Impoverished Individuals Research Articles

Emotions and the Social Bond in Situations of Poverty

Although the relationship between emotions and poverty has been recognized by social scientists, it received little attention as a lens through which to observe, interpret, and deal with this issue. To fill this gap, we conducted a qualitative, exploratory, and preliminary analysis of the content of forty interviews with parents living in economic poverty as part of the Research Project of National Interest (PRIN) "Constructions of Parenthood on Uncertain Ground. What Role for Social Work" sought to investigate whether and how the emotional dimension intervenes in poverty, as well as the role it may play in the processes of entering or departing this reality. It was revealed that impoverished individuals experience a wide spectrum of emotions, which contribute to a more complete and multifaceted picture of people in poverty, with more positive features than negative ones. Moreover, the study revealed that poor people experienced a wide range of happy emotions that are not typically associated with poverty. This article focuses on three of these positive feelings - gratitude, solidarity, and pride - and discusses how they grow in the interaction between individuals who live in poverty and those who do not, as well as how they contribute to the strengthening of social cohesion and bonds. This thought appears to be valuable in terms of the positive implications it may have for knowledge and the development of policies targeted at combating poverty. In fact, the analysis confirms that the sociology of emotions is a viable approach to understanding the conditions of individuals living in poverty and opening up new avenues for future research. Furthermore, it helps to overcome preconceptions and stereotypes that still surround poor people, as well as the ideological assumptions about poverty that underpin many contemporary European poverty policies, putting social cohesiveness at danger.

The role of tourism targeted assistance in enhancing endogenous motivation among the economically disadvantaged: a quasi-natural experiment

ABSTRACT Stimulating the endogenous motivation of the impoverished individual is crucial to prevent the reoccurrence of widespread poverty, consolidate efforts of poverty eradication, and achieve rural revitalization. Considering whether villages receive tourism-targeted assistance as a quasi-natural experiment, using the Double Machine Learning (DML) method and six periods of balanced panel data from 392 impoverished households, the research analyzes the impact of tourism-targeted assistance on endogenous motivation. Findings indicate that, through promoting rural industry development and facilitating local employment, tourism-targeted assistance stimulate the endogenous motivation of the impoverished individuals efficiently. This effect is more pronounced in impoverished households with affluent labor force, high level of education and those engaged in tourism. Consequently, future efforts for rural revitalization should refine the strategy of targeted assistance based on the resource and demand of the rural development.

Liquidity-to-GDP Ratio, Business Activity, and Financial Security: Implications for Poverty Alleviation

Purpose of the research is to find the influence of financial development on poverty in developing economies. Panel data was used of 50 developing countries (1995-2017) and estimated the results by using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. According to the estimated model, the impact of liquidity-to-GDP ratio (financial development) on poverty was negative, as financial development increases poverty reduces. The outcome variable studied was poverty, which was quantified as the headcount ratio. The other main explanatory variables used to explain or predict poverty were business activity (proxied through economic growth rate) and financial security (proxied through employment). Data was obtained from WDI, Freedom House, and Transparency International. The findings demonstrate a substantial inverse connection amongst liquidity-to-GDP ratio and poverty, implying that enhanced financial systems have the potential to decrease levels of poverty. Furthermore, poverty exhibited negative relationships with business activity and that of with financial security. The results corroborate the assertion that financial development not only promotes economic expansion but also improves poverty alleviation by expanding the availability of financial services for impoverished individuals. Policy recommendations stress the significance of enhancing the financial sector in emerging nations to successfully alleviate poverty.

DEMOGRAPHIC AND PSYCHOGRAPHIC STUDY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS OF RURAL CONSUMERS IN POST LIBERALISATION ERA

The economic situation of rural residents has changed since economic liberalization, and they are no longer considered impoverished individuals. Rural residents income has increased significantly during the past few years. The information revolution and rural residents rising educational levels have made them aware of many of the newest product offerings. Cultural disparities with their urban counterparts began to fade in a market that was semi-homogeneous for many durable and non-durable businesses. Reduce and attitude had significantly shifted. Teenagers from rural areas try to act like their metropolitan counterparts. A significant shift in lifestyle has occurred, with a growing number of people becoming self-conscious. Social class lines become less distinct. Rural consumers could now easily get commodities thanks to the extensive distribution network of various businesses, which contributed to the rise of rural consumerism. In summary, the paper covers various psychographic and demographic studies as well as an analysis of rural customers demand throughout the post-liberalization era. KEY WORDS: Demand Analysis, Economic Liberalization, psychographic and demographic studies, Rural Consumer

Boko Haram-Induced Forced Migration: Implications for Social and Economic Development in the Lake Chad Basin

In Africa, and notably the Lake Chad Basin (LCB), Boko Haram is a major threat to human security. The region, which spans 427,500 km2 and contains large ungoverned areas, is made up of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger. Boko Haram has been responsible for several attacks in Northeast Nigeria since 2003 and is also the leading cause of forced migration in the Lake Chad Basin. In northeastern Nigeria and other LCB countries, this insurgency has caused widespread migration and increased the humanitarian crisis, socio-economic, and environmental consequences. This research aims to examine the developmental challenges emerging from Boko Haram-induced forced displacement in the LCB. Empirical evidence suggests that the Lake Chad Basin countries’ governments have failed to contain this group's aggression. However, there are still gaps in the literature regarding how this insurgency has affected social and economic lives of displaced people in the region. The study utilized a case study design, documentary method of data collection, and content analysis as the analytical technique. The study applies the Human Security Theory and Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) as the theoretical framework. Ultimately, the findings of this study revealed that forced migration severs social ties, leading to economic, social, and psychological impacts, including family separation and loss, with families often split up abruptly due to attacks and evacuation. In Addition, negative economic impacts disproportionately affect impoverished individuals, exacerbating chronic poverty and hindering their ability to escape poverty due to price volatility and wage declines. It was recommended that the governments of Lake Chad Basin countries should develop and implement policies that support the economic integration of refugees and displaced individuals, including measures to facilitate access to employment and promoting self-reliance and resilience. They should also foster initiatives that strengthen social ties and networks among displaced populations to facilitate integration into host communities and mitigate the negative impacts of social disconnection.

The Regulation of Legal Protection for Poor Communities Toward Justice in Indonesia and the Netherlands

Poor people often have difficulty accessing legal aid in court. In the criminal, civil, and state administrative justice systems, providing legal assistance to the poor is essential for achieving justice. This research aims to illustrate how legal aid, provided by advocates, can transform the reality of justice for impoverished individuals. This study uses normative legal research, providing a descriptive account through a legal framework encompassing legal aid, the judiciary, judicial authority, and advocates. The research also uses a conceptual approach to human rights and justice, aiming to establish an ideal model of legal protection for people experiencing poverty. The research results demonstrate that providing legal assistance to people experiencing poverty not only shields the community from arbitrary actions by the authorities that violate the law but also fosters order and peace, ensuring the community receives justice. However, in Indonesia, establishing criteria for the impoverished remains challenging; structurally, the institutional budget is insufficient; culturally, the impoverished often harbor misconceptions and skepticism about the quality and affordability of legal aid. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, providing legal protection is carried out through legal assistance, with the consideration of offering toevoeging and consideration of legal assistance based on people's salaries. Based on the number of cases for which assistance is provided, the results and public awareness are much better, although not optimal. The concept of providing legal aid must also be directed towards a responsive and structural type, combined with the concept of access to law and justice. Budgetary policies or rules must be regulated concretely and balanced from the individual validation stage, selecting the type of service and appointing a lawyer for evaluation.

The Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Pekalongan Regency, Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the perception of poverty, necessitating rapid and urgent implementation of an affirmative policy. COVID-19 has significantly affected the economy, health, children's education, and employment rates. The Central Bureau of Statistics reported that the number of low-income families in Indonesia's urban and rural areas in 2020 was 26.42 million. This figure increased by 5.09 percent compared with 2019, which was 25.14 million. This issue is challenging to address because of budgetary constraints. Numerous policies have been implemented to mitigate poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic, but these efforts have not yielded significant results. This study aims to analyze the implementation of poverty alleviation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pekalongan Regency, Indonesia. This mixed-methodology study collected data through surveys with 150 respondents and in-depth interviews with ten low-income families, community leaders, and local government actors. These results indicate that poverty alleviation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic have not been fully implemented. Inhibiting factors include the accessibility of poverty programs and activities, the high number of impoverished individuals affected by COVID-19, and the diversion of local government funds to address COVID-19.

Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Among Lower Income Group of People in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the Socio-economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic among lower income group of people in Lahore, Pakistan Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study design was used for conducting this research from April 2021 to September 2021 in Lahore and a self-structured questionnaire with multiple variables was filled by 274 participants. Non- Probability type of convenience sampling technique was used for data collection after informed consent. This paper was structured into two sections: The initial part addressed the socio-economic challenges experienced by impoverished individuals amidst the coronavirus pandemic. The subsequent section assessed the current state of Pakistan's healthcare system. Chi-square test was used for qualitative data analysis and p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Most of the participants (65.7%) in this survey were males and had an income of up to Rs.20,000/ month (70.1%).Out of total, 254 (92.7%) respondents had profound impact of Covid-19 on their lives economically. Majority of them 152(55.5%) visited public places while 133(48.5%) avoided social gatherings like marriages, funerals, religious events etc. during pandemic. More than half of the participants agreed that hospital beds and oxygen were neither available nor it was affordable during their stay at hospital. A significant association was found between family income of respondents and financial crisis faced by respondents when sick with covid-19(p-value=0.05), monthly income suffered due to lockdown or decrease in economy (p-value=0.04) and loan was taken to fulfill their household needs during pandemic (p-value=0.00). Conclusion: The study showed that 254 (92.7%) respondents had profound impact of Covid-19 on their lives economically. A significant association was found between family income of respondents and financial crisis faced by respondents when sick with covid-19, monthly income suffered due to lockdown or decreases in economy and loan taken to fulfill their household needs during pandemic.

Dark Humour in Moving Frames: A Discourse Analysis of Bollywood Black Comedies

ABSTRACT The present study delves into the portrayal of dark humour in the Hindi films produced in Mumbai, popularly known as Bollywood films. The dark humour films of Bollywood mainly focus on prevalent social issues such as violence in the underworld, corruption, prostitution, and persistent poverty in India, while socially conscious Bollywood films have often sentimentalised these issues by depicting impoverished individuals as virtuous and hardworking. This study investigates the emerging trend of intermingling serious and comic elements in an attempt to create a more impactful narrative. While employing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a tool to dissect the dialogues and storylines and aiming to identify instances of humour, irony, satire, and social critique, the current study attempts to analyse two Bollywood films—Dev D (2009) and Lipstick Under My Burkha (2017). The findings highlight how these films utilise dark humour to unveil the double standards and hypocrisy prevalent in Indian society. By challenging established norms, the identity constructed through dark humour in these films seeks to provoke critical reflection and initiate social change. Through this examination, Bollywood’s evolving approach to addressing social issues becomes evident, providing insights into the power of dark humour in shaping the prevailing social context.

0242 Self-reported Short Sleep in Overnight Workers and Impoverished Individuals

0242 Self-reported Short Sleep in Overnight Workers and Impoverished Individuals

Does the increase in health insurance benefits have different effects on the health of middle-aged and older people individuals in rural areas? Analysis based on quantile difference-in-differences method.

In the context of healthy aging, enhancing health performance is an intrinsic requirement for the development and reform of the health insurance system. This paper mainly discusses the health effects of increasing medical insurance benefits on people with different levels of health. So this paper utilizes multiple rounds of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and employs the quantile difference-in-differences method to systematically investigate the impact effects of the integration of urban and rural residents' health insurance on the frailty levels of rural middle-aged and older people individuals. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, the integration of urban and rural resident health insurance has mitigated the frailty level of rural older people individuals, with a more pronounced impact on those with poorer health statuses. Secondly, in terms of heterogeneity analysis, the health performance effects of the urban-rural health insurance integration policy are more significant among the older people population and in the western regions. Thirdly, the integration of urban and rural resident health insurance primarily improves health by reducing the burden of medical expenses, with a greater impact on the older people population with poorer health statuses. Based on the research findings, we recommend addressing the disparities in healthcare benefits across various insurance systems, alleviating the financial burden of healthcare for impoverished individuals, and consistently improving the coordination of healthcare insurance policies for both urban and rural residents.

A Long-term Interpretation of the Effect of COVID-19 on Food Security: A Lesson for the Future Pandemic Diseases

Background: The global spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) could trigger a food security crisis affecting not only impoverished individuals but also urban residents in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: Given that various strains of COVID-19 impact food security differently, we assessed the food security status of households in Semnan province, Iran, during and after the containment of the omicron variant. Methods: Data from 231 households were gathered using a standard questionnaire that evaluated socioeconomic characteristics, food security based on the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module, and vulnerability to food insecurity. A quantitative model was utilized to identify factors associated with food insecurity during and post-pandemic. Results: The findings indicated an improvement in household food security following the management of COVID-19, with significant differences observed in food security levels, especially concerning severe food insecurity, during versus after the COVID-19 period. The quantitative model analysis revealed that, with the exception of the head of household's occupation status, personal savings, and the number of educated and employed members within a household, all variables significantly correlated with food security (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These outcomes highlight how the relationship between socioeconomic factors and food security levels may vary depending on the pandemic's timing, environmental conditions, and household resilience, underlining the importance of adaptive policymaking that responds to current circumstances and the evolving links between socioeconomic determinants and food security.

Любовь, богатство, власть и греховность в «текстах желаний»: особенности бурятских заговоров

This article delves into the examination of “wish texts,” specifically Buryat conspiracies centered around the topics of love, wealth, and power. One of the earliest forms of oral poetry, conspiracies hold great significance within the traditional ritual folklore of the Buryats and were widely utilized in their magical practices. There are special Buryat conspiracies aiming to possess magical abilities, achieve material advantage, or possess a beloved person. These conspiracies are of particular interest since they reflect the ideas of the Buryats about sin, the traditional values of Buryat society. The sinful nature of conspiracies was not so much determined by their goals but rather by the methods employed to achieve them. The depiction of sinfulness is particularly evident in the text of the love plot origins, which explicitly portrays the fundamental spiritual values of the Buryats that the petitioner is willing to forsake in pursuit of their desires. The analysis indicates the existence of a unique category of social conspiracies within the Buryat, Yakut, and Tuvinian texts, primarily involving male individuals as perpetrators. The majority of these individuals were considered outsiders, who, for unclear reasons, were willing to defy societal norms and regulations, including both the impoverished and solitary individuals, as well as the wealthy and those who had fallen out of favor with authorities.

Effects of Transformation on Outreach Performance of Microfinance NGOs in Kenya

This research examines how transformation affects the outreach performance of microfinance NGOs in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzes the impact of various transformation indicators on outreach performance. Utilizing a quantitative research approach, the study utilizes unbalanced panel data spanning 19 years (1997 to 2015) obtained from the Microfinance Information Exchange (Mix) Market databank, focusing on six surveyed transformed microfinance NGOs in Kenya. Panel data regression models and instrumental variables estimation methods are employed for model specification. The findings reveal that outreach, measured by the average loan balance per borrower, is significantly and negatively influenced by the debt-to-asset ratio but not significantly affected by the debt-to-equity ratio or deposits-to-total assets ratio. The percentage of female borrowers is significantly influenced by the debt-to-equity ratio and debt-to-asset ratio, while the number of active borrowers is significantly influenced by the debt-to-asset ratio, deposits-to-total assets ratio, institutional size, and institutional age. These results suggest a necessity for microfinance NGOs facing capital funding challenges to devise policies that facilitate the utilization of commercial capital sources to expand outreach to impoverished individuals. Nonetheless, the management of transformed microfinance NGOs must implement safeguards ensuring that the pursuit of commercial funding options and public deposits does not compromise their mission of serving the most vulnerable populations.

Improving Learning Outcomes Of Islamic Religious Education Through The Application Of The Project Method For Class Iii Students Of Gresik State Primary School

They are using commercial tactics to increase their accomplishments in Islamic education in the third year, and learning at Gresik State Elementary School results in enrollment at Gresik State Elementary School. The instructor's way considers this to be a loss of concern for the students, as those who still need to meet the Minimum Completion Criteria are classified as impoverished individuals. In elementary schools, the Strategy Project is a comprehensive initiative that teaches writing, reading, crafts, and other subjects. Over three years at Public Alementary School Gresik, the Project learned Islamic principles by using technology to construct this formula for investigating inner difficulties. This study used a project technique to expand on the findings of three years at Gresik State Elementary School by examining Islamic lessons. The study will be conducted over a number of months, beginning in August 2010 and terminating when it is finished. A study of classroom activities makes up the research structure (classroom Activity Research). The instruments for studying edges and gathering data to update the status of inspection findings are included in this inspection equipment. Cycles I and II yielded the initial test results, which indicated a rise in scores from Cycle I to Cycle II. The learning value gained in the pre-activity outcomes information was 49%. The score climbed by 63% in Cycle I and by 77% in Cycle II. It is clear from the facts above that degree II and degree II learning outcomes and the development of teacher activities are closely related. The existing state of affairs demonstrates how educator activities and second degrees affect second-degree success. The readiness of educators and their replacements to support the growth of activities at the level of learning outcomes keeps things as they are. The findings support the following research conclusions. "A second degree in the field of Islamic school system training will be studied in three years at the Gresik State Elementary School through the project strategy, which will allow the results to be further developed.

Toplulukları Güçlendirmek: Bangladeş’te Covid-19 Sonrası Zekat Dağıtımını Yeniden Tanımlamak

Poverty persists as a global challenge, particularly in economically underdeveloped Islamic countries. Despite government efforts to address income inequality and reduce poverty, these issues continue to afflict societies. To effectively confront this pressing problem, it is imperative to scrutinize the impact of Zakat, a crucial institution in Islam, and its potential contribution to alleviating these challenges. Zakat, one of Islam's five pillars, plays a pivotal role as a guiding economic force and a form of worship. It serves as a means of social assistance and solidarity, fostering stronger bonds between the donor and the recipient. Zakat cultivates feelings of love, compassion, and mercy while also mitigating jealousy, envy, and hostility. Furthermore, it operates as a mechanism for income redistribution in societies marked by unequal wealth distribution. This long-standing practice is rooted in the belief that wealth is a trust from Allah and underscores the importance of sharing it with those in need. Zakat has the potential to address a range of economic issues, from supporting the marriages of impoverished individuals to tackling unemployment. It remains significant as an expression of social responsibility and a means to promote justice and compassion, ultimately creating a more equitable income distribution. The objectives of Zakat are multifaceted, encompassing goals such as poverty alleviation, wealth redistribution, strengthened social bonds, wealth purification, meeting basic needs, and empowering vulnerable individuals. However, in Muslim-majority countries such as Bangladesh, the impact of zakat distribution is often inadequate due to a lack of self-discipline and understanding among Muslims. Additionally, the economic recession triggered by COVID-19 has exacerbated poverty in Bangladesh, with adverse effects on employment and a significant increase in poverty rates among low-income workers. Fair and Shariah-compliant zakat distribution remains underutilized in these regions, including South Asian countries within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The ease of collective cash or clothing distribution in zakat practices has led to inaccurate assessments of the genuinely needy. This traditional approach has also drawn criticism for its deviation from Islamic principles. This study examines changing perceptions and practices of zakat distribution in Bangladesh, focusing on promoting effective and equitable distribution methods. These methods may include income-generating expenditures, vocational training, microfinance initiatives, and targeted cash transfers. By adhering to Zakat's authentic principles and purposes, Bangladesh can leverage its potential to alleviate poverty and foster a compassionate society per Islamic teachings. Emphasizing the importance of Zakat and applying it fairly can drive significant progress in poverty reduction and social development in Islamic countries like Bangladesh. This study seeks to explore innovative approaches to zakat distribution that align with contemporary economic challenges and societal dynamics, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and prosperous future for the people of Bangladesh. As a result, poverty remains an ongoing problem in Islamic countries, and Zakat is a powerful tool to overcome this problem. By revising and improving the zakat distribution practices in Bangladesh, where the principles of Islamic economics guide efforts to reduce poverty and increase social welfare, work can be done toward building a more just and compassionate society.

Ethnic Minority Women and Tourism Development in Vietnam: Revisiting Social Capital and Cultural Construction

Vietnam has a diversity of ethnic minorities that participate in tourism enterprises. Despite gender bias, women play significant roles in this process. Using a case study approach, our aim was to examine social capital and cultural construction that occurs when ethnic women perform tourism-related work. Onsite observation, followed by in-depth interviews and document analysis were conducted at a farmstay and a community-based tourism development in rural Vietnam. Social capital consisted of bonding that emerged during the start-up phase and with individuals who acted independently, whereas bridging was evidenced through relationships between government and people. Acquisition of social capital is crucial if impoverished individuals want to improve their status in life. However, upward mobility must be balanced against ethnic/cultural identity and tourism revenue, especially during the post-COVID-19 era. This research contributes to the scant literature on empowering marginalized individuals and groups who work at rural tourism destinations across Asia Pacific.

Examining College Students’ Attitudes Toward Poverty During the Adult Role of the Community Action Poverty Simulation

Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) and Extension professionals need to understand the lived experience of poverty because it affects every aspect of an individual’s life. Poverty is related to inadequate nutrition and food insecurity, lack of access to health care, insufficient child care, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of affordable housing, under-resourced schools, and a lower quality of life. Attitudes toward poverty vary widely among Americans and can be categorized as either internal/individual attributions (e.g., laziness, welfare dependency, etc.) or systemic/structural attributions (e.g., unemployment, inflation, etc.). Individuals holding internal attributions toward poverty are more likely to have negative feelings toward impoverished individuals. As such, efforts to educate FCS college students, Extension agents, and all Americans on the day-to-day reality of those in poverty are important. Extension-sponsored Community Action Poverty Simulation (CAPS) programs are effective in changing participants’ attitudes toward poverty. This research used Reflexive Thematic Analysis to analyze 56 reflection papers written by college students enrolled in a family resource management course. Three themes emerged from the research: (a) empathy, (b) a turn from internal attributions, and (c) systematic attributions. This research has implications for Extension and FCS professionals offering CAPS programming in higher education settings.

Mass Incarceration and Its Devastating Effects

This research paper utilizes various sources from Canadian studies and firsthand accounts to identify the issues within penitentiaries and the Canadian criminal justice system. There are numerous pressing issues related to the handling, punishment, and sentencing of crime, many of which stem from racial injustice and underlying societal problems. Inmates endure harsh prison conditions and face barriers when trying to maintain connections with their families and friends. The mental well-being of prisoners is often overlooked, creating an unjust and unfavourable environment for Canadian citizens. The legal system requires reform and improvement to support individuals and promote rehabilitation effectively. Addressing these problems requires focusing on systemic injustices disproportionately affecting minorities and impoverished individuals. Studies have demonstrated that visitation and human contact contribute to law-abiding behaviour in criminals. Therefore, to enhance our criminal justice system, we must address the root causes of crime.

Distributed agency: Care, human needs, and distributive struggles in Portugal

Austerity policies in Portugal unleashed a violent crisis of well-being and social reproduction which intensified the ‘triple burden’ placed upon women, making them the primary ‘shock absorbers’ of the crisis. This article addresses the critical role of working-class women’s various forms of paid and unpaid care work in responding to the material and immaterial needs of impoverished individuals and working-class households. It is shown that women’s care-based responses and distributive struggles sought to minimise the risks that the agency of those they cared for could be compromised in the present and the future. Expanding feminist approaches and broader contributions decentring agency from the ends of individual choice and freedom, the article argues that agency is a distributed capacity and potentiality produced by, and productive of, embedded interdependent caring practices, relationships and investments across space and time to define, fulfil and negotiate the inescapable existence of fundamental needs.