Importance Of Social Status Research Articles

Political Trust and Values of Loyal and Oppositional Youth in the Exclave Region of Russia

The study determines the level of trust in public and political institutions among the loyal and oppositional youth of the Kaliningrad region, as well as their attitudes towards materialistic and post-materialistic values. The study is based on R. Ingleharts theory of value and the understanding of trust as described in the works of P. Sztompka and A. Giddens. The author relies on an online survey conducted among young people aged between 18 and 35 (n = 987). As a result of the study, the author defines three groups of institutions, depending on the degree of trust in them. The study confirms the hypothesis that young people loyal to the government demonstrate greater trust in traditional and state institutions. It also reveals that, in general, young people put post-materialistic values in the first place, while materialistic values are more characteristic of the youth loyal to the government. The author concludes that the level of the political trust towards a certain institution among loyal and oppositional youth differs depending on the possibility of influencing the institution. The trust of loyal youth is based on the importance of social status, and the trust of oppositional youth is based on the freedom of expression.

Racialized Tensions in the Multimodal Literacies of Black Immigrant Youth

Background The chapter explores the intersection of multimodal and digital literacies and racial identities of Black Caribbean immigrant youth in the United States (U.S.). Drawing on ethnographic research on the ways in which adolescent students embody their identities online, the chapter details some of the tensions that arise when these adolescents attempt to navigate a new home country that racializes their cultural and national identities and literacy practices. Context The chapter offers a meta-analysis of case studies five Black Caribbean immigrant adolescents’ multimodal and digital literacy practices in response to the racialized category “Black.” Looking across four ethnographic case studies, and through the thematic meta-analysis of data, the chapter presents data snapshots of pivotal events that refect issues of race. These events highlight the dialogic ways that these youth make use of literacy practices to understand what it means to be Black and immigrant, and to challenge these dominant, racialized representations that negate their cultural identities. Purpose The purpose of the chapter is to explore the tensions that arise when these adolescents attempt to navigate a new home country that racializes their cultural and national identities and literacy practices. In the case of Black Caribbean immigrant youth, part of this newcomer experience involves negotiating what “race” and “blackness” mean in terms of their academic, social, and personal lives. Thus, the chapter illustrates how young people use their modally and digitally mediated practices to negotiate racialized positionings across physical and virtual spaces, affinity groups, and the school and social contexts of their adopted U.S. homes. Findings As Black Caribbean immigrants, these young persons engage in emotional identity work in their talk about and/or experiences of race. The adolescents’ emotional response to racialized categories was defined by contesting feelings of pride, shame, and resilience. Two salient themes that characterized these tensions are the conflicting sense of 1) national pride versus the racial prejudice, and 2) deficit versus worthy. Their feelings of self-worth were intrinsically connected to racialized identity labels “Black” and “immigrant.” However, the modal tools and spaces they used and created serve as sites of resilience and identity (re)framing. Conclusions Adolescents developed their own personal and/or public voice that allowed them to reevaluate their self-worth, importance of social status, opportunities for advocacy, and their redefinitions of identity labels. Modal spaces and tools offered these adolescents alternative frames of reference within which they could evaluate and reposition Self. The intentional responses of these Black immigrant youth offered positive ways to see and present themselves while challenging deficit narratives of persons of color. Recommendation Explore immigrant adolescents’ use of modal and digital tools and literacies as spaces for socially reconstructing notions of race and identity. Consider modal and virtual digital spaces and tools (e.g., social networks, blogs, photographs/images, talk/stories) as a way to create opportunities for youth to air and share their experiences and ideas, as well as have their stories and positionalities become a part of the broader educational and societal narrative.

Short-term economic stress and mortality differentials in rural Estonia, 1834–1884

ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of short-term economic stress on mortality in nineteenth-century rural Estonia. We utilised vital registration, ‘soul revisions’ and listings of migrants from 1834 to 1884 to focus on two parishes in the northern part of Livland (now southern Estonia). In this period, rural areas were transitioning from the old manorial system to a more market-oriented society, and we hypothesise that some groups were more vulnerable during this process. We investigate whether the type of local manor – state – or privately owned – was related with the level of mortality and moderated the association between mortality and grain price changes. Our second question concerns the importance of social status as a predictor of mortality rates. The results indicate that infant and child mortality rates were lower in the state estate, compared with privately owned manors, but child mortality in the state estate was more responsive to price changes. Socio-economic status appears to be a relevant predictor for child and adult mortality, as landless and semi-landless labourers experienced a higher level of mortality risk compared with farmers and skilled workers. Increases in grain prices, however, were mostly related to mortality risk of farmers.

Popularity as an Organizing Factor of Preadolescent Friendship Networks: Beyond Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior

This study investigates friendship selection and influence processes in relation to popularity, aggression, and prosociality among 613 fifth graders in 26 classrooms within one academic year. Results showed that youth tended to select their friends based on similarity in popularity more than similarity in aggression or prosociality. Aggressive youths tended to select prosocial peers as friends given similarity in popularity, but prosocial youths did not disproportionately nominate aggressive peers. Socialization within friendships was evident for aggressive and prosocial behavior and popularity. Discussion considers the importance of social status as a grouping mechanism in peer social ecologies, and as a malleable factor that can impact student adjustment.

Gang-related crime: the social, psychological and behavioral correlates

This study examined the behavioral, social and psychological factors associated with gang-related crime. By comparing group crime committed by non-gang youth and gang members, this study sought to identify the kinds of criminal activity gang members engage in and identify the specific characteristics that differentiate gang-related crime from other group crimes. We found that gangs map out their territory with graffiti and intimidate others via threats. We also found that high levels of individual delinquency and the presence of neighborhood gangs were significant predictors of gang-related crime. Contrary to our expectations, the perceived importance of social status, moral disengagement and anti-authority attitudes did not predict gang-related crime; however, further analyses showed that the perceived importance of social status and high levels of moral disengagement predicted gang-related crime with anti-authority attitudes acting as mediator. These findings highlight a need to examine more closely, the psychological and social factors that contribute to gang membership and gang-related crime.

Relative Importance of Social Status and Physiological Need in Determining Leadership in a Social Forager

Group decisions on the timing of mutually exclusive activities pose a dilemma: monopolized decision-making by a single leader compromises the optimal timing of activities by the others, while independent decision-making by all group members undermines group coherence. Theory suggests that initiation of foraging should be determined by physiological demand in social foragers, thereby resolving the dilemma of group coordination. However, empirical support is scant, perhaps because intrinsic qualities predisposing individuals to leadership (social status, experience or personality), or their interactions with satiation level, have seldom been simultaneously considered. Here, we examine which females initiated foraging in eider (Somateria mollissima) brood-rearing coalitions, characterized by female dominance hierarchies and potentially large individual differences in energy requirements due to strenuous breeding effort. Several physiological and social factors, except for female breeding experience and boldness towards predators, explained foraging initiation. Initiators spent a larger proportion of time submerged during foraging bouts, had poorer body condition and smaller structural size, but they were also aggressive and occupied central positions. Initiation probability also declined with female group size as expected given random assignment of initiators. However, the relative importance of physiological predictors of leadership propensity (active foraging time, body condition, structural size) exceeded those of social predictors (aggressiveness, spatial position) by an order of magnitude. These results confirm recent theoretical work suggesting that ‘leading according to need’ is an evolutionary viable strategy regardless of group heterogeneity or underlying dominance structure.

Why and how tú in three plays by Calderón

Spanish second-person pronominal forms are well known to vary according to factors such as familiarity and social status. There are few quantitative investigations of social factors contributing to this variation in seventeenth-century Spanish. This article offers a qualitative and quantitative analysis of second-person pronominal forms in three plays by the seventeenth-century Spanish playwright, Pedro calderon de la Barca, El medico de su honra, El pintor de su deshonra and A secreto agravio, secreta venganza. A qualitative analysis shows that terms of address vary according to socio-economic class, gender and relationships between characters. A quantitative multivariate analysis explores their effect on one pronominal form, tu. Results reveal that the importance of social status is mitigated by relationships within the same family and household.

Rethinking “Generation Me”: A Study of Cohort Effects from 1976-2006

Social commentators have argued that changes over the last decades have coalesced to create a relatively unique generation of young people. However, using large samples of U.S. high-school seniors from 1976 to 2006 (Total N = 477,380), we found little evidence of meaningful change in egotism, self-enhancement, individualism, self-esteem, locus of control, hopelessness, happiness, life satisfaction, loneliness, antisocial behavior, time spent working or watching television, political activity, the importance of religion, and the importance of social status over the last 30 years. Today's youth are less fearful of social problems than previous generations and they are also more cynical and less trusting. In addition, today's youth have higher educational expectations than previous generations. However, an inspection of effect sizes provided little evidence for strong or widespread cohort-linked changes.

Contextualizing Jury Participation: Case-, Jury-, and Juror-Level Predictors of Participation in Jury Deliberations

Fully participatory jury deliberations figure prominently in the idealized view of the American jury system, where balanced participation among diverse jurors leads to more accurate fact-finding and instills greater public confidence in the legal system. However, research more than 50 years ago indicated that jury-room interactions are shaped by social status, with upper-class men participating more than their lower-class and female counterparts. The effects of social status on juror participation have been examined only sporadically since then, and rarely with actual jurors. We utilize data from 2,306 criminal jurors serving on 311 juries in four different courts to consider whether – and in what conditions – participation in jury deliberations differs across social groups. Our results indicate the continuing importance of social status in structuring jury-room interactions, but also reveal some surprising patterns with respect to race and gender that depart from earlier research. We also find that contextual factors including location, case characteristics, and faction size shape the relationship between social status and participation. We conclude with a critical discussion of our results and urge other researchers to take into account contextual factors when examining how individual juror characteristics shape what happens inside the jury room.

Do left-handed children have advantages regarding school performance and leadership skills?

A handedness polymorphism exists in all human populations so far investigated, at least since the Palaeolithic. Handedness is a heritable trait, and a possible evolutionary explanation for the higher prevalence of right-handers is the association of left-handedness with some deleterious traits. In this context, the persistence of left-handers remains unexplained. Reproductive success has been shown to be dependent on cultural success in many human societies. This study is the first attempt to consider the importance of social status to evolutionary processes related to handedness. We conducted a survey in French public primary schools to look for a possible association between laterality, school performance, and leadership skills. This study revealed only weak associations, and a sex effect. For primary-school girls, we report a negative association between several indicators of left-sidedness and teacher's ratings of school performance and leadership skills. For primary-school boys, we report a positive association between left-handedness for writing and teacher's ratings of school performance. The present study did not reveal any strong relation between laterality and school performance, but has shown that general school performance is not independent of laterality, and that the effect is opposite in males and females. The main difficulty is now to define clearly the different intellectual functions involved.

The Relation of Social Position and Wounding to Exploratory Behavior and Organ Weights in House Mice

ABSTRATr: Two experiments suggested a relation between social status, organ variation and general activity. In the first experiment, 80 male PBR/St mice (Mus musculus) were observed for 3 minutes of activity in an open-field (arena), then paired and observed for dominant-subordinate formation, and 2 weeks later observed again for arena activity. The mice were sacrificed and the spleen, adrenals, testes, seminal vesicles and submaxillary glands were removed and weighed. Social position was difficult to determine and fighting and wounding were slight. Neither pre-pairing nor post-pairing arena activity showed a relation with social position, nor did organ weights vary significantly. In a second experiment conducted in a similar manner but with random-bred mice, social hierarchies were clearly evident. Subordinate animals showed significantly more body wounds and greater arena activity 2 weeks after hierarchy formation and also had significantly heavier spleens. Several measures suggest a strong genetic influence on activity. It was concluded that low status animals with body wounds are physiologically aroused and likely to venture into novel areas. This effect might in part account for emigration in populations and also influence the constitution of genotypes at different levels of density. The importance of social status in the regulation of population behavior and survival is not clearly understood. Examples have been cited to indicate that subordinate animals are more susceptible to physiological stress (Thiessen, 1964), but it is not clear if behavioral differences as well play a part in the regulation of population events. Recent evidence obtained with random-bred house mice (Mus musculus) suggests that fighting and wounding may lead to behavioral changes that have implications for emigration (Thiessen, 1966). When population size among males caged in the laboratory was varied from one through 16 it was noted that changes in behavior and organ morphology were closely related to fighting and wounding. In grouped conditions a high number of body wounds was related to an increase in open-field (arena) activity, splenic hypertrophy and decreases in the weights of the submaxillary and seminal vesicle glands. Correlations indicated significant relations between the number of body wounds and both open-field activity and spleen weight. Moreover, those animals judged to be subordinate had significantly more body wounds and were significantly higher in activity than animals judged to be dominant. Adrenal weights and histologies did not indicate that these changes were due to the hypersecretion of adrenocorticoids. These data are compatible with the notion that wounded and subordinate animals are more likely to show organ variation and venture from the focus of the population into novel areas. Differential responses of this sort based on social status suggest implications for emigration, population survival and the natural selection of aggressive animals. Two experiments with paired mice give some support to these possibilities. The first was conducted with a strain

The Importance of Social Status as Indicated by the Results of the Point Scale Method of Measuring Mental Capacity

The Importance of Social Status as Indicated by the Results of the Point Scale Method of Measuring Mental Capacity

The importance of social status as indicated by the results of the Point-Scale method of measuring mental capacity.

The importance of social status as indicated by the results of the Point-Scale method of measuring mental capacity.