Important Theoretical Problems Research Articles

How Ukraine’s Just War Challenges Just Peace Theory

Theologians from various religious traditions have spoken out recently in favor of the just peace theory as a replacement for the traditional just war theory. This new theory severely limits the possibilities for nations to wage just wars. However, since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing conflict, the academic debate on just peace theory has fallen silent. The necessary self-defense of Ukraine shows how replacement of just war with just peace faces major problems. Besides pragmatic problems, the just peace theory has important theoretical problems from a Roman Catholic point of view. This essay deals with those problems and offers an alternative.

Problematika sozdaniya i funkcionirovaniya virtual'nyh ekspozicij ob"ektov kul'turnogo naslediya

The article analyzes a number of key problems of virtual exposition of cultural heritage objects, represented by two functional types of expositions. The most important theoretical problems in the field of creation and functioning of virtual expositions of cultural heritage objects (including architectural ones) related to the unsettled terminological apparatus, the plurality of approaches to virtual presentation and technical solutions for the virtual exposition of heritage objects.

Pinning Control of Complex Dynamical Networks

This article introduces the notion of pinning control for complex dynamical networks regarding their stabilization, synchronization and control. Specifically, it will first review the concept of network pinning control and then address the fundamental issues of network stabilizability, synchronizability and controllability. Basic ideas will be explained, technical derivations will be outlined, and important theoretical problems will be briefly discussed. It will show that the self-contained theoretical framework of pinning control technology is promising for practical applications in network science and engineering.

The role of legal reform in ensuring legal development in the war and postwar periods

Theoretical and methodological knowledge about the importance of legal reform in ensuring legal development in the war and postwar periods is generalized and expanded. It is substantiated that the relationship between legal development and legal reform is one of the important theoretical and practical problems of modern jurisprudence and legal life, without the solution of which it is difficult to properly navigate the prospects of legal change in the future. Key words: development, legal development, reform, legal reform, war, war in Ukraine.

РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article considers the most important theoretical and practical problems related to the development of a strategy and sound approaches to their solution in modern economic conditions. These are, first of all, the problems of forming an effective system of strategic management of an enterprise, as well as developing a strategy for its development. Based on the study of theoretical views and approaches to the problem under study, the content of strategic management and the development strategy have been clarified. Based on the factors that are most important for the development of the enterprise, the most important criteria for the strategy were identified, on the basis of which a classification of enterprise development strategies was developed. The article determines that there are a number of approaches to the content of the strategy, therefore it should be noted that the development of an enterprise strategy is a set of decision-making on the goals and objectives of the company on the theoretical basis of the unity of resources and means of their implementation. The strategy includes all areas of the company's activities: personnel, social culture and aimed at high results. Managers should pay attention to the fact that approaches to managing a company should be better than competitors, achieve advantages in activities, create a business idea, provide a strategy with resources using the latest technologies and highly qualified employees, assess the state of the company and the conditions for implementing events. Only in this case the strategy will be implemented both inside and outside the enterprise. The strategy requires constant changes with additions and acquiring new meaning and high quality. In crisis situations at the enterprise there is a need for a radical consideration of strategy development, even if this development is not presented in documents and software products without a plan. Approaches to decisions affect the company's production interests in the allocation of resources, commercial priorities and place of the organization in the market.

DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPETITIVE STRATEGY FOR AN INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE

The article considers the most important theoretical and practical problems related to the existing opportunities for development, where there are options for calculations during the election of a competitive strategy that should ensure high competitiveness of trading systems. The use of break-even analysis allows a more objective distribution between these categories, if we focus on the absolute size of break-even points and indicators of financial strength. The article states that along with intellectual and innovative financial strength, there is a costly one based on old trade technologies. Expenditure financial strength can be defined as the difference between the overall financial strength of the trading system and the above parameters. As a result, a structure of financial strength of the system is formed, in which the share of innovative and intellectual developments should mainly determine the total volume of trade. Otherwise, we will see an evolutionary shift to routine, costly trading technologies, the financial strength of which will reduce the competitive attractiveness of trading systems. Such actions are based on differ-ences in the life cycles of goods sold, economic relations, the functioning of the enterprise itself. The life cycle of the product is shorter than the life cycles of economic relations, the existence of the enterprise. It is not the product itself that is the source of additional income received by the enterprise, but the specific relationship of the latter with the environment, which have inde-pendent value. Internal competition will be increasingly determined by the requirements of the global, which will be dominated by innovative and intellectual competitive advantages.

Gurwitsch’s Field of Consciousness and Radical Embodied Cognitive Science: A Case of Mutual Enlightenment

ABSTRACT This article tests the waters concerning a possible integration of Gurwitsch’s theory of consciousness into 4E research. More specifically, it is suggested that radical embodied approaches can benefit from Gurwitsch’s distinction between theme, thematic field and margin in order to methodically grasp how contextual and attentional factors can modulate affordance perception. On the other hand, Gurwitsch’s choice to locate the awareness of embodiment (most of the time) in the domain of the margin can generate important theoretical problems in light of empirical evidence often brought up by situated cognition researchers. Following Gallagher’s suggestion that phenomenology and cognitive science can enlighten each other, I argue that Gurwitsch’s notion of a field of consciousness can be an invaluable tool for research on affordances. Nonetheless, at the same time, the results of embodied cognitive science should lead us to revisit some of his intuitions regarding the role of bodily awareness.

Results and prospects for the development of scientific research in FSBSI FSVC

The article reflects the issues of the current state of scientific research at the FSBSI FSVC, shows the directions and prospects for the development of selection and seed production of vegetable crops. The main mission of the selection and seed-growing work of the FSVC is the creation and reproduction of varieties and hybrids of vegetable and melon crops of a new generation, characterized by resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors, high productivity and product quality. One of the main ways to increase the efficiency of the breeding process is the use of modern methods of biotechnology and molecular genetics, which make it possible to obtain new genotypes and reduce the time of breeding. Success has been achieved in the creation of homozygous lines of cabbage, squash, cucumber, carrots. For the first time, it was possible to complete a full cycle of obtaining doubled radish haploids in microspore culture in vitro. The institution pays special attention to immunological research on the resistance of crops and new varieties to diseases, as well as protecting plants from pests and diseases. Phytosanitary monitoring, assessment and selection of resistant genotypes are carried every years. One of the important theoretical and practical problems solved at the institution is the development of environmentally friendly products based on preparations obtained from plants with a high content of biologically active compounds with adaptogenic properties. In the center, a new direction of research in traditional breeding has received significant development - the creation of varieties of vegetable plants with an increased content of biologically active substances and antioxidants, on the basis of which functional products are created. The persistence of modern varieties and hybrids of table carrots, depending on the biochemical composition, has been studied. Methods for enriching vegetable plants with micronutrients are being developed. A large amount of scientific research is being carried out on the development of technologies for the cultivation of new varieties and hybrids, as well as technologies for their seed production. At the branches located in different soil and climatic conditions, hospitals were established to study the interaction of factors controlling soil fertility and the productivity of vegetable crops in agrocenoses (crop rotation, soil treatment systems, fertilizers and plant protection). In general, at the FSBSI FSVC, all research is aimed at developing and improving methods in breeding and seed production of vegetable crops, creating new breeding achievements and developing varietal technologies for their cultivation.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF VALUE AND PRICE DISPROPORTIONS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONING OF ORGANIZED AGRICULTURAL MARKET IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The modern development of the market of agricultural products in Ukraine actualizes important theoretical and practical problems of domestic agricultural science, directly attesting to the practical result of the state agricultural policy. There is still no single theoretical and methodological approach to assessing and diagnosing value and price disproportions in agricultural products due to regional differences, as well as directions of development of the organized agricultural market as an important institution in the context of reducing price asymmetry in the market of agricultural products, which determined the relevance of the topic of the article. Methods. The research is based on the use of general and specific methods of research within the methodological tools of modern economics, in particular, the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, logical-historical, comparison, graphic, economic-statistical, etc. Results. The article substantiates the main economic aspects of the diagnosis of value and price disproportions of agricultural products and the functioning of the organized agricultural market in Ukraine. The peculiarities of diagnostics of price asymmetry on the example of strategic agricultural products - grain are revealed, on the basis of actual economic data the key tendencies of development of researched process in the context of regional levels and functioning of the organized stock exchange sector are defined. Discussion. Considering the priorities of price asymmetry and creating of modern mechanism for the functioning of the agricultural market, prospects for eliminating price disparities and forming an organized market for agricultural products are defined. The prospect of further research on this issue should be based on taking into account the cost and price asymmetry for agricultural products, the existence of phenomena of price asymmetry of various types in order to form an organized agricultural market, which would reduce or eliminate the negative effects of price disparities on agricultural products. Keywords: price, price asymmetry, regional pricing, market of agricultural products, organized agricultural market, stock exchange, stock market of agricultural products.

Study of the catalytic conversion of diethanolamine and the scheme of the formation of individual products

The aim of this study is to develop methods for the synthesis of a number of pyrrole and its derivatives under normal conditions based on commercially available raw materials in the presence of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The current level of development of progressive technologies contributes to intensive research in the field of chemistry of heterocyclic compounds, in particular pyrrole and its derivatives. The development of new effective methods for the synthesis of pyrrole and its derivatives is an urgent problem, the solution of which largely determines the development of various aspects of preparative, theoretical and applied pyrrole chemistry, as well as the solution of a number of important synthetic and theoretical problems of modern organic chemistry.

ЩОДО ВПОРЯДКУВАННЯ КАТЕГОРІАЛЬНО-ПОНЯТІЙНОГО АПАРАТУ В НАУЦІ ПРО СИСТЕМУ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ФІНАНСІВ

The article focuses on essential theoretical difficulties in the field of public finance’ studies. A set of them relates to the correct using of key scientific terms. Based on the results of the analysis of prominent Ukrainian scientists’ scientific papers in this field, the author drew attention to three important theoretical and methodological problems. The first of them is the lack of consensus among national experts on how to describe the public system of mobilization, redistribution and use of financial resources in the country. Some experts still use the term “state finance”, rejecting the option “public finance”, other ones treat the concepts of "public finance system" and "state finance system" as synonyms. There is a group of scientists that goes its own way, proposing the introduction of the definition “social finances of Ukraine”. Taking into account the fact, that public finance’ theoretical research is closely connected with practical application of its results, such terminological chaos is inappropriate. The second problem is that among Ukrainian specialists there is a certain arbitrariness in the use of the terms “public finance” and “public finance system”. Two concepts are treated often as synonyms, which is a significant methodological mistake. To resolve this problem the author delimits these terms and outlined the specifics of each of them. The third important theoretical and methodological problem of national scientific thought in the field of public finance is that most experts cannot come to a common vision of what exactly includes the concept of “public finance system”. The approaches of the main scientific schools are very different. The impreciseness of the institutional boundaries of concept “public finance” leads to huge problem of misleading, confusing and misunderstanding among Ukrainian researchers. A lot of them dispute about different topics using the same concepts terms. Analyzing these problems, the author makes an attempt to solve them. To complete this task, the author introduces a new definition of the basic terms into this field of research, defines an institutional distinction between them, and proposes logical internal structure of public finance.

Problems of the Lexicography of Modern Regional Nicknames. Review of the book: Bobrova, M. V. (2020). Materialy dlia slovaria sovremennykh prozvishch zhitelei Permskogo kraia [Materials for the Dictionary of Modern Nicknames of the Residents of the Perm Region]. St Petersburg: RHGA. 195 p.

The book under review examines the case of compiling a regional dictionary of modern nicknames. The dictionary contains more than 2,000 unofficial appellations from respondents of different social background, age, and socio-cultural groups, collected over the years by the author-compiler (Maria Bobrova) and her team on the territory of the Perm region. The book opens with a preface and a three-part introduction in which the author substantiates the principles of material selection, collection, and presentation, specifies the timeframe and the geographical scope of the dictionary. Apart from the practical aspects regarding the macrostructure of the book, it also touches upon some important theoretical problems related to terminology and classification of the material. The latter is a primary and undisputed advantage of the dictionary, showcased in previous publications and conference contributions. It is quite certain that this material will be of interest to a wide circle of researchers in the field of humanities besides onomatologists. Some critical remarks made in the review do not diminish the importance and relevance of the work, and therefore the prospects of Maria Bobrova’s research are obvious.

Geosophy as a scientific discipline: issues of methodology and metatheory

Today is characterized by a dialectical combination of opposite processes in the development of science - differentiation, expressed in the emergence of new analytical, sectoral disciplines, and integration, which consists of the design of synthetic, complex disciplines mainly at the frontiers of science. One of the relatively young synthetic geographic disciplines is geosophy, which originated about a hundred years ago at the boundary of geography and philosophy. The object of geophysical research is human space, that is, space perceived and conceived by man. For a hundred years, this scientific discipline has undergone a difficult path of development, due to both internal, expressed in the nature of the discipline itself, and external (ideological, geopolitical, etc.) factors. Nowadays, post-non-classical methodological approaches are becoming more widely used in geosophy - besides geosophical, it is noospheric, synergistic, eco-evolutionary and passionate. They are based on a fundamentally new relationship between the subject and the research object, qualitatively different from what has traditionally been recognized as classical and non-classical geography. One feature of post-non-classical approaches is subject-object convergence. In particular, the content of the geophysical approach is to consider geographical features as totals that represent the interpenetrating unity of the mineral, organic and human components. Possibilities of its application exist in almost all sections of geography. A special place among the theoretical and methodological foundations of science is metatheoretical provisions - scientific developments that substantially go beyond this science. An essential feature of metatheory as an important attribute of science is its integrating role, both internally (enhancing systemic links between particular branches of science) and external (establishing and strengthening interdisciplinary links between the sciences of one cycle). Formation of metatheory involves the use of theoretical foundations, methods, approaches, evidence of other sciences, which has a verifiable, reflective, integrative and ideological significance. One of the main ones in all geography is the category of landscape. The ambiguity of its interpretation attests to the fundamental importance of this concept, its exceptional role in the knowledge of the Earth’s surface as a multidimensional reality. From the diversity of landscape understandings, two basic concepts stand out. The content of one of them, dating back to the 19th century, is to see the landscape as a general picture of the terrain, which from the point of view is interpreted as totality. From other positions, designed in the early twentieth century, the landscape is understood as a real existing natural material object, characterized by genetic homogeneity, the presence of vertical and horizontal structure and clearly defined boundaries. The coexistence of the aforementioned landscape concepts and the search for possibilities of combining them is one of the important theoretical problems of modern geography, in particular, geosophy.

Confessions of Contemporary Western and Arab Critics of the Deconstructive Criticism Crisis

The reader stands in this critical study at the most important theoretical and procedural problems that were riddled with the strategy of deconstructive criticism, and this is illustrated by shedding light on the total condemnations and oppositions to the dismantling, and the focus has been on distinguished critical flags, including what contributed to the establishment of this critical strategy The new; I mean the dismantling strategy, and among those critical Western flags we mention: Jacques Derrida, Jose Maria Bothwellwa Evancus, Leach, Howard Flearn, John Ellis, Leonard Jackson, Paul Deman and J. Lubran, Vedence Dunoye, and Maury Krieger. Among the contemporary Arab critics denouncing deconstructive criticism, we mention: Edward Said, Shuja Muslim, Bassam Qattoos, Abdel Aziz Ibn Arafa, Abdel Aziz Hamouda and Abdel Hamid Ibrahim.
 I would like to point out in this context that this study is not merely a tedious presentation or narration of these criticisms. We have worked on explaining it, describing it, and commenting on it critically, through which we aimed to present a future picture of the world of deconstructive criticism by presenting some new critical suggestions that would Restoration of the think tank, with its theoretical spurs and promising procedural perspectives.

Design and implementation of adaptive technology for teaching mathematics to school children based on integrated diagnostic approach to subject preparation and competence development

The development of school teaching systems to enable effective adaptive communication of information requires specific pedagogical solutions to several important theoretical and methodological problems .These include 1) the discernment of basic characteristics needed to diagnose and improve the quality of subject preparation for schoolchildren, 2) clarifying the role of the teacher in the structure of adaptive learning process, and 3) finding ways to integrate adaptive content into the framework of courses on mathematics. The purpose of our study was to determine theoretical and methodological foundations of teaching mathematics to schoolchildren taking into account their level of ability with the consequent development of appropriate adaptive content. The basic characteristics that underpin the concept of adaptive learning which contributes to both individual profiles of student ability to learn and subsequent success outcomes are: proficiency, motivation to learn and level of mathematical knowledge. The evaluation of individual profile structure of schoolchildren determines the choice of methodologies for presentation of adaptive content in ways allowing development and motivation. The system of educational process management developed in this way includes both content-methodical and procedural-technological components. This makes it possible to automatically evaluate the level of each students' mathematical training (knowledge, motivation, development) and to ensure continuous improvement. This system can also be used by secondary teachers of mathematics as a part of extracurricular activities, or as a distance learning support. In addition, the recommendations for structuring multi-level problem material can be used by mathematics teachers to self-construct adaptive sets tasks at various stages of teaching mathematics. As a result, students have the opportunity to improve their own profile of learning success, particularly by solving a chain of tasks.

PREVENTION AS AN OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN SCIENTISTS (ON THE BASIS OF THE COMPILATION METHOD)

The actual value of the topic. Ukraine is integrating more and more into the European community by transforming national legislation and changing the status of public authorities. The law enforcement system, in particular the National Police, is a litmus test for such changes because of the place it occupies in the system of public authorities and its influence on the state of public life and public order in society.Civil society is beginning to place new demands on the National Police in response to changes in the direction vector of its activities. Previously, it was a state armed body of state power, but today it is emphasized that it is the central body of executive power that serves society. The focus of militarization has been shifted to National Police functioning status in the community. This approach extends the scope of its activities towards civil, unarmed cooperation with citizens. One of the components of this area is the prevention of crime by the police authorities. Therefore, it is important to find a modern understanding of prevention, as well as to take into account the experience of scientific development by scientists from other countries.The status of recent research and publications. Prevention, as an important area of law enforcement system, is a popular subject for scientific development in Ukraine as well as in other countries (Europe, Canada, the USA, etc.). But analysis of scientific developments allows us to see the difference in scientific approaches to disclosing its content.The purpose of the publication is to show the difference in the approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the phenomenon of preventive activity.The outline of the main material. The section provides examples of publications on crime prevention by domestic and foreign scientists. Orientation of domestic scientists towards theoretical issues is opposed pragmatic and practical problems that arise in the process of preventive activity, and that foreign scientists are trying to solve.Conclusion. The analysis of scientific publications indicates of the different attitude of domestic and foreign scientists to such phenomenon as prevention (avoiding) of crime.Domestic scientists are arguing in the theoretical field, trying to give a clear definition of prevention on the background of a small and incomplete regulatory framework for preventive activities. National science aims to develop a fully theoretical framework for understanding prevention as a function of the law enforcement system, the National Police in particular.For foreign scientists the concepts, types and functions of prevention are given as a priori. They do not pose such a large number of theoretical questions, but try to pose and recommend ways of solving practical, applied, daily problems of crime prevention. But in solving such problems, foreign scientists very often raise important theoretical problems, such as, in fact, the same fear of crime and its prevention. According to the author, the approach of foreign scientists is more correct because they put solution of practical problems of preventive activity on the first place.

АКТУАЛЬНЫ ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАЛОГОВОГО АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЯ

The problem of tax administration is reaching a new level. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the trends outlined in the article allow us to note the high role of information technologies in improving the efficiency of tax administration. The authors draw attention to important theoretical and practical problems of tax administration. The directions of improving the theory and practice of tax administration are determined. When writing the article, the following research methods were used: logical, formal-legal, method of legal modeling and analysis. In conclusion, it is concluded that the reference to the normative legal acts that make up the tax legislation in its entirety allows us to note its inefficiency and the need for further improvement. The analysis of the basic provisions of the strategy of the Federal tax service allows us to note the vector of development of tax monitoring technologies through the introduction of IT systems, the effectiveness of which will be determined by the ability to overcome tax risks.

КАЗАКОВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ 2020: В КИТАЕ НА БАЗЕ АНЬХОЙСКОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ПРОШЛА МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ

The article reports on the international scientific conference "Cossack Studies" 2020 that took place on 12.12.2020. The conference was held in Wuhu (China) at the Anhui Pedagogical University. The conference was organized by the Volga-Dnepr Regional Research Center under the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and the Institute of Foreign Languages of Anhui Pedagogical University. The conference was attended by over 60 specialists in Cossacks studies and experts from China, Russia and Ukraine. The conference was held in a mixed format - offline and online. At the conference, leading scientists made detailed reports and discussed a number of important theoretical and practical problems of studying the history and culture of the Cossacks and the phenomenon of the Cossacks. The conference was timed to coincide with the 450th anniversary of the Don Cossacks.

Кордони і транскордонні процеси: новітні тенденції державно-просторових розмежувань (публікується англійською мовою)

States and borders are unstable both in terms of content and form. Therefore, there are no eternal powers, and there are no eternal borders. These postulates are true being confi rmed both by history and modernity. The so-called “hybrid wars” became an important element of the unprecedented exacerbation of the entire system of international relations. Massive information subversions distributing fake information were staged. Cyber att acks from abroad pose an increasing threat to the security of states. From time to time there are terrible terrorist att acks that are usually inspired by cross-border extremist organizations. The phenomenon of state-space demarcation and their associated phenomena is refl ected in two main, dichotomous concepts: borders and transborder processes. Due to the complexity of the research object the circle of scientists is more and more aware of the need to transfer theoretical and practical developments of the problems of borders and transborder processes to a qualitatively new level – from predominantly mono-scientifi c analysis to interdisciplinary research. In this article through the prism of sociological analysis the essence and forms of existence of modern borders and transborder processes are revealed. Identifi ed the newest tendency towards «blurring», and even a complete leveling of the barrier function of borders, in connection with the transformation of the nature of cross-border activities. In this regard, the necessity of introducing into the scientifi c circle the concept of «interstate spatial phenomena» with its subsequent political and legal implementation. The author outlines the range of the most important theoretical, methodological and empirical problems of sociological analysis of borders and transborder processes in their newest form and presents their own vision of scientifi c and practical ways of solving these problems. Particular att ention is paid to the urgency of the issue of borders and their delineation for Ukraine, which faced today the task of restoring its territorial integrity and control abroad in the East. There were also serious problems in the West, in relations between Ukraine, Poland and Hungary.

Development of the exchange market for agricultural products: current trends and challenges

Introduction. The development of the stock market of agricultural products is one of the important theoretical and practical problems of modern economic science and is the result of the effective implementation of economic policy. So far, an agreed theoretical and methodological approach to the interpretation of the stock market as an economic category, as well as its importance and role in the system of coordinates of the modern economic paradigm has not been formed, which determined the relevance of the topic. Methods. The research is carried out on the basis of the use of the dialectical method, as well as specific methods of conducting research in the framework of methodological tools of modern economic science, in particular, methodological approaches of the Association of the futures industry, which are used in the study of stock market derivatives. Results The article substantiates the main stages of the evolutionary development of the world stock market and the problem of the establishment of an effective exchange mechanism for the implementation of agricultural products in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the global development of the exchange market of agricultural products are revealed, on the basis of actual economic data, its key tendencies are determined and the hypothesis about the formation of a qualitatively new stage of the functioning of the world stock market, in particular, the market of commodity derivatives for agricultural products, is outlined. The role and place of the domestic stock market of agricultural products is highlighted in general terms, some aspects of its perspective development in Ukraine are outlined. Discussion. In the context of the possible priorities of designing a modern exchange mechanism, the advantages and economic consequences of the formation of a transparent exchange market of agricultural products are identified: transparency of market relations, reduction of transaction costs, strengthening the process of concentration of the market environment, reducing its asymmetry and stimulating the increase of the efficiency of the functioning of the agrarian market, in general. Keywords: exchange, stock market of agricultural products, commodity derivatives, futures, options, stock trading.