Co3O4 is considered as an ideal anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) thanks to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, poor electronic conductivity and large volume expansion still severely limit the electrochemical performance of bare Co3O4 for LIBs. In this study, a combined strategy of selective etching and carbonization of phenolic resin was used for the construction of a Co3O4@void@C anode. The carbon coating strategy provided a robust mechanical shell for Co3O4, which in turn enabled Co3O4 to have a larger specific surface area and an abundant mesoporous structure. The Co3O4@void@C anode demonstrated a high specific capacity and superior rate performance. The unique void space between the Co3O4 nanoparticle core and the solid carbon shell was sufficient to accommodate the volume fluctuations that occur during charge and discharge cycles, thereby effectively enhancing the lithium storage performance. This work presents a versatile and straightforward synthesis strategy for yolk-shell nanostructures, which can be applied to lithium-ion battery anode nanomaterials to enhance cycling stability on a large scale.