Important Services Research Articles

Analysis of Bus Public Transportation Passenger Satisfaction Level Route Manado - Tondano, North Sulawesi

Transportation has a strategic role in supporting economic development, especially in meeting the needs of transportation services for people and goods. This research aims to analyze the level of satisfaction of bus public transport passengers on the Manado - Tondano route, North Sulawesi. The methods used in this study are Importance and Performance Analysis (IPA) and Service Quality (SERVQUAL), which assess passenger perceptions and expectations of bus service quality. Data were obtained through a questionnaire survey covering five dimensions of service quality, namely Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. The results showed that the majority of respondents were female under the age of 20, with dominant occupations as students or college students, and income below Rp1,500,000. Based on the gap analysis between performance and expectations, it was found that all service attributes have negative values, with an average gap of -1.38, which indicates that bus services are still below passenger expectations. This research provides important implications for transportation service providers to improve service quality to meet passenger expectations.

Mapping canopy cover for municipal forestry monitoring: Using free Landsat imagery and machine learning

Trees across the urban-rural continuum are recognized for their ecological importance and ecosystem services. Municipalities often utilize spatial canopy cover data for monitoring this resource. Monitoring frameworks typically rely on fine-scale maps derived from very high spatial resolution sensors, which are high quality but expensive and unwieldy for consistent wide-area monitoring. In this paper, we explore how free Landsat imagery, supported by very high-resolution imagery interpretation and/or digital hemispherical photographs, can be used to effectively map canopy cover at a scale appropriate for municipal monitoring. We compare linear models and random forest machine learning for predicting canopy cover across a landscape (general) and within specific land covers (specialized). We create 2018 canopy cover maps and track progress towards forestry objectives in a region of southern Ontario, Canada. Random forest models using all reference data perform best for general use (R2: 0.90, RMSE: 10.1 %), separating non-canopy vegetation (e.g., agricultural fields) from tree canopy. Specialized models are useful in forest land cover patches, where hemispherical photographs relate with Landsat at a moderate strength (R2: 0.67, RMSE: 2.73 %), and in residential areas, capturing the totality of canopy cover variation (R2: 0.85, RMSE: 5.66 %). Accuracy was assessed with standard cross-validation, which is useful given limited resources. However, following best practice, an independent reference sample was also leveraged to assess the best general model (R2: 0.86, RMSE: 11.4 %), indicating that cross-validation was slightly overoptimistic. Results show that Caledon, a rural-dominant municipality within the study area, is the greenest (34 % canopy cover). The two cities (Brampton and Mississauga) have 15.9 % and 17.5 % canopy cover. Residential canopy criteria indicate “Good” performance in Caledon, “Moderate” in Mississauga, and “Low” in Brampton based on our 2018 assessment. The methods described here can provide municipalities with a low-cost approach for tree canopy monitoring across complex landscapes. Data availabilityThe data used for this paper are available at: https://zenodo.org/records/12549244. The code created for this paper are available at: https://github.com/ZZMitch/PredictTreeCC_Landsat_1972to2020.

Estado del arte de las redes ecológicas de polinización y visitadores florales del Perú

Even though pollination is an ecosystem service of great importance for humanity, in many megadiverse countries such as Peru, little is known about the diversity of pollinators and floral visitors, their interactions, their dynamics and biogeographic distribution. Thus, we highlight the need of information on the diversity of pollinators and their interactions with plants in the Peruvian territory, and to identify information gaps. We compiled and identified 162 bibliographic sources on pollination interactions in Peru published from 1965 to 2023. We noted 2,537 interactions, corresponding to 970 species and morphospecies of plants distributed mainly of the orders Asterales, Lamiales and Fabales; and 671 species and morphospecies of animals of the classes Arachnida, Insecta, Mammalia and Aves. Finally, we identified 207 sampling locations for pollination interactions at the national level. Among which the departments with the greatest number of records were Lambayeque, Cusco, Huánuco, Lima, Madre de Dios and Cajamarca; in contrast, we did not find records for Ayacucho, Moquegua and Tacna. With this information, we corrected some information gaps regarding the knowledge of the diversity of the pollination interactions and floral visits in Peru..

Comparative Study of Digitalization Impact on Global Goods and Services Markets in Advanced and Developing Economies

Abstract In the era of rapid technological progress, the influence of dizitalization on different aspects of international economic activity can’t be overstated. The aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive comparative study of digitalization’s impact on global goods and services markets, with a specific focus on advanced and developing economies using multiple linear regression. The research methodology involved comprehensive data collection for 35-38 advanced economies and 52-66 developing economies depending on the availability of data. The analysis included depended variables (18 export and import goods sectors and 18 export and import services), independent variables (digitalization, consisting of ICT deployment, ICT export and import, ICT investment variables), control variables such as GDP growth, CPI, trade openness, exchange rate and political stability. The findings demonstrate the ICT infrastructure and ICT exports positive impact on export of technology-intensive goods, such as ores and metals, machinery and equipment, and tools and devices in advanced economies. Digitalization’s positive impact on trade in goods appeared weaker in developing economies, potentially due to lower levels of ICT adoption or differing export focuses. ICT export has positive impact on financial services imports, indicating a reliance on imported financial services while exporting ICT capabilities. The model shows a high success rate depending on variables. The study highlights digitalization’s varied impact on advanced and developing economies, emphasizing its importance for trade, competitiveness and policymakers in the global market.

A Study On Impact Of Exchange Rate Fluctuations On Indian Exports

The exports of a nation are advantageous to its growth as exports help expand and create a global market for locally produced goods, contributes towards the growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), assists a country earn foreign exchange reserves which could potentially be used to import necessary goods and services to the nation. One of the major ways of promoting exports is to devalue the home currency thereby making the exports cheaper for the potential importers allowing them to import a larger volume of goods from the home country i.e. a cheaper domestic currency increases the total volume of exports. This study takes into account Annual Exchange Rates and exports of different basket of commodities namely Chemical Products, Mineral Products, Precious Metals, Metals & Machines and estimates the existence of correlation between the two variables and estimate the impact of the independent variable (Annual Exchange rates) on the dependent variable (Basket of goods Exported). The correlation between the Annual Exchange rates and Chemical Products and Machines is positive and has a higher regression, the correlation value for Metals is positive. However, the regression is low and the significant value for Mineral Products and Precious metals is greater than 0.05 hence the correlation and regression will not be accepted.

Restoring forest ecosystem services through trait-based ecology

Restoration is moving towards a more mechanistic approach that emphasizes restoration of ecosystem services. Trait-based approaches provide links between species identity and ecosystem functions and have been suggested as a promising way to formally integrate ecosystem services in the design of restoration programs. While practitioners have been routinely using informal knowledge on plant traits in their practices, these approaches are underutilized as operationalization remains challenging. The goal of this paper is to provide guidance for applied scientists and restoration practitioners looking to apply a trait-based approach to restore forest ecosystems. We present a five-step framework: 1) selection of services to be restored, 2) trait selection, 3) data acquisition, 4) analytical planning, and 5) empirical testing and monitoring. We use three Canadian case studies to illustrate the applicability of our framework and the variety of ways trait-based approaches can inform restoration practices: 1) restoration of urban woodlots after an insect outbreak, 2) restoration of a smelter damaged landscape surrounding an urban area, and 3) reclamation of remote upland forests after oil and gas related disturbances. We describe the major mechanisms and traits that determine vegetation effects on ecosystem services of importance in each case study. We then discuss data availability, methodological constraints, comparability issues, analytical methods, and the importance of empirical testing and monitoring to ensure realistic prediction of service restoration. By outlining issues and offering practical information, we aim to contribute to a more robust use of traits in ecological restoration.

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Arafura and Timor Seas – Characterization, Key Features and Ecological Significance

The tropical Arafura and Timor Seas (ATS) region lies on the edge of the Coral Triangle, located at the intersection of two major Large Marine Ecosystems, the Northern Australian Shelf and the Indonesian Sea. Under the influence of the Indonesian Through Flow current and Pacific-Indian Ocean exchange, the ATS also lies at a major ‘cross-road’ of global ocean circulation and climate regulation. The ‘semi-enclosed’ ATS is characterized by diverse seascapes, pronounced ecological connectivity (marine biodiversity, shared fisheries, land-sea interactions), extensive coastal wetlands and shallow-water ecosystems, and globally-significant marine biodiversity (particularly corals reefs, mangroves, seagrasses, and populations of marine megafauna). Complex oceanography, bathymetry and large-scale, tidal and monsoon-driven circulation, and localized, seasonal upwellings are major features across the region, driving patterns of ocean productivity, reef biodiversity and sustaining rich pelagic ecosystems. With some of the most extensive, productive and near-pristine tropical coastal ecosystems in the world, the waters of the ATS are a global marine biodiversity ‘hotspot’ and play a crucial role in maintaining regional/global tropical marine biodiversity. Including providing major migration corridors, critical habitats and a regional/global refuge for some of the world’s most threatened marine megafauna and wildlife populations (particularly sea turtles, sharks/rays, sawfish/river sharks, whales, dolphins and dugongs). Coastal habitats in the ATS also provide a range of ecosystem services of fundamental importance to human well-being, including climate change; with climate-resilient coral reefs and some of the largest and intact, tropical wetlands (mangroves, saltmarshes, seagrasses) in the world, the ATS region is a recognized global blue carbon hotspot. The characterization and assessment of key ecosystems and processes in the ATS in this study provide the basis for protecting these resources through the Arafura and Timor Seas Ecosystem Action Program.

Managing The Impact of Changes in Discount Rate, Forex Rate, Exports & GDP on Imports of Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes in macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP, exports, discount rate, and Forex rate, affect Pakistani imports. It is widely acknowledged that the world has become a global village, with no state being able to meet its own needs for goods and services. As a result, these states are forced to import goods and services that would be extremely expensive to produce locally due to a lack of raw materials. Imports are crucial to global trade because they enable nations to buy raw materials from other countries, transform them into completed goods, and then export those goods for significant profit. Maintaining a positive balance of payments requires the state to maintain an appropriate balance between its imports and exports. Since importing goods and services from overseas requires paying significant foreign exchange, it is imperative that only necessities be imported and that luxury items be avoided. Using data of independent variables, such as export, GDP, discount rate, and Forex rate, and dependent variable, namely import spread over a period from 1972 to 2020, descriptive statistics and diagnostic tests, such as Unit root test, ARDL tests, Bound test, Multicollinaerity, Heteroscedasticity, Correlation, and Autocorrelation, have been conducted. In order to examine the existence of a long-term balance link between import, GDP, interest rate, export, and foreign exchange rate, we have adopted the bounds analysis method to cointegration, which was developed inside the ARDL structure. The results provide strong evidence that the GDP, interest rate, and exchange rate all have an important impact on determining the long- and short-term responses to our nation's imports. Key words: ,

Dynamics of socially oriented non-profit organizations development as providers of socially important services in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the dynamics of socially oriented non-profit organizations (hereinafter – SONPOs) development in the context of their role in the social service system transformation. The study is based on the data of departmental statistics for 2018–2022 for the Northwestern Federal District regions using the comparative analysis methods. The analysis revealed that in all selected federal subjects the benchmarks for the non-state providers share in the total number of social service providers have been achieved. Among them, the SONPOs share ranges from 13 to 86 %. The assessment of the SONPOs development rates for all types of socially important services contained in the official statistical information has shown that, while their number is practically unchanged, the increase in the financial support volume leads to an increase in their consumers’ number. The most noticeable expansion of the target audience is observed in the field of culture and cinematography, but in general, there is a noticeable differentiation of regions in terms of the increase rate in the socially important services volume in various spheres. The identified discrepancies in various departmental registers of SONPOs are related to their inability to adapt to new conditions and may indicate the failure to overcome barriers that prevent these organizations from participating in providing social services commissioned by the state.

Exploring the impact of stressful life events on quality of life: meaning making and narrative reconstruction

ABSTRACT Purpose Stressful life events have the capacity to disrupt an individual’s worldview and life goals, leading to existential questions and identity loss. The subjective perception of identity is intricately linked with quality of life (QoL), and how individuals derive meaning from these stressful life events significantly influences their well-being. This article explored the impact of stressful life events on individuals’ QoL, and examined the potential for enhancing QoL through meaning making and narrative reconstruction. Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 individuals reporting diminished QoL and analysed using thematic analysis. Results The study reveals that stressful life events confront interviewees with the vulnerability of their values in life and the limits of their control, leading them to question their own beliefs and purpose in life. Consequently, these events prompt individuals to reconstruction their narratives to adapt to new life circumstances. Conclusions The study suggests that “securing the base,” including strong social relations and security in economic and housing conditions, is a prerequisite for enhancing QoL. The insights on “the base” have profound implications for QoL. Recognizing their fundamental importance, policymakers, healthcare professionals, and social service providers can support mechanisms to enhance these foundations, improving overall well-being for individuals and communities.

Application of operations scheduling algorithms for the allocation of forensic science services

The activities of preparing and issuing Forensic Science Services reports are a public service of great importance for society and for the executive and judicial branches. However, notably, it has difficulties in meeting due dates, causing damage to all involved and generating additional costs for governments. In practice, it is observed that knowledge in the area of operations management is not used to determine the allocations of Forensic Science services at Criminalistics Technical Sections. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop and apply knowledge related to the operations scheduling of Forensic Science reports. To fulfill the objective, the case study research method was applied in the Regional Technical Section of Criminalistics (STRC) of Três Corações - Minas Gerais in Brazil. Real data from that Forensic Unity carried out in the past were implemented in an APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) software and new allocations, based on the software's internal algorithms, were carried out. The results of allocations from the software have been compared with the previous results. The comparisons show that scheduling from the software's algorithms can bring better results.

Tourist Trampling on a Peripheral Plant Population Restricted to an Urban Natural Area in the Capo Sant’Elia Promontory (Sardinia, W-Mediterranean Basin)

Urban natural areas provide important ecological services such as biodiversity conservation, as well as opportunities for people to connect with nature and preserve cultural heritage. However, the increasing demand for access to natural areas and the expansion of human recreational activities, such as hiking and biking, pose threats to these ecosystems, especially for animal and plant species, finally resulting in biodiversity loss. This study explores the intricate link between human trampling, plant density, and the morphological and reproductive characteristics of Globularia alypum L., a plant with a peripheral population in Sardinia restricted to a natural area within an urban context. The study examined trampling effects on 75 plots along a frequently used path crossing the plant’s core population. Similar environmental conditions were assumed, with differences attributed to human trampling intensity and plant density, and morphological and reproductive traits were measured within each plot. Our results showed that human trampling caused differences in the morphological traits of plants, whereas, in contrast, reproductive traits are less vulnerable to human trampling than morphological ones. As a result, trampled areas may experience decreased plant recruitment, which can have long-term implications for plant population dynamics. Understanding the relationship between trampling effects and the sensitivity of peripheral plant populations is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies.

Public Financing of Professional Sports Facilities and Drug Asset Forfeiture

Local governments provide many crucial services from limited budgets, yet often subsidize the profitable, private businesses in professional sports leagues in the United States. Policing represents one important public service. Policing typically constitutes large portions of government budgets and also generates revenue through fines and forfeitures. Existing evidence suggests that large municipal expenditures in other areas can have an ambiguous effect on policing outcomes. This paper addresses the question of whether large public expenditures on sports facilities affect drug asset forfeiture using two-way fixed effects (TWFE) and generalized dynamic model specifications (GDMS). The results are similar across estimation methods, with static TWFE results suggesting a treatment effect of $1,274–5,589 in additional forfeiture per million in subsidies and results from the newer GDMS estimators suggesting $7,703 per million in subsidies. The results imply that, beyond generating no tangible local economic benefits, public subsidization of sports facilities also leads police to make up budget shortfalls by more aggressive policing, which has important implications for racial equity.

Factors Influencing Women's Attendance to Postnatal Clinics in the Primary Healthcare Centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain, 2023.

Despite the significance of postnatal care for maternal health, the attendance rate of mothers at postnatal clinics (PNCs) in primary healthcare (PHC) centers in Bahrain is low. This study aims to identify factors influencing women's attendance at PNC in PHC centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain and to propose strategies for service improvement. In January 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study. We selected mothers who gave birth between six and 12 months before the survey and met inclusion criteria using systematic simple random sampling and obtained consent (n = 319). Data collection utilized an electronic, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, and analysis was carried out using SPSS version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Out of the 319 participants, 31% were unaware of the existence of PNC, 42% were aware but did not attend, and 27% were aware and had attended the clinic. Mother and child department clerks, doctors, health education boards, and midwives served as the primary sources of information about the PNC for only 34%, 16%, 16%, and 11% of participants, respectively. Understanding the importance of PNC, the services offeredby a healthcare worker,the booking process, having a vaginal delivery, and prior experience with a PNC visit were significantly associated with PNC attendance (p = 0.0046, p = 0.027, p < 0.001, p = 0.028, and p < 0.001, respectively). The attendance of 81 mothers, representing 94% of the total women who attended the clinic, was driven by their acknowledgment of the service's importance. Childcare responsibilities, perception of the visit as unimportant, and reluctance to undergo a pelvic examination were the top reasons for not attending the clinic, despite 41%, 38%, and 37% of participants being aware of it. Postnatal care attendance remains suboptimal for mothers in Bahrain. Awareness of the clinic's presence, counseling by healthcare providers, and prior experience with PNC visits were found to be significant determinants of attendance.

Trends and Inequalities in Maternal and Newborn Health Services for Unplanned Settlements of Lusaka City, Zambia.

Living conditions and other factors in urban unplanned settlements present unique challenges for improving maternal and newborn health (MNH), yet MNH inequalities associated with such challenges are not well understood. This study examined trends and inequalities in coverage of MNH services in the last 20 years in unplanned and planned settlements of Lusaka City, Zambia. Geospatial information was used to map Lusaka's settlements and health facilities. Zambia Demographic Health Surveys (ZDHS 2001, 2007, 2013/2014, and 2018) were used to compare antenatal care (ANC), institutional delivery, and Cesarean section (C-section) coverage, and neonatal mortality rates between the poorer 60% and richer 40% households. Health Management Information System (HMIS) data from 2018 to 2021 were used to compute service volumes and coverage rates for ANC1 and ANC4, and institutional delivery and C-sections by facility level and type in planned and unplanned settlements. Although the correlation is not exact, our data analysis showed close alignment; and thus, we opted to use the 60% poorer and 40% richer groups as a proxy for households in unplanned versus planned settlements. Unplanned settlements were serviced by primary centers or first-level hospitals. ZDHS findings show that by 2018, at least one ANC visit and institutional delivery became nearly universal throughout Lusaka, but early and four or more ANC visits, C-sections, and neonatal mortality rates remained worse among poorer than richer women in ZDHS. In HMIS, ANC and institutional delivery volumes were highest in public facilities, especially in unplanned settlements. The volume of C-sections was much greater within facilities in planned than unplanned settlements. Our study exposed persistent gaps in timing and use of ANC and emergency obstetric care between unplanned and planned communities. Closing such gaps requires strengthening outreach early and consistently in pregnancy and increasing emergency obstetric care capacities and referrals to improve access to important MNH services for women and newborns in Lusaka's unplanned settlements.

Stranded seaweeds (Gongolaria barbata): an opportunity for macroalgal forest restoration

Macroalgal forests play a crucial ecological role, providing important ecosystem services, but are also among the most vulnerable marine habitats. In the Mediterranean Sea, the forests of Cystoseira sensu lato (s.l.) are undergoing a drastic decline due to the presence of multiple stressors, and among these species, Gongolaria barbata is one of the most threatened. Despite the various attempts to restore these macroalgal forests, the success of the interventions is limited by the availability of fertile apices to promote zygotes release and the embryo development for subsequent replacement in situ. Here, we propose a new approach based on the use of G. barbata stranded on the beach for the restoration of these marine habitats. We developed a protocol based on the collection of stranded macroalgae to collect their fertile apices and produce healthy zygotes and embryos, whose recruits can be then returned at sea (through ad hoc hard substrates). We show that 3 months of incubation in mesocosms allow the recruits to reach an average length of 1–2 mm with an average density of 50–80 recruits per tile. We demonstrate that these recruits can survive and grow vigorously both in mesocosms, and after being outplanted at sea. The protocol presented here has the double advantage: (1) obtaining recruits without impacting the natural populations and (2) providing a second life to macroalgal fragments (through ecological restoration) that would otherwise be lost.

The Role of Point-of-Care Testing to Improve Acute Care and Health Care Services.

Health care is one of the most important services that need to be provided to any community. Many challenges exist in delivering proper and effective health services, including ensuring timely delivery, providing adequate care through effective management and achieving good outcomes. Point-of-care testing (POCT) plays a crucial role in delivering urgent and appropriate health services, especially in peripheral communities, emergency situations, disaster areas and overcrowded areas. We collected and reviewed secondary data about point-of-care testing from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Our findings emphasize that POCT provides fast care with minimal waiting time, avoids unnecessary investigations, aids in triage, and provides decision-makers with a clear understanding of the patient's condition to make informed decisions.We recommend point-of-care testing as a frontline investigationin emergency departments, intensive care units, peripheral hospitals, primary health care centers, disaster areas and field hospitals. Point-of-care testing can improve the quality of health services and ensure the provision of necessary health care.

Ecosystem services at risk from disturbance in Europe's forests.

Global change impacts on disturbances can strongly compromise the capacity of forests to provide ecosystem services to society. In addition, many ecosystem services in Europe are simultaneously provided by forests, emphasizing the importance of multifunctionality in forest ecosystem assessments. To address disturbances in forest ecosystem policies and management, spatially explicit risk analyses that consider multiple disturbances and ecosystem services are needed. However, we do not yet know which ecosystem services are most at risk from disturbances in Europe, where the respective risk hotspots are, nor which of the main disturbance agents are most detrimental to the provisioning of multiple ecosystem services from Europe's forests. Here, we quantify the risk of losing important ecosystem services (timber supply, carbon storage, soil erosion control and outdoor recreation) to forest disturbances (windthrows, bark beetle outbreaks and wildfires) in Europe on a continental scale. We find that up to 12% of Europe's ecosystem service supply is at risk from current disturbances. Soil erosion control is the ecosystem service at the highest risk, and windthrow is the disturbance agent posing the highest risk. Disturbances challenge forest multifunctionality by threatening multiple ecosystem services simultaneously on 19.8 Mha (9.7%) of Europe's forests. Our results highlight priority areas for risk management aiming to safeguard the sustainable provisioning of forest ecosystem services.

Influence of different agroforestry production modules on fine roots biomass in the southeastern Amazon

AFS provide important ecosystem services associated with carbon (C) cycling and dynamics and can store C in plant biomass that is often comparable to natural forests. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the biomass of fine roots (diameter ≤2mm) in different SAF modules (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) in the southeast of Pará, using two adjacent areas (Urochloa sp. pasture and secondary forest) as a reference. The modules have common crops (banana, manioc, pineapple, corn, cocoa), varying according to the other species intercropped. Each module has an area of 2 ha, the same history and time of implantation, and five 5×5 m plots were randomly installed in each one, where we collected 3 soil samples (0-10 cm) with a volumetric cylinder (196 cm³). In the laboratory, the roots were washed in running water under a 0.5 mm mesh and sorted using tweezers and a caliper. Root biomass was estimated using dry mass (g.m²) and statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA and Tukey's post-test. Forest and pasture showed greater fine root biomass compared to the SAF modules, which were similar to each other (p&lt;0.001; Forest=283.95g.m²; M1=89.01g.m²; M2=65.89g.m²; M3=56.27g.m²; M4=115.96g.m²; M5=81.44g.m²; Pasture =359.25g.m²). In the forest, the high density and diversity of species can increase biomass. The similarity between the SAF modules indicates that the time of implementation (one year) is insufficient to influence root biomass differently, and that the history of the area and soil management influence root biomass, differentiating it from the forest analyzed.

The Role of New Era Exporters on the Financial Growth in India

The present study aims to investigate the relationships among India's financial development, international trade, and the evolution of economic growth. The study's primary focal areas have been the real GDP, which has replaced economic growth, export and import services, international commerce, gross capital creation, and exchange rate as independent variables. More frequent traders are often found to have excellent advancement rates and to have a positive influence on the growth of the financial industry and the economy. The research will also examine if there is a sustained correlation between various macroeconomic factors in India from 2000 to 2018, such as trade growth, financial development, and other macroeconomic variables. Regarding the previous sentence, the study employed the Johansen co-integration approach, KPSS, ADF, and PP to ascertain if financial development, economic growth, and trade variables continue to be associated over an extended period of time. These techniques were also applied to investigate the long-term relationships between particular variables. The direction of causation between variables can be ascertained using the Granger causality test. All of the variables have been shown to be non-stationar, and the study demonstrates that there is a long-term correlation between financial development, economic growth, and international trade. The study's conclusions show the interdependence of trade, financial development, and economic development; yet, while macroeconomic policy is stable, negative macroeconomic variables, such increasing inflation, might impede economic progress.