Improve Drug Utilization Research Articles

Therapeutic biomaterials with liver X receptor agonists based on the horizon of material biology to regulate atherosclerotic plaque regression in situ for devices surface engineering.

Percutaneous coronary interventional is the main treatment for coronary atherosclerosis. At present, most studies focus on blood components and smooth muscle cells to achieve anticoagulation or anti-proliferation effects, while the mediated effects of materials on macrophages are also the focus of attention. Macrophage foam cells loaded with elevated cholesterol is a prominent feature of atherosclerotic plaque. Activation of liver X receptor (LXR) to regulate cholesterol efflux and efferocytosis and reduce the number of macrophage foam cells in plaque is feasible for the regression of atherosclerosis. However, cholesterol efflux promotion remains confined to targeted therapies. Herein, LXR agonists (GW3965) were introduced on the surface of the material and delivered in situ to atherogenic macrophages to improve drug utilization for anti-atherogenic therapy and plaque regression. LXR agonists act as plaque inhibition mediated by multichannel regulation macrophages, including lipid metabolism (ABCA1, ABCG1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor), macrophage migration (CCR7) and efferocytosis (MerTK). Material loaded with LXR agonists significantly reduced plaque burden in atherosclerotic model rats, most importantly, it did not cause hepatotoxicity and adverse reactions such as restenosis and thrombosis after material implantation. Both in vivo and in vitro evaluations confirmed its anti-atherosclerotic capability and safety. Overall, multi-functional LXR agonist-loaded materials with pathological microenvironment regulation effect are expected to be promising candidates for anti-atherosclerosis and have potential applications in cardiovascular devices surface engineering.

Drug delivery pathways to the central nervous system via the brain glymphatic system circumventing the blood‐brain barrier

AbstractThe blood‐brain barrier (BBB) poses daunting challenges in treating diseases associated with the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, the traditional notion of the absence of the lymphatic system in the brain is evolving. The discovery of the glymphatic system in the brain has stimulated tremendous interest in developing new strategies for the treatment of CNS diseases. Leveraging the glymphatic system for CNS drug delivery may pave a new avenue to circumvent the BBB and achieve efficient drug delivery. The review focuses on the glymphatic system of the brain, discussing potential factors affecting its functions and exploring their connections with the meningeal lymphatic system. Finally, the review provides an overview of the drug delivery methods through the glymphatic system to circumvent BBB and regulate brain immunity. These innovative drug delivery methods may significantly improve drug utilization and create new avenues for the treatment of brain diseases.

ROS-responsive polyprodrug micelles carrying suicide genes in combination with chemotherapy and gene therapy for prostate cancer treatment.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the male reproductive system, and its incidence increases with age. Chemotherapy is one of the main strategies for treating prostate cancer, but it often comes with unavoidable side effects. Nanocarriers can improve drug utilization and targeting, and cationic carriers can also carry nucleic acids for gene therapy. In this study, we prepared a cationic micelle constructed from a polyprodrug that can deliver both chemotherapeutic drugs and nucleic acids simultaneously. The typical chemotherapeutic drug hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) was linked by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive coupling agents and forms amphiphilic block polymers with low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI). The resulting cationic micelles can be triggered by high levels of ROS in tumor cells and collapse to release HCPT and suicide genes to kill tumor cells. At the same time, it reduces the killing of normal cells. In prostate cancer cells, it has been confirmed that the co-delivery carriers combined with chemotherapy and a suicide gene prodrug system have shown an ideal therapeutic effect on prostate cancer.

Analysis of Pharmacists' Knowledge Level on Drug Management with The Availability of Medicine in Community Health Centers in Padang City

The availability of medicine is one of the factors that can be employed to assess the quality of community health centers and determine customer satisfaction. Pharmacists require a strong foundation in drug management knowledge to ensure the medicine availability. Proficient drug management can enhance the rational use of medications, promote rational prescription practices, and improve drug utilization efficiency. This research aims to ascertain the pharmacist's knowledge level and the availability of medicine while also exploring any potential correlations between pharmacist knowledge and medicine availability. This research adopts a non-experimental study design with cross-sectional data collection. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling techniques, employing a questionnaire to assess pharmacist knowledge levels, as well as Drug Usage Reports and Drug Request Sheets (LPLPO) to evaluate the availability of medicine levels. Data analysis involved the Chi-Square test and Spearman Rank test. The study results indicated that the majority of pharmacists possessed a high level of knowledge (73.7%), while most community health centers have a moderate level of medicine availability (73.7%). The Spearman Rank test revealed no significant correlation between pharmacist knowledge levels and the availability of medicine.

Bone/cartilage targeted hydrogel: Strategies and applications.

The skeletal system is responsible for weight-bearing, organ protection, and movement. Bone diseases caused by trauma, infection, and aging can seriously affect a patient's quality of life. Bone targeted biomaterials are suitable for the treatment of bone diseases. Biomaterials with bone-targeted properties can improve drug utilization and reduce side effects. A large number of bone-targeted micro-nano materials have been developed. However, only a few studies addressed bone-targeted hydrogel. The large size of hydrogel makes it difficult to achieve systematic targeting. However, local targeted hydrogel still has significant prospects. Molecules in bone/cartilage extracellular matrix and bone cells provide binding sites for bone-targeted hydrogel. Drug delivery systems featuring microgels with targeting properties is a key construction strategy for bone-targeted hydrogel. Besides, injectable hydrogel drug depot carrying bone-targeted drugs is another strategy. In this review, we summarize the bone-targeted hydrogel through application environment, construction strategies and disease applications. We hope this article will provide a reference for the development of bone-targeted hydrogels. We also hope this article could increase awareness of bone-targeted materials.

PH-sensitive KHA/CMC-Fe3+@CS hydrogel loading and the drug release properties of riboflavin

To improve drug utilization, reduce the drug administration frequency, increase the release time, and reduce the drug side effects in the human body, we prepared (KHA/CMC-Fe3+)@CS hydrogel spheres using green and natural potassium humate (KHA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and chitosan (CS) as raw materials and Fe3+ as a crosslinking agent, and loaded them with riboflavin for drug sustained-release study using the drop ball method. The tests with FTIR, SEM, TG, and X-ray diffractometer showed that the coordination among KHA, CMC, and Fe3+ formed a three-dimensional network structure, where CS was encapsulated on the surface of the hydrogel spheres via noncovalent bonding, resulting in good thermal stability. The stability, drug loading, swelling, and in vitro release of the (KHA/CMC-Fe3+)@CS hydrogel spheres were investigated. The results showed that the hydrogel spheres were significantly pH-sensitive, with 11.16 g/g higher swelling in an alkaline environment (pH = 7.4) than that in an acidic environment (pH = 1.2). The swelling and drug release process of the hydrogel spheres were analyzed using mathematical models, concluding that the hydrogel swelling follows Schott second-order swelling kinetics, and the drug release mechanism was Fickian delivery mode.

Gelatin-coated indomethacin drug-loaded SBA-16 silica-based composites: pH-responsive slow-release performance

As drug carriers of nanomaterials, especially those capable of generating stimulatory responses, they can change the mechanism of drug metabolism and improve drug utilization. In this paper, a drug-loaded porous silica composite with a pH-responsive type was prepared. This composite was prepared by using three-dimensional caged silica (SBA-16) as the carrier, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) as the silane coupling agent, and indomethacin (IMC) as the drug loading center, respectively. The drug-loaded precursor NH2-SBA-16@IMC was prepared by solution diffusion adsorption. Finally, the pH-responsive drug-loaded composite NH2-SBA-16@IMC@GA was synthesized by wrapping the NH2-SBA-16@IMC with a condensation polymer of gelatin and glutaraldehyde. The loading of IMC into the aminopropyl-modified SBA-16 cage pores was demonstrated by various characterization techniques. The in vitro simulated release performance of the drug-loaded composite was investigated at 37 °C under three pH conditions. The results show that the NH2-SBA-16@IMC@GA can be released in response to the pH environment of the colon, which can effectively control the release speed of the drug indomethacin.

Therapeutic poly(amino acid)s as drug carriers for cancer therapy

As one of the top global health problems, the effective treatment of cancer is one of the most urgent clinical challenges. Currently, the main treatments for cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and gene therapy etc. Chemotherapy is one of the most commonly used treatments, however it has limitations such as highly toxic side effects and low drug utilization rate that limit its application. Gene therapy, as an emerging cancer treatment, has limitations such as drug instability, off-target effects and low internalization efficiency. Poly(amino acid)s carriers with good biocompatibility, degradability and multifunctionality as drug carriers have received much attention, as they can reduce the toxic side effects of chemotherapy, improve drug utilization, and enhance the internalization efficiency and utilization of gene drugs. However, little attention has been paid to the nature of the carriers themselves. This paper reviews the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, internalization-promoting and apoptosis-promoting functions of poly(amino acid)s drug carriers in tumor therapy to provide a theoretical basis for different carrier-drug-adapted synergistic therapies.

Lubricant-entrenched slippery surface-based nanocarriers to avoid macrophage uptake and improve drug utilization

IntroductionReducing the protein adsorption of nanoparticles (NPs) as drug carriers to slow their rapid clearance by macrophages uptake is a critical challenge for NPs clinical translational applications. Despite extensive research efforts to inhibit cellular uptake, including covering biological agents or surface chemical coatings to impart “stealth” properties to NPs, their stability remains insufficient. ObjectivesDeveloped a novel surface modification technology based on a physical infusion engineering approach to achieve persistent inhibition of protein adhesion and cellular uptake by nanocarriers. MethodsThe nanoparticles were prepared based on conventional drug carrier mesoporous silica NPs through a two-step process. A functional nanoscale slippery surface was formed by grafting “liquid-like” brushes on the particles surface, and then a lubricant-entrenched slippery surfaces (LESS) was formed by infusing silicone oil lubricant into the entire surface. Co-incubation with macrophages (in vitro and in vivo) was used to examine the anti-uptake properties of modified NPs. The anti-adhesion properties of LESS coating surfaces to various liquids, proteins and cells were used to analyze the anti-uptake mechanism. Loaded with drugs, combined with tumor models, to evaluate the drug utilization of modified NPs. ResultsRelying on the stable and slippery LESS coating, the modified surface could prevent the adhesion of various liquids and effectively shield against the adhesion of proteins and cells, as well as remarkably reduce macrophage cellular uptake in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the LESS coating does not affect cell activity and allows NPs to be loaded with drugs, significantly improving the utilization of drugs in vitro and in vivo. This allows the NPs to reach to the target tumor site for drug delivery without active clearance by macrophages. ConclusionOur research introduces a new nanocarrier technology to improve anti-biofouling performance and stealth efficiency that will facilitate the development of nanomedicines for clinical transformation applications.

Drug utilization study of antiepileptic drugs in the pediatric department, tertiary care hospital, Bangalore, India.

ABSTRACTObjective:The main objective of the present study is to find out the loose links between prescription of medication and its utilization in the pediatric department, especially with drugs that belong to the antiepileptic medication category.Methodology:This prospective observational study was carried out for 6 months in the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangalore. The study was conducted on 100 patients receiving antiepileptic medication. The patient demographics and all medically relevant information were noted in a predefined data collection form.Results:The study showed that the maximum number of patients receiving antiepileptic medication belongs to the age group of 2–6 years. While comparing the prevalence of ADR levetiracetam, phenytoin and clobazam were identified which are associated with ADR. The highly prescribed drug was valproic acid and carbamazepine. The ADRs documented were loss of appetite, vomiting, anemia, and Steven–Johnson syndrome. Evaluation of prescription was performed, which is a major factor in drug-related ADRs. In the discussion part, various methods of improvement in the prevention of ADRs due to prescription error have been suggested which can improve drug utilization and precaution. An economic study was done in the end to put a light on the cost-effective treatment therapy which might improve patient adherence.Conclusion:It was concluded that valproic acid was a highly prescribed drug and carbamazepine was the second-most prescribed drug. It was found that majority of prescription was without a generic name and with inappropriate abbreviations.

A Potent Strategy of Combinational Blow Toward Enhanced Cancer Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy via Sustainable GSH Elimination.

Excessive glutathione (GSH), which is produced owing to abnormal metabolism of tumor cells, scavenges photo-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consumes chemotherapeutic drugs, thereby attenuating the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy, respectively. Predominant strategies for GSH inhibition involve its chemical depletion, which only leads to a temporary therapeutic effect because GSH is replenished via various compensatory routes in tumor cells. Here, a versatile GSH-inhibiting nanosystem (termed PCNPs) for persistent synergistic therapy of cancer is reported. The porous skeleton of PCNPs allows easy encapsulation of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to sustainably suppress the biosynthesis of GSH. Thus, PCNPs not only demonstrate a prolonged release of BSO and improve drug utilization for efficient chemotherapy, but also act as an efficient photo-induced singlet oxygen radical generator that prevents the loss of ROS, thereby enhancing photodynamic therapy. In addition, the liposomal coating prevents cargo release in the blood, improves the accumulation of PCNPs at the tumor site, and promotes the cellular uptake of oxaliplatin and BSO. This strategy is applicable to ROS-based therapy and chemotherapy, which are suppressed by GSH, and may further enhance the synergistic effect of GSH-restrained therapy.

Future trends in magnetic source device design for magnetic targeted drug delivery system

Magnetic targeted drug delivery systems can improve drug utilization and reduce drug side effects. There are still many difficulties to be overcome in clinical practice. The main problems include providing large enough magnetic capture particles to concentrate drug-loaded magnetic micro-nanoparticles (MNPs) to the lesion site. The existing research focuses on the development of targeted carriers, and the magnet device has not formed a mature research system. Based on the recent development of magnet devices in recent years, this paper proposes the research direction of potential magnet devices. From the dynamic behavior of the particles under the magnetic field, the magnetic system and the mathematical model design direction of the optimized magnet are developed. This article describes the obstacles encountered in drug targeting in the study of magnet devices and summarizes the potential development of future magnet devices.

User experience with the Ask Your Pharmacist teleconsultation platform.

Background:An increasing number of pharmacists use technology and social media to connect with patients. However, such means may pose confidentiality issues and legal problems. To correct this situation, a platform of teleconsultation services provided by pharmacists, titled “Ask Your Pharmacist,” was created in Quebec, Canada.Methods:A web-based satisfaction survey was carried out among patients and pharmacists who have used the Ask Your Pharmacist platform to describe their experience and satisfaction with the platform and explore the perceived usefulness of this service in the province of Quebec.Results:A total of 53 patients and 27 pharmacists completed the survey. Most patients were satisfied or very satisfied with their experience with Ask Your Pharmacist (96.2%), said that it met their need (88.7%), and agreed they would not have to consult again about the matter discussed with the pharmacist (75.5%). The main motivation of pharmacists for volunteering on Ask Your Pharmacist was to meet the needs of patients (85.1%), promote their profession (55.6%), improve drug utilization in the population (55.6%) and increase accessibility to a pharmacist (51.9%). Most (81.5%) felt that providing written consultation (rather than oral) required more research on their part.Discussion:Most patients judged they would not have to have another consultation about the matter discussed with the pharmacist, suggesting that Ask Your Pharmacist may avoid the need for physician and emergency department visits.Conclusion:Most patients and pharmacists were satisfied with their experience with Ask Your Pharmacist and perceived this service as useful. Further studies should assess the impact of this platform on the utilization of other health care services. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021;154:xx-xx.

Web-based education of the elderly improves drug utilization literacy: A randomized controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of web-based education in the field of drug utilization on elderly individuals' knowledge of, concerns about and self-assessed understanding of drug utilization. The 260 included participants were randomized to a control group or an intervention group. To assess drug utilization literacy, we used a questionnaire containing 20 multiple-choice questions on drug utilization and ten statements about drug utilization (to which participants graded their response using a Likert scale: two about common concerns and eight about their self-assessed understanding of drug utilization). The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-General was also used. The intervention group scored higher on the knowledge questions (p < 0.001) and on six of the eight statements about self-assessed understanding of drug utilization at the first check after 2 weeks (p < 0.05). At a second check 6 months later, the difference remained for the knowledge questions, but there was no difference in self-assessed understanding of drug utilization between the groups. There were no differences in the concerns about drug utilization or beliefs about medication at any time. We conclude that a web-based education can improve drug utilization literacy in elderly individuals and might contribute to the safer use of medications.

PEG-poly(amino acid)s/EpCAM aptamer multifunctional nanoparticles arrest the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer.

Tanshinone II-A (TSIIA) is a derivative of a phenanthrene-quinone extracted from a TCM herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and has been widely adopted in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). It is known that TSIIA can lead to the apoptosis and differentiation of certain cell lines and it suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of tumors. However, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability when taken orally have prevented this drug being utilized effectively in the body. A nanoparticle (NP) drug carrier system is a technology that can effectively improve drug utilization and targeting ability. In this study, a new NP drug carrier system is reported: EpCAM targeting TSIIA-encapsulated poly(amino acid)s NPs (EpCAM-TSIIA-NPs). The results show that this new targeted NP drug carrier system has higher cytotoxicity, better water solubility and better targeting ability, and can effectively suppress the proliferation and metastasis of tumors. In addition, the invasion and metastasis mechanism of colorectal cancer (CRC) under β-catenin nuclear meditation suppressed by EpCAM-TSIIA-NPs is also discussed. It is found that the immune-targeted type EpCAM-TSIIA-NPs could effectively enhance the expression of APC and axin when compared to normal NPs. It could improve the stability of β-catenin destruction complex and suppress the occurrence and progression of tumors by stopping the nuclear activities of β-catenin.

Traceability of Pediatric Antibiotic Purchasing Pathways in Italy: A Nationwide Real-World Drug Utilization Analysis.

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to describe the purchasing patterns of a set of antibiotics used exclusively in an out-patient pediatric setting in Italy using the Farma360 wholesale drug database (IQVIA Solutions Italy), identifying the proportion of medications which are not captured by Italian National Health Service (NHS) pharmacy claims databases and examining the implications of such findings from a public health and pharmaceutical policy perspective.MethodsUsing a systematic approach, sixty-six antibiotic pediatric formulations were selected for the 5 most commonly used antibiotics in Italy in children and adolescents: amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and cefixime. The Farma360 wholesale drug purchasing database was used to identify the yearly proportion of antibiotics not purchased based on NHS reimbursement in primary care from 2015–2017 at the national level. The relationship between product cost and purchase outside the NHS was assessed by a scatterplot. All analyses were stratified by geographic area: Northwest, Northeast, Central and Southern Italy.ResultsThe proportion of antibiotics not reimbursed by the NHS increased nationally from 24% in 2015 to 29% in 2017. The antibiotic with the highest proportion of purchases outside the NHS was amoxicillin, with almost two-thirds of all amoxicillin purchases in Southern Italy being made in this way in 2017. The relationship between antibiotic price and antibiotic purchase outside the NHS was almost linear for many geographic areas.ConclusionsThis study showed that a large proportion of antibiotics with a pediatric formulation is purchased outside the NHS drug purchasing pathway, especially in Southern Italy, indicating that it is not possible to fully monitor drug utilization, including appropriateness, for these antibiotics. A better strategy is needed to improve drug utilization monitoring, such as better data collection or data linkage.

The Raison D'être for the Community Pharmacy and the Community Pharmacist in Sweden: A Qualitative Interview Study.

Community pharmacies are balancing between business (selling medicines and other products) and healthcare (using the pharmacists’ knowledge in order to improve drug utilization). This balance could be affected by regulations decided upon by politicians, but also influenced by others. The aim of this study was to explore important stakeholders’ views on community pharmacy and community pharmacists in Sweden. The method used was that of semi-structured qualitative interviews. Political, professional, and patient organization representatives were interviewed. The results show that informants who are pharmacists or representatives of a professional pharmacist organization generally have a healthcare-centered view on community pharmacy/pharmacists. However, different views on how this orientation should be performed were revealed, ranging from being specialists to dealing with uncomplicated tasks. Political organization representatives generally had a more business-oriented view, where competition in the market was believed to be the main driving force for development. A third dimension in which competition was not stressed also emerged; that community pharmacies should primarily distribute medicines. This dimension was most prevalent among the political and patient organization representatives. One conclusion to be drawn is that no stakeholder seemed to have a clear vision or was willing to take the lead for the development of the community pharmacy sector.

OP30 Therapeutic approach in endothelial dysfunction by a novel implantable endogenous hydrogen sulfide loaded electrospun fibrous membranes

Recently, it has been reported that Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) plays an anti-atherosclerotic role both in vitro and in vivo . Its deficiency leads to early development and progression of atherosclerosis especially. This study was designed to investigate S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC), an H 2 S modulator, as well as its effect on the progression of endothelial-protective effect in oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) induced apoptosis in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and underlying mechanisms. Implantable biodegradable SPRC-loaded poly (l-lactide) (PLA) fibrous membranes were successfully fabricated using co-electrospinning technology to control drug release and improve drug utilization. Polymeric drug delivery systems are capable of improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing toxicity, and enhancing patient compliance due to their controlled delivery of drugs. Electrospinning is a remarkably simple and powerful technique used to generate polymeric fibers at a sub-micrometer scale (ranging from approximately 50 nm to several μm). Biodegradable electrospun poly (l-lactide) (PLA, FDA) was demonstrated their potential as effective carriers for drug delivery. Implantable biodegradable SPRC-loaded poly (l-lactide) (PLA) fibrous membranes were successfully fabricated using co-electrospinning technology to control drug release and improve drug utilization. The in vivo releasing time of SPRC lasted for 72 h, and the drug concentration released in HUVECs could be controlled by varying the drug content of the electrospun fibers. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′- tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) assays indicated that SPRC/PLA electrospun fibrous membranes significantly inhibited the HUVECs apoptosis. In addition, Marginal changes in the lipid parameters were found in the SPRC/PLA electrospun fibrous membranes-treated HUVECs, with advanced glycation end products (AGES), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipid cholesterol (HDL-C) elevation reduction at the 6% dose. These findings suggested that SPRC/PLA electrospun membrane is a very promising new treatment for early and long-term treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

In vivo inhibition of hypertrophic scars by implantable ginsenoside-Rg3-loaded electrospun fibrous membranes

Clinically, hypertrophic scarring (HS) is a major concern for patients and has been a challenge for surgeons, as there is a lack of treatments that can intervene early in the formation of HS. This study reports on a Chinese drug, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (GS-Rg3), which can inhibit in vivo the early formation of HS and later HS hyperplasia by inducing the apoptosis of fibroblasts, inhibiting inflammation and down-regulating VEGF expression. Implantable biodegradable GS-Rg3-loaded poly(l-lactide) (PLA) fibrous membranes were successfully fabricated using co-electrospinning technology to control drug release and improve drug utilization. The in vivo releasing time of GS-Rg3 lasts for 3months, and the drug concentration released in rabbits can be controlled by varying the drug content of the electrospun fibers. Histological observations of HE staining indicate that GS-Rg3/PLA significantly inhibits the HS formation, with obvious improvements in terms of dermis layer thickness, epidermis layer thickness and fibroblast proliferation. The results of immunohistochemistry staining and Masson’s trichrome staining demonstrate that GS-Rg3/PLA electrospun fibrous membranes significantly inhibit HS formation, with decreased expression of collagen fibers and microvessels. VEGF protein levels are much lower in the group treated with GS-Rg3/PLA eletrospun membranes compared with other groups. These results demonstrate that GS-Rg3 is a novel drug, capable of inhibiting the early formation of HS and later HS hyperplasia. GS-Rg3/PLA electrospun membrane is a very promising new treatment for early and long-term treatment of HS.

PhRMA White Paper on ADME Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomic (PGx) research on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of drugs has begun to have impact for both drug development and utilization. To provide a cross-industry perspective on the utility of ADME PGx, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) conducted a survey of major pharmaceutical companies on their PGx practices and applications during 2003-2005. This white paper summarizes and interprets the results of the survey, highlights the contributions and applications of PGx by industrial scientists as reflected by original research publications, and discusses changes in drug labels that improve drug utilization by inclusion of PGx information. In addition, the paper includes a brief review on the clinically relevant genetic variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters most relevant to the pharmaceutical industry.