 year) were associated with improvements in global cognition, executive function, memory, and verbal fluency compared with single interventions in older adults with MCI.