Improve Fastness Properties Research Articles

Enhancing the efficiency of hemp fiber dyeing with natural dyes: Indigo and lac

Hemp fibers dyed with natural dyes are environmentally sustainable, but it is typically difficult to achieve an intense shade and washing durability. In this study, mercerization and cationization using polyelectrolyte, Poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), were chosen to enhance the dyeing efficiency and mechanical properties. Indigo and lac were chosen as natural dyes due to their widespread use. SEM demonstrated that untreated fibers contained the non-cellulose boundary layer on the surfaces, but after mercerization, the surfaces were smoother, making them suitable for absorbing natural dyes. In agreement with the FT-IR, the spectra of non-cellulose disappeared after mercerizing. Following cationization, the FT-IR spectra confirmed the consequences of using poly-DADMAC. Tensile testing demonstrated that mercerized hemp yarns were 34.1% stronger compared to untreated hemp yarns due to the decrease in non-cellulose content and that the intermolecular attraction of cellulose was not disturbed. The color strength and fastness properties were described by the K/S value. Mercerization considerably affected the K/S of indigo dyeing, while cationization affected lac dyeing significantly. Besides that, both treatments improved fastness properties as well.

Dying Properties of Natural Dyes Extracted from Parkia biglobosa Tree Bark on Cotton Fabric

The research work was carried out to extract natural dyes from Parkia biglobosa tree bark. Synthetic dyes are toxic, non-biodegradable and not friendly to the environment i.e. non-eco-friendly. Natural dye therefore perfectly fit into this since they are non-toxic, biodegradable, non-hazardous and more eco-friendly. Natural dye was extracted from Parkia biglobosa tree bark using Soxhlet extraction method and the dye extract was applied on cotton fabric. The percentage exhaustion, fastness properties and effect of mordant on the dyed samples was evaluated. The post-mordanting method was used to apply the mordant (potassium dichromate) on the samples. The dyeing of the samples were carried out based on the dyeing parameters such as dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, time and temperature respectively. From the result obtained, it was observed that the percentage exhaustion–quantity of dye absorbed by cotton fibre decreases with increase dye concentration. Similarly the absorption of dye was increased with the decrease of dye concentration. The highest percentage exhaustion of 96% was obtained at 10% dye concentration. However, it is observed, that increase in electrolyte concentration resulted increase in the percentage exhaustion. The highest percentage exhaustion of 61% was obtained at 10% electrolyte concentration. This observation is in agreement with the effect of electrolyte concentration on percentage exhaustion. From the result obtained, it was observed that the percentage exhaustion–quantity of dye absorbed by cotton fibre increases with increase in time of dyeing. The highest percentage exhaustion of 76% was obtained at 100 minutes dyeing time. It is obvious, from Figure 4 that the rate of dyeing increases gradually by raising the temperature. The highest dye exhaustion was attained at boiling (100oC). It may be suggested that the extracted dye in the aqueous medium is in aggregated form since they need an increase temperature to migrate into the fibre. In the effect of mordant on dye uptake and enhancement of fastness properties was evaluated from the result; it was observed that mordanting have improvement on the fastness properties. Comparing with the sample without mordant, post-mordanting have a better fastness property. However, on the whole, the mordant sample performs better. From the results it can recommended that dye extracted from Parkia biglobosa Tree Bark can be used to dye cotton fabric. The post-mordanted treated fabric samples have improved fastness properties when compared with non-mordanted fabric samples. The mordant also changed the shade of the dyed samples.

The development of a tannin-based after-treatment for cotton fabric dyed with sulphur dyes

PurposeSulphur dyes provide an inexpensive medium to dye cellulosic fibres with heavy shade depths. They offer moderate to good fastness to light and wet treatments. However, owing to the environmental hazard produced by the use of sodium sulphide, the practical implication of these dyes is steadily decreasing. Moreover, these dyes are prone to oxidation causing pronounced fading on exposure to laundering. This paper aims to present the green processing of sulphur dyes by using a biodegradable reducing agent in place of sodium sulphide to dye cotton fabrics. The study also proposes after-treatments with tannin to improve the fastness properties of the dyeings.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, dyeings were produced on cotton fabric with a range of C.I. Leuco Sulphur dyes, which were reduced with sodium sulphide and glucose. Sulphur dyeings were after-treated with an environment-friendly tannin-based product (Bayprotect CL (BP)); subsequently, the after-treated samples were evaluated for colour strength, wash, light and rubbing fastness.FindingsA novel after-treatment method was developed, which substantially improved the wash fastness of C.I. Leuco Sulphur Black 1 dyeing to ISO 105 C06/C09 washing. However, the degree of this improvement varied for the other sulphur dyes used. The surface morphology and the possible mechanisms for the improved fastness properties were also discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe effect of after-treatment was significant for improving the wash fastness of sulphur black dyeings in particular, while the effect on other colours was minor. Significant improvements were observed for light and wet rub fastness for most of the dyeings, which signifies the importance of tannins as a finishing agent.Practical implicationsIt is observed that the tannin-based product, BP, is found to provide the photoprotective effect by improving the lightfastness of the dyeings. Future research may involve the exploration of various tannins as a finishing agent to sulphur dyeings.Originality/valueThis novel finishing technique is found significant for improving the wash fastness of sulphur black 1 dyeings for both the reducing systems. Improvements were also observed for light and wet rub fastnesses for most of the dyeings.

Comparative study of ultrasonic and conventional dyeing of cotton and wool with natural dye arjun (Terminalia arjuna) bark

Traditionally, the conventional dyeing method is an energy-intensive process as the dyeing is carried out above 100°C to obtain good color strength and color fastness properties. Furthermore, these high temperatures may deteriorate the fabric surface. Ultrasonic dyeing method is an alternative method of conventional dyeing of textile materials, providing energy saving by reduced process temperature and time. This paper focuses on comparing the conventional and ultrasonic dyeing methods of cotton and wool fabrics with natural dye arjun bark to investigate the effect of ultrasonic waves on dyeing performance. The effect of ultrasonic wave on the dyeing properties was studied after comparing the K/S value, the CIE Lab values and the color fastness properties of both the conventional and the ultrasonic dyed samples. Experimental results indicated that the ultrasonic dyeing method gave better color strength, deeper dye diffusion and improved fastness properties as compared to the conventional dyeing method. Hence, taking into consideration the growing environmental concerns and to make the process of natural dyeing truly eco-friendly, ultrasonic dyeing may be regarded as an effective alternative to conventional natural dyeing method.

A synergistic combination of shrimp shell derived chitosan polysaccharide with Citrus sinensis peel extract for the development of colourful and bioactive cellulosic textile

Green finishing formulations have established an important place in textile dyeing and finishing industry. The use of plant extracts along with chemical metallic mordants is reported to increase colour values and improve fastness properties. However, metal salts as mordants constantly pose environmental and human health risks. The purpose of this work is to examine and extend the knowledge of natural dyeing technology considering the use of biological macromolecule chitosan (CS) to increase dye uptake, fastness and impart functional properties. The cotton was pre-coated with chitosan using pad-dry method and optimal chitosan concentrations were selected by evaluating the colour spectrometry data in term of CIEL*a*b* values. The chemical nature of the extract was characterized by UV–Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) whereas dyed samples were analysed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) with mapping analysis, FT-IR, and TGA. Results showed that the aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peel yielded interestingly shades all lying in yellow- red quadrant of CIELa*b* colour space with acceptable grades of wash and dry-wet fastness properties. This study reveals important information to understand synergism between two natural products in imparting semi durable antioxidant and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and thus offers full potential to be used in natural dyeing technology.

Investigation into the effect of a plant‐derived stabiliser on the light and wash fastness of sulphur‐dyed cotton and nylon fabrics

AbstractIn this study, cotton fabric and nylon fabric were dyed with a range of commercial sulphur dyes and the light and wash fastness of the coloured fabrics was investigated. The effect of after‐treating the coloured cotton and nylon fabrics with a tannin‐based commercial product, Bayprotect Cl, in the presence or absence of sodium sulphate in the treatment bath, was found to significantly improve the light fastness of the sulphur‐dyed cotton, and the photoprotective effect was partially stable to ISO 105‐C06 washing. In addition, the tannin‐based after‐treatment also improved the colour stability of the dyed fabrics to the perborate‐based ISO 105‐C06 washing. The possible mechanisms for the improved fastness properties are also discussed. The application of sulphur dyes to nylon is potentially commercially useful but has been limited because of the reported poor light fastness of the dyeings. The photoprotective effect of the tannin‐based after‐treatment was investigated with a view to providing the necessary commercial performance. However, it was established that on this fibre, the light fastness improvement was marginal, and the associated wash fastness to oxidative bleach‐based ISO 105‐C06 washing was limited.

Diversity-oriented synthesis of azo disperse dyes with improved fastness properties via employing Ugi four-component reaction

A novel approach has been established for accessing structurally diverse azo disperse dyes with improved fastness properties by employing an Ugi four-component reaction (Ugi-4CR). The process includes three steps: (1) Ugi-4CR of aniline, cyclohexyl isocyanide, formic acid, and an aromatic aldehyde; (2) selective hydrolysis of amide functionality in the Ugi product; and (3) coupling the hydrolysis product with an aryl diazonium salt. Employing Ugi-4CR herein had advantages over easily controlling the molecular weight/size of the dye. Six new azo disperse dyes were synthesized and their structures were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and FT-IR. It was found that the washing and sublimation fastness properties of the obtained azo disperse dyes on both poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and nylon fibers were remarkably improved as compared with conventional C.I. Disperse Orange 3. The improved fastness properties should be attributed to the moderately increased molecular weight/size and the amide functionality introduced in Ugi-4CR.

Synthesis characterization and antibacterial activity of Cr (III), Co (III), Fe (II), Cu (II), Ni (III) complexes of 4-(2-(((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) diazenyl) (phenyl) methylene) hydrazinyl) benzene sulfonic acid based formazan dyes and their applications on leather

A novel series of un-metallized and metal complexes formazan dye (12–17) have been synthesized in an aqueous system, without using Buffers, with cost-effectiveness and improved fastness properties. The synthetic methodology involved the synthesis of 4-(2-(((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) diazenyl) (phenyl) methylene) hydrazinyl) benzene sulfonic acid followed by diazotization of 4-nitroamisnophenol which further coupled with coupler reagent i.e. 4-[(2Z)-2-benzylidenehydrazinyl] benzene sulfonic acid. Multichromic metal complexes of 4-(2-(((2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) diazenyl) (phenyl) methylene) hydrazinyl) benzene sulfonic acid (1:1 and 2:1) were synthesized with the salts of Chromium, Iron, Cobalt, Copper and Nickel. Newly synthesized metal complexes were characterized by Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), C13-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), powder X-ray crystallography (XRD) and elemental analysis. Their performance as colorant material for different fastness properties like light fastness, wash fastness, perspiration fastness were evaluated on leather fabric and were shown to possess good fastness properties 3–5, 4–5, 3–5, and 4–5 respectively. The synthesized formazan dyes were also demonstrated the high percentage value of exhaustion and fixation on leather ranging from 91–97% and 90–98% respectively. The synthesized un-metallized and metal complex formazan dyes were ranged in color from Blue, violet, Green, Brown to Red. Antibacterial activity of synthesized formazan dyes was determined in solution by agar well diffusion method and on leather using the dyed leather fabric with synthesized dyes as model system. Maximum antibacterial activity in solution with ZOIs (19 ± 0.05 mm, 25 ± 0.07 mm, 23 ± 0.09 mm, 27 ± 0.03 mm) and significant % reduction in bacterial growth on leather (56 ± 0.03%, 65 ± 0.07%, 70 ± 0.05%, and 72 ± 0.08%) was demonstrated by chromium complex (15) against E. coli, S. aureus, Klebsiella and B. subtilis respectively.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of diester/diurethane tethered azo disperse dyes: A new strategy to improve dye's fastness properties

A series of new kinds of diester/diurethane tethered azo disperse dyes were synthesized through the reaction between the hydroxyl group in disperse dyes, such as C. I. Disperse Red 1 (1a), C. I. Disperse Red 13 (1b), and C. I. Disperse Blue 106 (1c), and terephthaloyl chloride or p-phenylene diisocyanate. Structures of these new dyes were fully characterized with NMR, MS, and FT-IR. Visible absorption measurement in DMF indicated that all new diester/diurethane tethered dyes exhibited a little shorter maximum absorption wavelength and much higher molar extinction coefficient than their prototypes. Moreover, the fastnesses to wash and sublimation of dyeing on polyurethane fibre were dramatically improved due to the dye's moderately increased molecular size. It is an attractive new strategy to synthesize a library of tethered dyes with improved fastness properties using various different tethering agents or disperse dyes.

English

In the present study basella rubra berries of India origin was extracted for dyeing of silk as a natural dye. Extraction was carried out with two different methods. In method I, extraction was carried out at room temp. in cold tap water. In method II, extraction was carried out at boiling temp. pH of the colour extract was scanned and noted 6.5 as acidic pH. Citric acid treatment was given to samples of experimental group prior to dyeing. Samples of control and experimental group were dyed with both cold and hot dyeing method. 10% alum and alum in combination with other mordants imparted range of mauve, beige, pink and gold. Dyed silk samples exhibited moderate to very good wash and sunlight fastness. Citric acid treatment showed improved fastness properties.

Self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups as resin to improve fastness properties of dyed cellulose fabrics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups as resin on fastness properties of dyed cellulose fabrics.Design/methodology/approachCellulose fabrics were dyed with three reactive dyes. Then, the self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups as resin were applied to the dyed cellulose fabrics. The fastness properties were investigated.FindingsThe results show that the wet rubbing fastness, washing fastness and perspiration fastness of three dyed samples treated with novel self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes are higher than those of the dyed samples without the polymer treatment. The complexes of cellulose with the polysiloxanes having multi‐cationic groups are formed. With the increase of the quantity of cationic groups in the polymer macromolecules, the wet rubbing and washing fastness further increase. The self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes can affect the colour yields (K/S) of the dyed fabrics.Originality/valueThe self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes containing multi‐cationic groups are novel functional materials. They are easily self‐emulsifying in water, without the need of disperse agents, and form a transparent macromolecule colloid solution. Self‐emulsifying polysiloxanes as resins can change material properties to improve their wet fastness and gloss. They have potential application as resins in the coloration industry. This paper is an original research report and has not been published previously.

New polymer materials based on silicone‐acrylic copolymer to improve fastness properties of reactive dyes on cotton fabrics

AbstractNew polymer materials, based on silicone‐acrylic copolymer containing cationic groups, were synthesized through radical mechanism and ring‐opening polymerization of cyclosiloxane. The polymers of polyacrylate/polysiloxane improved the fastness properties of reactive dyes on cotton. In comparison with those of polyacrylate‐containing cationic groups, the wash fastness and wet rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton fabric treated with the new polymer materials were better. The handle of the fabric with aftertreatment was also good. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 720–725, 2006

Why Do Some Stains Fade? Part II. Effects of Dye Structure, Molecular Orbital Systems, Metals, Substrates, Moisture, and Chemical Reactions

AbstractDifferences among the useful lifetimes of stains are well known to histotechnologists. Though problems of fading have been studied extensively by chemists, these data received little attention in histotechnology. Yet, such information is invaluable for the development of new reactions and modifications of existing technics to improve fastness properties. The history of light fastness determinations, current fastness ratings, light absorption by dyes, and fluorochromes were reviewed in part I of this report. This discussion will deal with relations between structure and fastness properties of dyes, the importance of molecular orbital systems, effects of metals, substrates, moisture, and of various reagents on the fastness, i.e. permanence of stains. (The J Histotechnol 12:129, 1989.)