Important International Agreements Research Articles

Роль вищих органів державної влади в євроінтеграційних процесах України

This scientific article examines the process of preparation and accession of the state to the European Union (EU) with an emphasis on the work of higher authorities. The authors analyze the key aspects and stages that include the transition to European norms and standards, as well as the reforms necessary to comply with EU standards. The article examines the role of parliament, government, and other authorities in the implementation of European policies and legislation, and evaluates their effectiveness in this process. The study is based on the analysis of practical steps and strategies that have been used by various countries during their path to EU accession. The main conclusions of the article are aimed at revealing the key factors of successful entry and work of higher authorities in this context, including political will, reform measures and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating progress. Among the highest state authorities that that play an important role in the process of Ukraine's accession to the European Union are are: 1) the Parliament of Ukraine, which provides legislative regulation of the process of European integration process. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which has adopted a number of laws, aimed at harmonizing the current legislation with the EU requirements, in particular, in the human rights, corruption and economic reforms; 2) the President of Ukraine, who acts as the head of the delegation Ukraine's President, who acts as the head of Ukraine's delegation in negotiations with the EU. His active support is important to facilitate the process of European integration. The President has ordered a number of reforms and initiated important international agreements, such as Association Agreement with the EU; 3) the Government of Ukraine, whose key task is to implement reforms and European standards. Among the main priorities are justice, anti-corruption policy, increasing economic stability and social and social protection of the population.

국제 전자상거래에서 CISG의 적용 가능성에 관한 검토

Purpose - Internet-based e-commerce is rapidly developing and applied, and e-commerce through Internet technology overcomes the time and space constraints of existing business exchanges and facilitates multinational transactions.At the same time, disputes over e-commerce are increasing.In order to solve these disputes, clear laws should be regulated and regulated. Design/methodology/approach - This paper first studies the development and trend of E-commerce, then studies the legal provisions of CISG, and then combines them to analyze and draw a conclusion. Findings - Since its enactment in 1980, the CISG has been one of the most influential international commercial laws to date, with 95 States parties. It is a very important international agreement and norm that helps maintain and facilitate the settlement of international trade disputes and coordination of international merchandise sales activities. However, CISG, which is most widely used in traditional trade, faces many challenges due to the nature of E-commerce, but after studying the development and trend of E-commerce and the legal provisions of E-commerce, we conclude that CISG can be applied to E-commerce. Research implications or Originality - All the international conventions are the fruit of the efforts of the people, CISG, as one of the most important unitary laws of international trade, can be said to be representative.The analysis of CISG's legal provisions should be combined with the current international e-commerce trade form, so that CISG can be reasonably applied to modern trade disputes.

Scientific Evidence for the Effectiveness of Mangrove Forests in Reducing Floods and Associated Hazards in Coastal Areas

The evidence for the capacity of mangrove forests for coastal protection gained more importance within the recent decade because of important international agreements, such as the Sustainable Development Goals and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. However, the degree to which researchers agree on the capacity of mangroves to reduce coastal hazards is not fully established. This study employed a multilevel review process that selected 45 peer-reviewed articles for detailed analysis. Significant findings revealed a strong agreement amongst scientific literature on the benefits of mangrove forests in reducing coastal hazards. However, findings also revealed the dominance of single-discipline research, and less representation of countries in Africa and South America. Limitations in sampled studies highlight the limited number of global studies conducted on mangrove forests’ effectiveness in attenuating coastal hazards, and the limited representation of development and disaster studies. It is recommended that future research on mangrove forests and their coastal hazard reduction capacity should explore multidisciplinary approaches, and synergies in fieldwork and simulation methods while considering possible future climate change situations.

Impact of the Paris Agreement on agriculture, energy, and economy

The Paris Agreement is the third important international legal agreement in human history to address climate change, following the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which influenced the post-2020 global climate governance landscape. Compared with the previous ones, the Paris Agreement is more equitable and feasible. It conveys stronger global willingness in the area of low carbon transition and sets out a clearer global vision in the area of the energy revolution. This article summarizes the key initiatives of the Paris Agreement and also found that Paris Agreement has profound implications for the agriculture sector and energy sectors. By transferring the carbon emitter into the carbon sink and balancing the food security issues and land-based greenhouse gas emission reduction measures, the agriculture sector would contribute considerable efforts to the abatement mission. The energy sector, on the other hand, generally explores the pragmatic patterns of paradigm shift. Without the transformation and upgrading of these two largest greenhouse gas emission sectors, the long-term goal of the Paris Agreement could not be fulfilled, and humankind’s wellbeing would be further undermined. In addition, a critical element of the Paris Agreement, the green finance issue, is discussed. Achieving the Paris Agreement goals needs numerous investments into relevant fields and important players’ collaborations globally.

Legal regulation of copyright in the ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire

The article explores the genesis of the legislative consolidation of copyright law in the Ukrainian lands that were a part of the Russian Empire. The thesis is substantiated that the legal regulation of copyright law in these territories was formed under the influence of both European legal traditions and imperial legislative norms. It was revealed that the formation of the idea of authorship in Russia occurred much later than in European countries. The reasons were the long-term attachment of copyright law to censorship legislation and the late commercialization of publishing. It was revealed that the right to literary property was first established in Russian legislation. The literary property was considered as acquired property. Later on, the right of musical and artistic property received legal protection. The thesis has proved that the proprietary concept of copyright law in Russia has been dominant for a long time. At the end of the 19th century, the question of the legal nature of copyright law became relevant, which ultimately formed the idea of separating property and non-property interests of the author in Russian law. Therefore, the evolution of copyright law in the Russian Empire is characterized by a transition from the protection of the interest of the distributor of the work to the protection of the interest of the author.
 It was revealed that in the 19th century Russia was in certain isolation and did not participate in the most important international agreements on the protection of intellectual property, except for two bilateral conventions with France and Belgium on the protection of copyright law. It was established that the copyright law in 1911 brought the legal regulation of copyright law in the Russian Empire to the European level and introduced many progressive novellas that positively impacted the further development of the institution of copyright law.
 All-Russian legislation of copyright law was also extended to Ukrainian-controlled lands. However, it is indicated that Russia introduced rather strict censorship rules for Ukrainian-language publications to their complete ban, therefore there is no need to talk about the protection of copyrights law of Ukrainian authors.

The effects of environmental pollution on humans in international agreements

The result of progress and development in several fields, such as science, technology, industry, and transportation, has led to pollution and deterioration of the ecosystem and the occurrence of disasters that threaten human life. Therefore, attention must be paid to the environment and work to protect it from pollution. Given the importance of the topic of environmental protection, we address in this study two important topics, firstly, protecting the environment from pollution in the human dimension. Secondly, the most important dangers of environmental pollution resulting from it, and mentioning the most important international agreements that were formulated to protect the environment. One of the most important findings that I have reached through going into this research paper is that protecting the environment from the dangers of pollution is a shared responsibility among all human societies, that ecosystems are interconnected with each other, and that disruption of these systems threatens the natural balance of the environment, which affects all organisms living, including humans. In addition to the fact that the environment and pollution are man-made due to development, activities, exploitation of natural resources, and depletion of the environment in a way that exceeds the capacity of the environment, which leads to the deterioration of the ecosystem, and therefore everyone is called to bear the responsibility of protecting and preserving the environment.

Higher Education System in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals (on the Example of Georgia)

Aim. The purpose of the article is to study, analyse and present the readiness of Georgia in the modern period to meet international problems – it is the main goal of sustainable development, including higher education. The government of Georgia, since ancient times correctly understood the role of education for future prosperity, currently the government is doing its best to meet the international challenges in the fourth goal of sustainable development - education, including higher education. Methods. The paper is presented based on official documents, scientific research papers, analysis, and the historical-comparative method. Results. The article presents important challenges for the integration of the Georgian state into the European space at the present stage, which is enshrined in the Constitution (Parliament of Georgia, 2018) and several important documents. In this context, promoting access to education is an important international agreement for the country to overcome modern global challenges - one of the most important goals of sustainable development - an important precondition for strengthening the socio-political and cultural development of society. Conclusion. The paper is based on the study/processing of international and local official materials, as well as expert research has the opportunity to assess the readiness of the higher education system to follow the goals of sustainable development. The country’s relevant structures are actively creating all the conditions for the convergence/engagement of the Georgian educational space under modern international standards which has been demonstrated in practice by the capabilities of higher education institutions.

International Cooperation of States in the Field of Information Security

The article deals with topical issues related to the development of the international information security system and shows the main directions of the development of information security in international and information law. The cross-border nature of the use of information and telecommunication technologies makes it necessary to ensure a common and indivisible international information security. The lack of a uniform interpretation of the content of the concept of "information security" in the legislation of different States and in the international treaties concluded by them does not contribute to the development of a consistent terminology for the purposes of international cooperation at the universal level. It is concluded that the key role in the mechanism of ensuring international information security is played by legal norms adopted at the international and national level. At the same time, the problems of forming a system of legal regulation of information security have an interdisciplinary nature, including issues of the application of norms, rules and principles of responsible behavior of States designed to promote an open, safe, stable, accessible and peaceful information and communication environment. The main conclusions of the study are that international cooperation of states in the field of information security determines the further direction of development in the form of the adoption of new important international agreements on certain aspects of ensuring international information security, at the same time, in the context of information warfare, the priority is to combine efforts to ensure international and national information security. Determining the importance of ensuring information security in the context of modern challenges, threats and risks, we believe that interstate cooperation contributes to the further formation of coordination measures to respond to these threats and the development of legal support for information security in general.

Reflecting on twenty years of international agreements concerning water governance: insights and key learning

The purpose of this article is to examine the research advanced in the journal, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics that represents key insights into international agreements on water and their political, legal, economic and cross-disciplinary dimensions for water governance. The article analyses evidence and lessons learnt over the last twenty years to inform policy through a review of theoretical advances, innovations in principles and policy instruments, outcomes of problem-solving and knowledge gained regarding water agreements and associated institutions. Important international agreement principles of no significant harm and economic frames of water as a ‘commons’ advance equity and community of interest in relation to water. The studies on water, sanitation and hygiene point to the ways the role of the state can be advanced in achieving Sustainable Development Goals and in complex contexts of water scarcity and public private partnerships. Cross-disciplinary learnings substantiate the existence and utility of multiple water frames in legal arrangements and use of multiple policy instruments. Cross-disciplinary insights are significant in addressing equity, whether through the nascent development of water indicators or in advancing social learning. Water governance frameworks increasingly focus on adaptation by incorporating multiple stakeholders. These findings that advance equity and inclusivity are tempered by crucial lessons in our understanding of the very contested, power-laden nature of water governance that impact agency at multiple scales and policy coordination across sectors of water, food and energy.

Մերձդնեստրի հակամարտություն. ակունք, էություն և հեռանկարներ/Transnistria Conflict: Origin, Nature and Prospects

Although the disintegration of the Soviet Union was relatively peaceful, unlike, for example, another socialist state with confederal structure – Yugoslavia, the independence aspirations of individual regions were often accompanied by armed struggle, which later transformed into "frozen conflicts" and turned into ‘’mines’’ placed under the statehood of a number of post-Soviet countries, thus preventing and hindering their development and threatening the regional stability and peace. The Transnistrian conflict is one of the unresolved conflicts in the post-Soviet territory, the basis of which is the struggle of the minority for the recognition and realization of its right to self-determination. Within the framework of this paper, the origins and essence of the Transnistrian conflict will be presented. Moreover, the gist of all important international agreements related to the conflict are illustrated one by one. Afterwards, parallels are drawn between Transnistria and Gagauzian autonomy: two conflicts that arose due to similar reasons and in the same country, which eventually had different outcomes. At the end of the research, two most likely scenarios are discussed for the further development of the Transnistrian conflict.

Paris Agreement on Climate Change: A Legal And Political Issue

This paper presents a critical review of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in the light of legal and political aspects. There is also an analysis of the effects of the Paris Agreement, as an important international agreement in the context of international legal regulation of the consequences of climate change and the obligations of states, and the new socio-political relations they establish. The paper also contains an overview of reactions to the ParisAgreement by analysts and experts in international climate law. The well-known fact that climate change affects human rights and how a country can be held responsible for the international consequences of climate change resulting from activities under that country jurisdiction has been re-examined. It has also been shown that human rights are a common denominator in the approach to climate change and the legal solutions that apply to it. In the end, the paper presents the impact of international law on the responsibility of states to cooperate in devising adequate international action, in relation to the current environmental crisis, caused by climate change.

KAZAKHSTAN-CHINESE RELATIONS AND CHALLENGE OF FOREIGN FORCES

In 2013, China's Silk Road Initiative, the One Belt One Road project, was first mentioned in Kazakhstan and has been widely discussed by major countries and international organizations. Kazakhstan's participation in this project, a resource-rich country in Central Asia, has attracted world attention, and the impact of external forces on Central Asia will have its own impact on the implementation of this project. The interests of countries such as Russia and the United States in Central Asia and the views of international organizations are important factors in the implementation of this project. This article examines the relations between China and Kazakhstan in the framework of the "One Belt - One Road" initiative and the competition of external forces influencing it, their views on the project, their interests, the project and competing projects, and highlights important international organizations and agreements. and the toothed conclusion is pronounced.

An Ethical View on International Trade Agreements TTIP and CETA in the Republic of Croatia

The topic of TTIP and CETA was almost completely suppressed in Croatia.1 Those are very important international agreements which could have far-reaching consequences both for the world and individual countries. Maybe Croatia, as well as the EU, is not so much involved in the whole story concerning TTIP. However, CETA is an agreement signed by Canada with the European Union. Therefore, after the approval of the European Parliament, EU provisions, such as the customs policy, can immediately start to apply, which means abolishing duty rates for 99% of the products as early as 1 January 2017. The decision on the CETA conclusion on behalf of Croatia was initiated by the technical Government of Tihomir Orešković at its last session.2 The superficial interpretation of these certainly not harmless agreements is of too little interest to both philosophers and theologians in Croatia, and except for the Centre of Excellence for Integrative Bioethics’3 reaction concerning this question, other philosophical-theological discussions seem to be lacking. The impression is that philosophers and theologians feel these issues do not concern them. In this paper we will try to make clear that the above-mentioned international agreements concern both philosophers and theologians, and that they certainly should, from their field, from the theoretical level, engage in the discussion of the said agreements.

Ukraine eurointegration strategy: genesis and implementation features

The article sets out the author’s definition of Ukraine’s European integration strategy as “a common, long-term, consistent plan that does not have a single material expression, defines motion vectors, priority priorities and indicators of the conditions for the formation and development of Ukraine, is accompanied by constant analysis and monitoring, during which it can be adequately adjustments in order to obtain Ukraine membership in the European Union ”and reveals the signs of Ukraine’s European integration strategy. Next, the genesis of relations between Ukraine and the European Union is phased analyzed. So, the entire history of Ukraine-EU relations can be divided into four stages. The first stage: the beginning of the 90s of the XX century - 1997-1998; second stage: 1997-1998 - 2005; third stage: 2005 - 2014; fourth stage: 2014 - present. Each of the stages has its own characteristics and was accompanied by significant events, for example, granting Ukraine the status of a country with a market economy and the signing of important international agreements. Also, the article reveals the features of relations between Ukraine and the European Union and the reasons for the protracted process of obtaining Ukraine full membership in the European Union. These are reasons such as: the development of Ukraine-EU relations during the formation of Ukrainian statehood; reluctance of representatives of the Ukrainian authorities of different times to conscientiously and fully comply with the requirements for obtaining full membership in the European Union; low level of awareness of the population of Ukraine regarding the pluses and minuses of European integration; geopolitical position of Ukraine; the 2014 annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the ongoing armed conflict in eastern Ukraine; procedural aspects in the European Union; the unwillingness of the countries of the European Union to accept Ukraine in its current state; internal problems of the European Union itself. The author proposed the main measures to continue the further successful implementation of Ukraine’s European integration strategy

La violència de gènere en el discurs. Un estudi comparatiu sobre les iniciatives comunicatives d’antiviolència a Europa, Àustria i Espanya

Considering the efforts to resolve the widespread societal phenomenon of violence against women, awareness-raising and the role of the media comprise one of the key targets by the most important international agreements to combat it. The women’s anti-violence movement since the 1970s has made essential contributions to the recognition of violence against women as a human rights violation and is a crucial player in the field of violence prevention. Its anti-violence initiatives are of major importance. Looking at the media in general, we can observe how different programmes and formats depict similar (visual) narratives of cliched imagination on intimate partner violence, whereas the systemic nature of the problem mostly remains hidden (Bonilla Campos, 2008; Boyle, 2005; Geiger, 2008; Lopez Diez, 2005; Taylor, 2009; Wolf, 2013a, b). This lack of clarity is hindering the comprehension of gender-based violence as a societal phenomenon. The imagery disseminated by the women’s anti-violence movement and institutionalised entities constitutes the core subject of this article, in order to obtain insights into the supposed alternative representations appropriate to contrast the ‘malestream’ media on the subject. Their contributions to visual discourse through European-wide, Spanish and Austrian anti-violence initiatives are analysed from 2007 to 2011 - before the Istanbul Convention came into force. As the social roots and the transposition of the complexity of gender-based violence constitute a rather ambiguous undertaking, the analysis aims to disclose how anti-violence initiatives shape the social accounts of male-to-female partner violence, identifying good practice examples and underlying ideological concepts.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF PRODUCTION, IMPORT AND PROTECTION POLICIES FOR POULTRY IN EGYPT

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF PRODUCTION, IMPORT AND PROTECTION POLICIES FOR POULTRY IN EGYPT

Legal Framework of European Inland Waterways and Croatian Legislation on Inland Waterways Navigation – Problems of Non-Harmonized Rules

Inland waterway transport, as one of the oldest modes of transport, is still under-used in the European Union. Though it has many advantages over other modes of transport (it is environmentally friendly, cost-saving, energy- efficient, safety), it also faces several significant problems. The European Union has recognized the importance of inland waterway transport and has adopted several regulations establishing a legal framework for this area of transport, and has launched some programs and projects to promote it. The Republic of Croatia has harmonized its national legislation with the European, and is also the party of the most important international agreements regulating inland waterway navigation. Despite this, inland waterway navigation continues to lag behind other modes of transport. One of the reasons may be that the existing legal framework (on international, European and national level) is still not satisfactory. Further improvements, harmonization of rules and preferably unification is needed. This paper analyses the international and European legal framework as well as the Croatian legislation on inland waterway transport and makes recommendations for further changes to the existing legislation.

Turning the corner

Ozone Hole The Antarctic ozone hole is finally showing signs of disappearing, nearly 30 years after the Montreal Protocol came into effect. The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that phased out the production of many of the human-made compounds responsible for stratospheric ozone destruction, is widely considered to be the most important and successful international environmental agreement. For years, it has slowed the rate of stratospheric ozone depletion, and now there are signs that the ozone abundance over Antarctica has begun to increase. Solomon et al. present observational data and model results to illustrate the trends and diagnose their causes. Science , this issue p. [269][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aae0061

Reflections on the Paris Agreement

With the dust now reasonably settled on the Paris talks, fresh ink on the Paris Agreement, and the possibility of a speedier ratification process than originally envisaged, it is timely to reflect on the outcome of four years of complex negotiations launched in Durban in 2011. Are the 36 pages comprising the Paris outcome (Agreement and accompanying COP decision) worthy of UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner’s superlative assessment (“the most important international agreement in history”)? Or is the package little more than “fudge” and a wander down another blind alley? Could it be something in between? In this article the author reflects on a number of key issues arising out of the Paris Agreement with particular relevance to New Zealand. It begins with a discussion on the question of legal form before moving to the content and legal status of New Zealand’s ‘Nationally Determined Contribution’ (NDC), the significance of the 1.5°C target in Article 2.1, and potential implications of the Paris Agreement on New Zealand domestic climate change policy.

The Political Role of the Russian Consulates in Mongolia in the Mongolian National Liberation Movement in the Early 20th Century

This article examines the objectives, specific features and the results of the political and diplomatic work of the Russian consulates in Outer Mongolia during the rise of the Mongolian national liberation movement in the 1900-1910s. The article is based on a wide range of sources, including archives, in Russian, English, Chinese and Mongolian. In the period after the Xinhai revolution, Russian representatives were actively involved in the settlement of the political disputes between China and Mongolia which sought independence from the former and facilitated the achieving the autonomous status by Mongolia. The Russian diplomats participated in the elaboration and implementation of important international agreements, organization of the technical and financial help to the Mongolian government and prevention of the spread of the Pan-Mongolist movement. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian consulates not only served as powerful protectors of Russia's strategic interests in Mongolia, but also played a significant regulating role in the political processes in this country. Above that, they were important for maintaining the Russian Empire's political contacts with China and Mongolia and the political status quo in the regional system of international relations