Improper Land Research Articles

Persistent heat islands monitoring of Tehran metropolis using temporal analysis of Landsat-8 satellite images.

The management and design of urban areas in metropolises pose significant challenges. Balancing diverse land uses within a metropolitan structure and addressing spatial and environmental constraints are just some of these challenges. Urban heat islands, which stem from factors such as inappropriate construction materials, inadequate building insulation, improper land use locations, and unsuitable built-up density, reflect environmental imbalances within urban infrastructure. Effectively addressing these temperature discrepancies can lead to energy preservation, reduced environmental hazards, and enhanced comfort for urban residents. This study employed Landsat-8 satellite images to identify and monitor positive and convex temperature disparities across various districts of Tehran over 3years (2018 to 2020) using three different strategies. These disparities are estimated through the differences in land surface temperature from the thermal trend of each district and their persistence has been assessed in seasonal, semi-annual, and annual strategies. The study found that industrial areas, including warehouses, were the significant contributors to the persistent presence of urban heat islands in summer and winter. Open areas with impervious surfaces or bare soil, particularly those lacking sufficient green cover, also significantly contributed to the heat island effect. Certain large shopping centers, often due to their air conditioning systems, were also consistently identified as persistent heat islands. Evaluations demonstrated that over 78.8% of the identified persistent heat islands were meaningful, with most located in the northern and western parts of Tehran.

Spatial analysis and assessment of soil erosion in the southern Western Ghats region in India.

Soil erosion is expected to worsen in the future as a result of climate change, growing population demands, improper land use, and excessive exploitation of natural resources in India. Due to the growing population and changes in land use, it has become increasingly crucial to map and quantitatively assess soil for the purpose of sustainable agricultural usage and planning conservation efforts. The problem of soil erosion is mainly on steeper slopes with intense rainfall in parts of Western Ghats. The 20.17% of geographical area have been converted into wasteland due to soil erosion. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a highly prevalent and effective technique utilized for estimating soil loss in order to facilitate the planning of erosion control measures. Despite the fact that RUSLE is accurately estimate sediment yields from gully erosion, it is an effective tool in estimating sheet and rill erosions losses from diverse land uses like agricultural to construction sites. The current study is mainly about combining the RUSLE model with GIS (Geographic Information System) to find out how much soil is being lost, particularly in Noyyal and Sanganur watersheds which is located in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. This analysis is based on the soil order, with a significant proportion of alfisols and inceptisols being considered. The obtained outcome is contrasted with the established soil loss tolerance threshold, leading to the identification of the areas with the highest susceptibility to erosion. Within the narrower and more inclined section of the watershed, yearly soil loss scales from 0 to 5455 tonnes/ha/year, with an average annual loss of soil of 2.44 tonnes/ha. The severe soil erosion of 100 to 5455 tonnes/ha/year is found along the steep and greater slope length. The generated soil map was classified into six categories: very slight, slight, moderate, high, severe, and very severe. These classifications, respectively, occupied 6.23%, 14.88%, 10.56%, 15.70%, 7.73%, and 6.63% of the basin area. Based on the results of cross-validation, the estimated result of the present study was found to be very high compared to past studies conducted 0 to 368.12 tonnes/ha/year especially in very severe erosion zones. But very slight to severe erosion zones nearly matched with same level of soil loss. To protect the soil in the study area from erosion, more specific actions should be taken. These include micro-catchment, broad bed furrows, up-and-down farming, soil amendment with coconut coir pith composition, streambank stabilization with vegetation, and micro-water harvesting with abandoned well recharge. These actions should be carried out over time to make sure to work.

Predicting soil erosion risk using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model and geo‐spatial methods

AbstractAnthropogenic activities like overgrazing, deforestation and mismanaged land use accelerate soil erosion (SE), causing nutritional and organic matter loss. In this study, we predicted the annual rate of soil loss in the Salt Range, extending south from the Pothohar plateau, Pakistan, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The RUSLE model parameters and erosion probability zones were estimated using remote sensing and Geo‐Spatial methods. The annual average soil loss rates were calculated by considering five geo‐environmental factors, that is, slope length and steepness (LS), rainfall erosivity (R), cover management (C), soil erodibility (K), and conservation practice (P) range from 0–559 527, 1404–4431, 0–1, −0.14 to 1.64, and 0.2–122 respectively. This research determined that the yearly average rate of SE in the Salt Range varies from over 50 to above 350 . The distribution of land area across different SE probability zones reveals that a small portion (2.11%) is classified as High, a moderate portion (7.13%) falls under the category of Moderate, while the majority (90.7%) is classified as Low in terms of proneness towards erosion. The land devoid of vegetation and characterized by steep slopes is especially prone to SE. The Salt Range is highly vulnerable to SE risk due to climatic variations and improper land use practices. The result provides a spatial distribution of SE across the salt range, utilized for management planning processes and conservation at the policy level among decision‐makers and land‐use planners.

Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders involved in local-level flood risk management: a study in the Deduru Oya basin in Sri Lanka

PurposeDisasters are occurring worldwide, and Sri Lanka has also become a victim of multiple disasters. Though there is a disaster management mechanism from the national level to the local level in Sri Lanka, several gaps are identified in pre- and postdisaster management activities. Among them, the responsibilities of local-level stakeholders in flood management activities are not performing at a satisfactory level. Therefore, the flood damage from the previous events was too great. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess the roles, responsibilities and performance of stakeholders involved in local-level flood risk management activities.Design/methodology/approachThe Deduru Oya basin in Sri Lanka was selected as the study area. The study hypothesized that “ineffective roles, responsibilities and performance of local level stakeholders have weakened the flood risk management in the Deduru Oya basin.” The stratified random sampling method selected the sample (n = 425) from the flood-vulnerable population. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and field observations. Secondary data were collected from reports, work plans, journal papers and published maps. Descriptive data analysis methods and thematic data analysis methods were used in the study.FindingsAbout 69% of the respondents state that they are not satisfied with the involvement of government agencies in local-level flood risk management activities, while 10% of the respondents state that they are satisfied. The thematic analysis reveals several gaps, such as the lack of reservations in the Deduru Oya, improper land use practices, no inundation areas are identified and mapped out and the effects of illegal sand mining in the Deduru Oya. In addition to that, the lack of legal power vested in local governments in disaster management and the weaknesses of current legislation on flood risk management are the other major courses of local-level ineffectiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThe current research was limited to studying the involvement of local-level stakeholders in flood risk management, but the involvement of subnational and national-level stakeholders should be studied in future research.Originality/valueThis paper examines the involvement of local-level stakeholders in flood risk management. The results of the study confirm that the roles and responsibilities of local-level stakeholders are not well-defined and mandated, and therefore, the performance of stakeholders involved is minimal. Therefore, the results highlight the need for a well-established community-based flood risk management mechanism.

Changes in soil microbial diversity under present land degradation scenario

Soil biological characteristics are drastically altered by land degradation. Degradation may reduce the number of microorganisms in the soil. Multiple activities and services provided by grassland ecosystems are impacted by land use change because of the resulting shifts in plant community composition and soil characteristics. A large body of research has examined the geographical and temporal dynamics of bacterial community structure and bacterial responses to human management in grassland ecosystems. As one of the most consequential environmental shifts occurring today, land use modification can affect microbial communities through modifying soil environmental parameters, nutritional conditions, and biological interactions. Whereas, soil microbes play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, disease suppression, and overall soil health. Land degradation practices, such as deforestation, overgrazing, intensive agriculture, and improper land management, can disrupt the balance and diversity of soil microbial communities, leading to negative consequences for ecosystem functioning. To mitigate the negative effects of land degradation on soil microbial communities, sustainable land management practices should be adopted. These practices include soil conservation, reforestation, crop rotation, reduced tillage, organic farming methods, and proper nutrient management. By promoting soil health and restoring ecosystem processes, these approaches can help rebuild and maintain diverse and functional soil microbial communities.The purpose of this review is twofold: (1) to assess the diversity and composition of soil microorganisms in response to distinct land-use scenarios; and (2) to compare the relative importance of environmental factors driving these variations.

Sustainable urban transportation performance in Ankara: A comparative study

Urban mobility is increasing rapidly due to the increasing population, number of motor vehicles and economic developments in Türkiye. Private vehicles are given priority in ur-ban transportation policies and practices in metropolitan municipalities. Therefore, prob-lems such as traffic congestion, delays, air pollution, noise, improper land use, traffic ac-cidents and decrease quality of life are experienced. Although sustainable transportation is generally referred to with air pollution, global warming and climate change; It refers to a wide transportation structure that is sustainable in terms of economic, social and envi-ronmental effects. In this study, Ankara's sustainable urban transportation performance was compared with İstanbul, İzmir, Konya and Antalya, using the Sustainable Urban Transportation Index (SURKENT), which was previously developed by the author. In SURKENT, 15 sub-indicators are defined under 4 main indicators. The main indicators are Environmental Performance (EP), Transportation Performance (TP), Energy Perfor-mance (EnP) and Municipality Governance Performance (MGP). 4 sub-indicators were used under Environmental Performance, 7 under Transportation Performance, 2 under Energy Performance and 2 sub-indicators under Municipality Governance Performance. Minimum-maximum normalization was used for sub-indicators containing quantitative data, and 0-100 scoring was used for qualitative data. The ranking of cities with the high-est sustainable urban transportation performance was found as follows: İstanbul, İzmir, Konya, Ankara, Antalya. Ankara; it is 3rd in EP, 3rd in TP, 5th in EnP and 2nd in MGP.

Awareness of the Impact of Urbanization on Land Use Change in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Urbanisation is imminent especially in a city with high expectation of expanding due to its function as an administrative area in which Yenagoa is not exempted. This study therefore examined the knowledge and awareness of the residents on the impacts of urbanisation on land use change in Yenagoa Metropolis. Five hundred and sixty copies of the questionnaire were administered to elicit information on the perception of residents on the impacts of urbanisation on other land use types. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for the data analysis in the study. Findings showed that the majority perceived that population increase, job opportunities and infrastructural developments are the major factors responsible for the development in Yenagoa while increases in the cost of living, poor standard of living, and increase in crime are the challenges of development in Yenagoa. However, 39% of respondents agreed that forest was the highest land cover in the past 20 years while 60.2% agreed that the built-up area was the highest at present land cover. They concluded that the public is adequately aware of the effects of urbanisation on other land use types and there were no designed ways of getting out of the problem. It is therefore recommended among others that a campaign against deforestation should be encouraged and sensitizing people on the effects of improper land use change should also be established and maintained.

Focusing on structural changes and future risks of ecosystems: An opportunity-cost based ecosystem service account for riparian ecosystems and its case study

The riparian is a buffer zone between the river and human society, and improper land development will increase the ecological vulnerability of the river basin. Different evaluation methods for the ecological impact of development behavior will produce different value perception results, which in turn will affect the judgment and choice of decision-makers and the public. Based on the construction of an opportunity-cost-based monetary valuation method in the SEEA-EA (System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting), this study took the riparian under the influence of the Xiaolangdi Project of the Yellow River from 1990 to 2020 as the research object, and evaluated the impact of land development decisions on ecosystem services under the superimposed influence of major projects, policies and socio-economic changes. The results show that: (1) The inclusion of opportunity costs can reduce the distortion of ecological value caused by economic factors and supply–demand state. In the case study, the opportunity cost of each 5-year accounting period in 30 years reduced the total accounting value respectively by 196.76, 25.88, 80.57, 84.33, 27.96, and 577.48 million yuan. (2) Opportunity cost can effectively reflect the ecological profit and loss caused by land transformation between different ecosystem types caused by decision-making in different periods. From 2015 to 2020, the opportunity cost of ecosystems was high when the total ecological land in the riparian increased, which reflected the drastic changes in land use during the decision-making period. (3) Opportunity costs are included in the monetary account as part of the “stock reduction”, which directly reflects the risk of ecological land reduction and structural change caused by development behavior. This mixed account of physical and monetary stocks can reflect both physical changes in ecosystem services and ecological risks, thereby improving stakeholders’ scientific understanding of the fluctuations in the value of ecosystem services caused by riparian land use.

A deep transfer learning model for green environment security analysis in smart city

Green environmental security refers to the state of human-environment interactions that include reducing resource shortages, pollution, and biological dangers that can cause societal disorder. In IoT-enabled smart cities, due to the advancement of technologies, sensors and actuators collect vast quantities of data that are analyzed to extract potentially useful information. However, due to the noise and diversity of the data generated, only a small portion of the massive data collected from smart cities is used. In sustainable Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) management, environmental deterioration resulting from improper land usage in the digital ecosystem is a global issue that has garnered attention. The deep learning techniques of AI are recognized for their capacity to manage vast amounts of erroneous and unstructured data. In this paper, we propose a morphologically augmented fine-tuned DenseNet-121(MAFDN) LULC classification model to automate the categorization of high spatial resolution scene images for environmental conservation. This work includes an augmentation process (i.e. erosion, dilation, blurring, and contrast enhancement operations) to extract spatial patterns and enlarge the training size of the dataset. A few state-of-the-art techniques are incorporated for contrasting the efficacy of the proposed approach. This facilitates green resource management and personalized provision of services.

Estimating Sediment Yield at Sungai Pusu Watershed using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model

Sediment yield is the net result of soil erosion and sediment deposition processes. In the watershed, sediment yields are dominantly determined by stream flow, drainage area, and channel size. Land-use activity conducted by human is one of the major contributions to the sediment yield in the watershed. The study area covered in this study is the Sungai Pusu which flows through International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Significant amount of sediments is deposited in Sungai Pusu due to the improper land clearing activities that are taking place along the river’s main tributaries. As a result, the water quality of Sungai Pusu is rapidly deteriorating. Sediment yield estimation is crucial in order to design suitable measure to rehabilitate the river. The aim of this study is to estimate sediment yield at Sungai Pusu watershed using SWAT model. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to evaluate sedimentation over time in the Sungai Pusu watershed. The SWAT model was performed to simulate water balance, stream flow, and sediment yield. The annual sediment yield obtained by the model is 427-ton ha-1 year-1.

Simulating the effect of urban sprawl on air quality and outdoor human thermal comfort in a cold city, Erzurum, Turkey.

Research on climate-sensitive urban planning is important to improve the quality of city life. Cold climate cities should respect climatic characteristics to diversify outdoor uses and increase air quality to maximize the benefits of winter. This study is aimed to explore the impact of changing urban pattern on air pollution and outdoor human thermal comfort conditions (HTCCs) in a newly developed urban area in Şükrüpaşa neighbourhood, Erzurum, among the coldest cities in Turkey, with high PM10 and low HTCCs levels. Sensitivity of urban development pattern to climate conditions and its suitability to eliminate the winter disturbances caused by HTCCs and air pollution were investigated by producing maps for HTCCs and air pollution using morphological, meteorological and spatial data and ENVI-met model in winter period of 2017 and 2022. It was found that newly developed areas increase the unfavourable conditions in terms of air quality, temperature and HTCCs due to the reasons like improper land uses, urban sprawl, high urban density and ventilation problems. In high-elevated cold cities, spatial planning and design principles should strictly be followed by incorporating climate knowledge and without revising the spatial decisions.

Assessment of Land Ecological Security Based on the Boston Model: A Case Study from China

Land resources are essential natural resources and strategic economic resources for human survival and development. However, human improper use has brought unprecedented pressure and challenges to the ecosystem. Therefore, the assessment and analysis of land ecological security status and the identification and diagnosis of obstacles affecting land ecological security are helpful to avoid land ecological security problems caused by improper land use at the source and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable use of land resources and the construction of ecological civilization in China. Based on the data from 2006 to 2020, this study constructed the land ecological risk-evaluation index system and land ecological health-evaluation index system. AHP, entropy method, combination weighting method, TOPSIS model, Boston matrix and obstacle degree model were used to assess the land ecological security situation in Nanyang City and to analyze the obstacle factors. The results show the following: (1) during the study period, the land ecological risk value of Nanyang City exhibited a Kuznets inverted “U” curve change, while the land ecological health value showed a “U” curve change; (2) the overall level of land ecological security in Nanyang City has gradually improved, with a security level pattern of “relatively safe (2006–2020)–unsafe (2011–2016)–relatively safe (2017–2019)–safe (2020)”; (3) the main obstacle factors of land ecosystem were the following: erosion area, sewage discharge, area of waterlogging control, grain sown area, coverage of urban green built-up area and farmland effective irrigated area.

Land degradation vulnerability mapping in a west coast river basin of India using analytical hierarchy process combined machine learning models.

Assessment and modelling of land degradation are crucial for the management of natural resources and sustainable development. The current study aims to evaluate land degradation by integrating various parameters derived from remote sensing and legacy data with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) combined machine learning models for the Mandovi river basin of western India. Various land degradation conditioning factors comprising of topographical, vegetation, pedological, and climatic variables were considered. Integration of the factors was performed through weighted overlay analysis to generate the AHP-based land degradation map. The output of AHP was then used with land degradation conditioning factors to build AHP combined gradient boosting machine (AHP-GBM), random forest (AHP-RF), and support vector machine (AHP-SVM) model. The model performances were assessed through an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC). The AHP-RF model recorded the highest AUC (0.996) followed by AHP-SVM (0.987), AHP (0.977), and AHP-GBM (0.975). The study revealed that AHP combined with RF could significantly improve the model performance over solo AHP. High rainfall with high slopes and improper land use were the major causes of land degradation in the study area. The findings of the current study will aid the policymakers to formulate land degradation action plans through implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures.

Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress.

Soil salinization is a severe abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and development, leading to physiological abnormalities and ultimately threatening global food security. The condition arises from excessive salt accumulation in the soil, primarily due to anthropogenic activities such as irrigation, improper land uses, and overfertilization. The presence of Na⁺, Cl-, and other related ions in the soil above normal levels can disrupt plant cellular functions and lead to alterations in essential metabolic processes such as seed germination and photosynthesis, causing severe damage to plant tissues and even plant death in the worst circumstances. To counteract the effects of salt stress, plants have developed various mechanisms, including modulating ion homeostasis, ion compartmentalization and export, and the biosynthesis of osmoprotectants. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have enabled the identification of genes and proteins involved in plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. This review provides a short overview of the impact of salinity stress on plants and the underlying mechanisms of salt-stress tolerance, particularly the functions of salt-stress-responsive genes associated with these mechanisms. This review aims at summarizing recent advances in our understanding of salt-stress tolerance mechanisms, providing the key background knowledge for improving crops' salt tolerance, which could contribute to the yield and quality enhancement in major crops grown under saline conditions or in arid and semiarid regions of the world.

The grassland carbon cycle: Mechanisms, responses to global changes, and potential contribution to carbon neutrality.

Grassland is one of the largest terrestrial biomes, providing critical ecosystem services such as food production, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation. Global climate change and land-use intensification have been causing grassland degradation and desertification worldwide. As one of the primary medium for ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycling, grassland carbon (C) cycling is the most fundamental process for maintaining ecosystem services. In this review, we first summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning spatial and temporal patterns of the grassland C cycle, discuss the importance of grasslands in regulating inter- and intra-annual variations in global C fluxes, and explore the previously unappreciated complexity in abiotic processes controlling the grassland C balance, including soil inorganic C accumulation, photochemical and thermal degradation, and wind erosion. We also discuss how climate and land-use changes could alter the grassland C balance by modifying the water budget, nutrient cycling and additional plant and soil processes. Further, we examine why and how increasing aridity and improper land use may induce significant losses in grassland C stocks. Finally, we identify several priorities for future grassland C research, including improving understanding of abiotic processes in the grassland C cycle, strengthening monitoring of grassland C dynamics by integrating ground inventory, flux monitoring, and modern remote sensing techniques, and selecting appropriate plant species combinations with suitable traits and strong resistance to climate fluctuations, which would help design sustainable grassland restoration strategies in a changing climate.

Causes, Effects and Potential Health Risk of Gully Erosion Menace in Calabar Municipal: Residence Perspective

Purpose: The present study sought to investigate the potential health risk associated with gully erosion in addition to environment effect which is commonly investigated upon by researchers. The prevalence of gullies in Calabar Municipal was also a unique factor in this study.
 Methodology: Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The main instrument for gathering primary data was the questionnaire design by the researcher and validated with a reliability coefficient of .76. Descriptive statistics of mean, and graphs were used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested using dependent t-test at .05 level of significant.
 Findings: The findings revealed that human activities such as farming, intensive and short-period rainfall, improper land use, improper irrigation design, improper discharge of water in the channels¸ soil characteristics where the cause of gully erosion in the study area; while open grassing was not part of the cause of gully erosion in the study area. it was further discovered that effect of gully erosion included, Loss of farmland, threat to vegetations and biodiversity, loss of properties, increase poverty and famine, expansion of degraded land, increase surface runoff, low agricultural production, environmental destruction with significant health implication p<.00<.05.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concluded that there is need for adequate funding, committed political will (not lip-service) and well-articulated sustainable policies are required in other to solve the problems of gully erosion in Calabar municipal.

Genetic Structure of the Endemic Fiddler Crab Uca (Xeruca) formosensis on the West Coast of Taiwan.

Xeruca formosensis is the only endemic species of fiddler crab on the west coast of Taiwan. However, its natural habitats and populations have been compromised by excessive anthropogenic activities and improper land use over the past four decades. In light of these changes, we sought to evaluate the genetic diversity and gene flow of the species by examining the genetic variation of X. formosensis at different sampling locations. To this end, we performed molecular analyses of three endonuclease-amplified fragment length polymorphisms (TE-AFLP) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) marker from leg muscle samples. We found that the genetic variation within sampling locations was higher than that among sampling locations, and the expected heterozygosity of genetic diversity (Hj) was 0.152 for TE-AFLP data. Meanwhile, the COI marker showed high haplotype diversity (h = 0.976 ± 0.008) and a low genetic differentiation level (FST = 0.021) in X. formosensis populations. Importantly, the genetic connectivity of X. formosensis may be influenced by larval-stage crabs drifting between coastal and marine habitats. As such, crab gene flow is promoted among populations by larval exchange via nearshore currents. Although X. formosensis has high gene flow, the species could undergo an extinction crisis if the population sizes continue to decline, as with most endangered species. In order to maintain the natural habitats and population size of X. formosensis, long-term monitoring and investigation will be necessary.

ANALISIS KORELASI SIFAT BIOLOGI DAN KIMIA TANAH PADA BERBAGAI TIPE PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KABUPATEN BOGOR

Land use in Bogor Regency has diverse vegetation and different soil characteristics. Soil characteristics have an influence on land management. Improper land management has led to a decrease in microbial populations, biodiversity and a decline in soil quality and fertility. Soil fertility is produced by the interaction of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. This study aims to determine the correlation of soil biological and chemical properties in several different types of land use in Bogor Regency. Soil sampling was carried out using the purposive random sampling method with five replicates. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-20 cm by ±1 kg. The research site includes eight land uses namely bamboo gardens, sengon gardens, lamtorogung gardens, and dragon fruit orchards. The results of the analysis showed that the dragon fruit field had an acid pH with very high organic C and total N levels with the highest fungal population of 2.27 x 105 CFU g-1. Meanwhile, bamboo fields with an acid pH also have a medium organic C content and low total N with the lowest total fungi population of 0.37 x 105 CFU g-1. Azotobacter populations and respiration values had the highest correlation with the total P content of the soil. The correlation value of the total population of fungi was the highest, with a total N levels of 0.427.

Investigating Land Use Change in Kabul, Afghanistan

Land use change and land cover are considered as some of the important and effective factors of global environmental change. Therefore, understanding and predicting the causes, processes, and consequences of land use change has become a major global challenge. Kabul is the most populated city in Afghanistan. The face of Kabul has changed after a relatively peaceful period since 2001. The purpose of this study is to analyze land use change in Kabul from 2001 to 2019. We used the quantitative approach to analyse data provided by satellite images of Kabul in 2001 and 2019 from Landsat 8 and 7. Data was processed in ERDAS IMAGINE and Arc Map software to results in the final output. Urban land cover was classified into four classes, namely built-up area, green area, empty space, and mountain, and land cover changes were detected. The results of the image comparison between 2001 and 2019 show that the aggregated built-up area and empty space land cover increased by 69.1749 sq km and, correspondingly, 45.2538 sq km, whereas the green area decreased by 113.4216 sq km. We concluded that land cover has changed improperly. The rate of urban green space per individual is currently very low. These results indicate that the city is in a critical urban situation and the government should provide a comprehensive plan for controlling urban growth and fixing the problems caused by improper land use change in the city.

Perencanaan Lanskap Sempadan Sungai sebagai Kawasan Rekreasi di Hilir Tukad Yeh Empas, Kabupaten Tabanan

Landscape planning of river border a recreation area in the lower Tukad Yeh Empas, Tabanan Regency. Tukad Yeh Empas is one of the streams in Tabanan Regency that is typically used for irrigation and recreation purposes by the surrounding community, toughTukad Yeh Empas still requires a landscape plan as it shows a detioration tendency of its environment such as water pollution, improper land use change and riverbank erosion. The purpose of this study is to create a recreation landscape plan of Tukad Yeh Empas. The method used for this research was surveying using techniques of data collection through the use observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature study. The stages of this research were preparation, data inventory, data analysis, synthesis, concept development and landscape planning. The data analysis and synthesis carried out information that evaluated the constraints and potencies of the biophysical and socio-cultural conditions and also suggested alternative plans. With the use of spatial analysis and its technique of ranking and scoring the data was applied to alocate recreation zones with the help of Geographycal Information System (GIS). There were three recreational zones: a less potential recreation zone, quite potential recreation zone, and great potential recreational zone. Vegetation that had functions for conservation, cultivation and aesthetics was recommended for this landscape planning. The concept of circulation and facilities was developed according to the user's needs for an attractive recreation without dangering the landscape.