Important Source Of Foreign Exchange Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE'S FOREIGN TRADE IN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A FULL-SCALE INVASION WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE FTA+ WITH THE EU

ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE'S FOREIGN TRADE IN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A FULL-SCALE INVASION WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE FTA+ WITH THE EU

‘One sows, another reaps’: Analysing the asymmetric impact of remittance inflows on the trade balance in a large emerging economy

Remittances are regarded as an important source of foreign exchange for the majority of low and middle-income countries, and thus have the potential to impact their aggregate economic activities. The current study investigates the impact of remittance inflows and international oil prices on India's trade balance from 1975 to 2020. We use a non-linear autoregressive and distributed lag model to examine the asymmetric impact of remittance and oil price changes on trade balance. The study discovered that rising remittance inflows have a detrimental long-run impact on the trade balance. It also demonstrates that while a positive oil price shock worsens the trade balance, a negative oil price shock improves it in the long run. As a result, the paper emphasises the need to reduce skilled migration, properly channel remittance revenues, develop financial institutions, and implement more efficient exchange rate policies in order to achieve long-term trade surpluses.

Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Roasting Coffee Robusta (Coffea canephora) Produksi Gabungan Kelompok Tani (GAPOKTAN) “Sumber Mulyo” Desa Pakis, Kecamatan Panti, Kabupaten Jember.

Coffee is one of the commodities that has fairly high economic value betweenthe other plantation commodities and one of important source of foreign exchange. Coffee becomes an important part of national economy. Coffee as a plantation commodity has supported foreign exchange earnings and is capable of attacking a large number of workers, if commodities of plantation are sufficient to support the Indonesian national economy. This research was conducted at the Association of Farmers Groups (GAPOKTAN) "Sumber Mulyo" Pakis Village, Panti District of Jember Regency. The purposes of this research are analyzing internal factors and external factors that influence the marketingof roasting robusta coffee,alternative marketing strategies of roasting robusta coffee (Coffea canephora), and marketing strategy priorities on robusta coffee roasting. The results showed that roasting robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) using SWOT analysis obtained 8 strategies from internal factors and external factors. While the results of the AHP analysis showed that optimizing marketing staff and managing product promotion to expand the product, are the most dominant attributes with the highest value of 0.206

Management of Hospitality Industry: The Indian Perspective

Abstract: India is one of the most popular travel destinations worldwide, as a result of which the Indian tourism and hospitality industry has emerged as one of the most important growth engines of the service sector in India. The tourism industry in India has significant potential as tourism is an important source of foreign exchange in India as in many other countries. Foreign exchange earnings grew at a CAGR of 7% from 2016 to 2019, but declined in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is widely recognized that the tourism and hospitality sector, which includes tourism and hospitality services such as hotels and restaurants, is a driver of development, a catalyst for socio-economic growth and an important source of foreign exchange earnings for many countries. India's rich and exquisite history, culture and diversity are showcased through tourism while providing important economic benefits. Consistent action by the central and state governments has helped the tourism industry recover from the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic and operate at pre-pandemic levels.

Effects of Vertical Number and Topping Practice on Growth and Yields of Stumped Coffee (<i>Coffea arabica</i> L.) at Awada South Ethiopia

Coffee (<i>Coffea arabica</i> L.) is known to be one of the most important beverages in the world and is a very important source of foreign exchange for many countries. Old coffee rejuvenation or stumping is one of the most and commonly used by coffee producing countries for productivity enhancements methods especially for those poor productive due to old age and as well as genetic conservation practice. The most and large coverage of old coffee plantation is the most production constraints in almost all coffee growing areas of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted at Awada Agriculture Research Sub-center experimental site between 2013 and 2020 with improved south Ethiopian coffee selections to determine appropriate Vertical number and topping practices for enhanced yield and yield component. Four vertical or bearing head number and topping practices (Topped single stem, Topped multiple stems, Untopped multiple stems, and Free Growth) were used as treatments and laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, to identify the effects of old coffee tree stumping and number of verticals with topping practice. Analysis of variance revealed that; clean coffee yields and growth parameters were significantly influenced by the different numbers of verticals and also topping practice. The analysis of variance also revealed highly significant yield variations among topping practice and the number of verticals. Free growth and topped multiple stems revealed the highest and statically similar yield performance throughout the cropping season as compared to the other treatments. Therefore, these finding indicates that topping practice and the number of verticals significantly promoted the yield responses of Arabica coffee cultivars under field condition. Therefore, topping multiple stems and free growth were selected as a promising practice to enhance coffee yield and yield components.

Infrastructure as Drivers for Economic Growth: A Way to advancing Tourism

Tourism contributes significantly to economic growth in many countries and is an important source of foreign exchange. Infrastructure development is important for developing tourism activities and the economy of the country seeks to optimize the use of tourism. This study examines the role of infrastructure in advancing tourism as a driver of economic growth. It argues that infrastructure is essential to improve tourism and drive economic growth, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure in attracting tourists and creating an enabling environment for businesses to thrive. This study explores the relationship between infrastructure development, tourism, and economic growth, using an in-depth literature review of existing research on infrastructure development and its impact on tourism and economic growth. The relationship is assessed using multivariate analysis. This study examines various studies that have been conducted on the subject and synthesizes the findings to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between infrastructure development, tourism, and economic growth. The conclusion of this study is that infrastructure development is essential for advancing tourism and driving economic growth. This paper highlights the importance of investing in infrastructure to attract tourists and create an enabling environment for businesses to thrive. The study also recommends that policymakers prioritize infrastructure development as a means of advancing tourism and driving economic growth.

BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY PADA USAHA PENGOLAHAN KOPI “UD TYYANA COFFEE” DI KABUPATEN TAPANULI SELATAN

Coffee (Coffeea sp.) is an agricultural commodity in the plantation subsector which includes the mainstray export commodity,has high economic value and an important source of foreign exchange (net exporters) for Indonesia. UD Tyyana Coffee is one of the busnisesses that runs agribusiness of coffee commodities ranging from plantations to coffee processing. The aims of this study is to analyze the Blue Ocean Strategy at UD. Tyyana Coffee in the South Tapanuli Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The result of the research is in running a large strategic series, UD Tyyana Coffe breaks down strategies that are not yet owned by competitors, such as (1) Improving product quality and HR will provide benefits to consumers by providing maximum results. Creating a trend of locations with cafe nuances and facilities such as homestays will increase the emotional appeal of consumers; (2) In the formulation of the Blue Ocean Strategy, the price offered by UD Tyyana Coffee is very attractive and does not change, so it does not affect consumer purchasing power; (3) The costs incurred for this strategy are still affordable. By improving service, it is only intensified when serving ground coffee to provide education about coffee; (4) Adopting the Blue Ocean Strategy requires commitment and cooperation in its processing.

Rwanda’s Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture: Implications for Rural Food Production and Household Food Choices

Abstract Rwanda has experienced exceptional economic growth since 2000 despite more than 60% of the predominately-agrarian population living on less than $1.25 a day. Approximately 76% of the country’s working population are engaged in agricultural production, which makes up about one-third of the national economy. Agriculture is also an important source of foreign exchange, making up about 63% of the value of Rwanda’s exports. An important component of household diets – food produced on subsistence agriculture parcels averaging 0.6 ha – faces the challenge by government and private sector development to replace subsistence farming with a value-creating market-oriented food sector. A complex set of relationships across public incentives and programs encourages participation in markets. Designed to promote wealth, the Crop Intensification Program (CIP) has increased access to land, inputs, extension services, markets, supply chains, etc. Wealth and access to land are the dominant predictors of the ability to participate in markets and the extent of participation. For example, smallholders producing a diversity of crops are more likely to sell in markets. Within the confluence of competing policy objectives and market forces, further research is necessary to understand the household-level tradeoffs of both producers and consumers along the food value chain.

Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Rubiyo, Dewi YA, Imran, Salim A, Baharudin, Indrawanto C, Ratule MT. 2020. Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5698-5607. Cocoa is one of the main plantation commodities in Indonesia. It is an important source of foreign exchange and employment. Currently, Indonesian cocoa production and productivity, including in Southeast Sulawesi, are declining due to pests and diseases. In addition, there is a lack of high-quality and high-yielding clones. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cocoa clones and resistance to cocoa pod borer (CPB) and cocoa pod rot (CPR) disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora. The study tested 12 cocoa clones, which included four high-yielding clones. The research location was in Lambandia Subdistrict, Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Clonal planting material was propagated by grafting in 2010. The study used a randomized block design and the treatments consisted of 20 plants of each cocoa clone with three replications. The clones were evaluated from 2018 to 2019. The observed variables included resistance to CPB and CPR. The results of the study based on the quality component showed that the clones MT, M04, and M01 had the highest average weight per one dry bean of 1.55 g, 1.64 g, and 1.24 g, respectively. Beans produced by clones MT, M01, and M04 had an average fat content of 53.36%, 52.72%, and 50.76%, respectively. Observations of the average number of pods with CPR showed that the lowest rate of attack (about 6%) was in BAL 209 and PT. Ladongi clones, with attack intensities of 20% and 18%, respectively; therefore, these clones were classified as resistant to CPR. Evaluation of the level of resistance to attack by CPB pests found two resistant clones, PT. Ladongi and Sulawesi 2, with light levels of attack on beans.

Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic has enjoyed a prosperous decade with high growth, low inflation, a relatively strong external position and significant gains in poverty reduction. While the economy was strong, it was highly vulnerable to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic as tourism is one of the most important activities. As the pandemic advanced and travel restrictions intensified globally, the Dominican economy lost an important source of foreign exchange and employment. Weaker domestic activity is having a negative impact on tax receipts while the government needs to provide additional health services. This is creating budgetary pressures that will require additional financing. Similarly, as businesses struggle, their ability to service their credit lines would be diminished, putting a strain on the financial position of banks.

Motives for coffee consumption at coffee shops in Mexico

Coffee is one of the main sources of foreign exchange for developing countries. Mexico accounts only 2.68% of the world coffee production, but represent the most important source of foreign exchange in the agricultural sector. The Mexican coffee began to be recognized in recent years, and despite the increase of the consumption, Mexico is not considered an important consumer. The objective was to analyse the motives for coffee consumption at coffee shops with quality labels. A national and a transnational company were selected in central Mexico to carry out a total of 600 questionnaires. Thequestionnaire had four sections: frequency of consumption, Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), some images of coffee quality labels, and a socio-economic. The data were analysed using multivariate statistics, factor and cluster analysis. Indifferent, Pragmatic and Hedonic-Dependent consumers were identified; who are mostly young and middle-aged, single, childless and college educated. Their interest in attending coffee shops is to socialize; they are not interested in quality labels which have negative implications for the use of this type of labels in Mexico. Key words: Consumers; food choice questionnaire; factor and cluster analysis.

TECHNICAL, ALLOCATIVE AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCIES OF SMALL-SCALE SESAME FARMERS: THE CASE OF WEST GONDAR ZONE, ETHIOPIA

In Ethiopia, sesame is mainly cultivated as a cash crop, important source of foreign exchange and income for many smallholders. Thus, improvement in production efficiency of sesame is crucial for Ethiopian economy and for smallholder farmer’s livelihood. Socioeconomic, demographic and institutional factors were collected from randomly selected 385 sample households using multi-stage sampling techniques and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. The Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function result shows that all input variables except land was positive and significant effect on sesame production efficiency. Labour inputs have the highest elasticity, followed by sesame seed, pesticides/herbicides and fertilizer accordingly. The model result shows that across all mean technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies estimates are 72, 49 and 35 percent respectively, implies that a substantial level of inefficiency in sesame production. Improvement of production efficiency requires availability of enough labour particularly during harvesting because of its shattering problem. Therefore, the local and regional government needs to devise mechanisms for hired labour availability in the area. Moreover, the econometric model result indicates that sesame production efficiency was positively and significantly influenced by age, education level, livestock ownership, association membership, off/non-farm income, extension contact, credit access, mobile phone ownership and training participation. The key policy implication therefore is that promoting farmer’s cooperatives, address farmers in formal and informal education programs, enhancing farmer’s access to financial resources through providing easy and affordable credit services, strengthen the extension services in terms of promoting livestock and crop production improving technologies are crucial.

Chapter 27 Lead–zinc–silver deposits of Myanmar

Before 1960 the Pb–Zn–Ag mines in Myanmar were an important source of foreign exchange. Almost the entire output of lead and zinc came from the Bawdwin Mine which, before 1942, was ranked as the sixth-largest producer of lead in the world (Ministry of Mines 1970). In 1938 Myanmar's output of refined lead, zinc concentrates and silver was 76 590 tons, 65 928 tons and 6 230 000 ounces, respectively. By 1986 output levels had fallen to 5948 tons of lead, 7393 tons of zinc and 576 000 ounces of silver. These figures represent a dramatic decline in production from the Bawdwin Mine and Namtu Processing Plant, which Soe Win (1994) has considered to be due to the failure to identify new reserves and inadequate investment in mine facilities. In the past, the Namtu–Bawdwin mining complex produced refined silver, lead and zinc concentrates, copper matte, nickel speiss and antimonial lead. The rich sulphide ore, previously mined underground at Bawdwin and treated at Namtu, yielded a lead concentrate averaging 51.3% Pb, 14.1% Zn and 1.16% Cu and a zinc concentrate averaging 26.1% Zn and 18.1% Pb. Currently, the oxide ore (‘halo ore’) from the open pit only is processed at Bawdwin, to yield a concentrate averaging 41.73% Pb, 9.03% Zn and 3.06% Cu. The lower ore grades present a problem for the old Namtu smelter, which was designed for processing sulphide ore and requires lead concentrates to have a minimum content of 57% Pb with 10–15% Zn and 1–2% Cu. A new blast furnace has been installed capable of smelting lead concentrates as low as 40% Pb, with a tolerance of up to 8% Zn and 3% Cu and with a rated capacity of 50 tons/day (Than Htay 2002). In addition, a zinc fuming plant will produce zinc oxide from zinc slags. …

Workers’ remittances and the Dutch disease in South Asian countries

ABSTRACTWorkers’ remittances have become an important source of foreign exchange for some emerging economies even when compared to official development assistance, foreign direct investment or other types of capital flows. While some research suggests that a high inflow of remittances lowers poverty and stimulates economic growth and financial development, other studies suggest that remittances can appreciate the real exchange rate and thereby hurt the competitiveness of the tradeable sector. In this article, we examine the Dutch disease argument for Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka using a fixed effects model. We are unable to reject the null that there is a statistically significant appreciating effect of remittances on real exchange rate. Since our estimation results show that trade openness causes a depreciation of the real exchange rate, the appreciation effect of the real exchange rate originating from remittance inflows can be made weaker by trade liberalization.

Tourism and economic growth nexus revisited: A panel causality analysis for the case of the Mediterranean Region

Tourism is perceived as an important source of foreign exchange that is used for financing economic growth. This study offers a modern approach to tourism-led growth and investigates the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth in the European, Asian and African countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. The study uses panel data for the period 1998–2011, and adopts a panel Granger causality analysis developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) to assess the contribution tourism makes to economic growth in each country. The results indicate that the direction of causality between tourism and economic growth depends on the country group and tourism indicator. Furthermore, the European countries are better able to generate growth from tourism in the Mediterranean region.

Shopping Tourism or Tourists Shopping? A Case Study of South Africa's African Tourism Market

Tourism to South Africa has increased consistently over the last 15 years and the country has become one of the most popular tourist destinations, not only in Africa, but also in the world. With 10 million tourists visiting South Africa, tourism has grown to become an important industry, contributing more than 8% to the country's gross domestic product (GDP); it has even surpassed earnings from gold exports as an important source of foreign exchange. A closer inspection of the arrivals statistics reveals that the majority (75%) of tourists are from Africa. In addition, 75% of all African tourists are from South Africa's neighbouring countries. However, most research on tourism to South Africa focuses on intercontinental arrivals. Among the reasons cited for the exclusion of African tourists is that these tourists visit South Africa for reasons other than tourism, such as shopping, business and study. This research addresses this shortcoming by analysing the trends in arrivals and spending by African tourists to South Africa. The paper sheds light on the reasons why African tourists travel to South Africa and shows the important role of South Africa as a wholesaler for Africa. It is postulated that the link between trade and tourism is much stronger for South Africa and its neighbours than is the case for other countries.

Determinants of Export Performance in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from South Asia

The idea that trade is important for economic growth dates back to the nineteenth century when classical economists like Adam Smith, Ricardo, John Stuart Mill etc. advocated the favourable effects of international trade on output. Since then a rich body of both theoretical and empirical literature has evolved with regards to exports and trade policy. Within this overall literature, two competing approaches that can be broadly identified are Import Substitution industrialisation (IS) and Export-Led (EL) growth. According to the EL growth hypothesis, exports can promote economic growth through three main channels that are as follows: (i) trade enables firms (at the micro level) and countries (at the macro level) to gain through specialisation and economies of scale. The most efficient producers witness increasing market shares, that in turn lead to aggregate productivity gains through a reallocation of resources [Taylor (1981) and Melitz (2003)], (ii) Exports are an important source of foreign exchange. These resources are important not just for the purchase of vital inputs such as capital and machinery but are extremely valuable where balance of payments constraints are widespread [Faridi (2012)]. (iii) Trade is an important source of knowledge and technological transfers. New growth theory has shown that trade with technologically innovative countries allows access to the technological know-how of trading partners, and also has the potential of encouraging innovative activity by increasing the returns to innovate as traders have access to a larger market relative to non-trading firms.

Cultivation of mushroom (&lt;i&gt;Pleurotus ostreatus&lt;/i&gt;) using corn cobs and saw dust as the major substrate

An investigation was carried out on the cultivation of mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using corn cobs and saw dust as the main substrates. Lignocellulosic wastes such as corn cobs and saw dust were packaged inside heat &#8211; resistant polythene bags and pasteurized before being seeded with 7.5% w/w millet spawn of Pleurotus ostreatus and incubated at room temperature (250C) for six weeks. Thereafter, they were exposed by incising small stripes on the bag to give a cold shock to initiate fruiting. The result of this study showed that corn cobs had an average yield of1,248g per flush and saw dust 526.50g per flush. Thus, indicating that saw dust gave a significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher yield (70%) than saw dust (30%). Mushroom cultivation in Nigeria (Developing Country) is of great importance because it converts agricultural and industrial waste (which can pollute the environment) into edible protein; it can serve as a means of generating employment for the Nigeria populace because it can be grown all year round; if exported, mushrooms will be an important source of foreign exchange.

Multidimensional Re‐creation of Vulnerabilities and Potential for Resilience in International Migration

AbstractInternational labour migration is a multidimensional process and primarily a family mechanism intended to reduce vulnerabilities associated with underlying inequalities. However, for immigrants, the break‐up of physical contact with family members is an enduring feature of vulnerability in their communication with origins (often in developing countries). On the whole, family relationships are transformed: the absence of physical contact is traded‐off with remittances sent home to family members. Remittances create potential for resilience by increasing human development of children, while reducing extreme poverty at the local level. Remittance flows are also an important source of foreign exchange for countries of origin. However, labour markets’ polarization, backlash, and economic downturns at destinations (often in developed countries), and governments’ moral hazard, currency revaluation, and production inertia at origins recreate vulnerabilities and disrupt the potential build‐up of resilience. In fact, the re‐creation of vulnerabilities largely outweighs the generation of resilience threads. The paper develops a typology that highlights the dynamic interaction between vulnerabilities and resilience, revealing the multiple aspects of people and remittances flows, the potential for mainstreaming migration policies into economic development, and the scale of the policy task to reduce vulnerabilities associated to international labour migration.

Enhancing the development impact of remittances: a study ofdirect payment and savings facilities for Filipino workers in Qatar

International remittances are playing an increasingly important role in the economies of developing countries. Aside from being an important source of foreign exchange for many recipient countries, recent research has shown that households that receive remittances are more likely to leave poverty status, to send their children to school and to invest in small enterprises, health, education and housing. While remittances bring numerous benefits to households in developing countries, little is known about the extent to which remittance flows are reduced by the fact that migrants have limited ability to monitor and control how remittances are spent by beneficiaries. This research aims to investigate whether the introduction of new, innovative financial services can enhance the ability of migrants to save, monitor and control how their remittances are utilized. In partnership with a financial institution in the Philippines, we have designed two new financial products that will be offered randomly via a field experiment, to a sample of Filipino migrants in Qatar enrolled in this study. The first financial product is a commitment savings account that has the potential to raise household savings for clients with self-control concerns. The second financial product is a direct (bill) payment facility that allows a migrant to pay vendors in the Philippines directly. The offer of financial services to the migrant is to enable them to either save more of their remittances (using the commitment savings account) and/or make payments directly to vendors in the Philippines (with the direct payment facility), as opposed to having their families back home arrange payments. All subjects in Qatar and their origin households in the Philippines will be administered a baseline survey covering employment, income and expenses, level of remittances, financial services used and desired and savings. A follow-up survey will be administered later to the migrant and their households in order to determine the use of the new products and its impact on the level and use of remittances or more generally household expenditures.