Importance Of Long-distance Dispersal Research Articles

Phylogenomic insights into the historical biogeography, character-state evolution, and species diversification rates of Cypripedioideae (Orchidaceae)

Cypripedioideae (slipper orchids; Orchidaceae) currently consist of ∼200 herbaceous species with a strikingly disjunctive distribution in tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres. In this study, an updated phylogeny with representatives from all five cypripedioid genera was presented based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of plastome and low-copy nuclear genes. Phylogenomic analyses indicated that each genus is monophyletic, but some relationships (e.g., those among Cypripedium sects. Acaulia, Arietinum, Bifolia, Flabellinervia, Obtusipetala and Palangshanensia) conflict with those in previous studies based on Sanger data. Cypripedioideae appeared to have arisen in South America and/or the adjacent Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Hengduan Mountains ∼35 Mya. We inferred multiple dispersal events between East Asia and North America in Cypripedium, and between mainland Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago in Paphiopedilum. In the Americas, divergences among four genera (except Cypripedium) occurred around 31–20 Mya, long before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, indicating the importance of long-distance dispersal. Evolutionary patterns between morphological and plastome character evolution suggested several traits, genome size and NDH genes, which are likely to have contributed to the success of slipper orchids in alpine floras and low-elevation forests. Species diversification rates were notably higher in epiphytic clades of Paphiopedilum than in other, terrestrial cypripedioids, paralleling similar accelerations associated with epiphytism in other groups. This study also suggested that sea-level fluctuations and mountain-building processes promoted the diversification of the largest genera, Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium.

Long-distance dispersal from island to island: colonisation of an oceanic island in the vicinity of the Asian continent by the land snail genus Karaftohelix (Gastropoda: Camaenidae)

ABSTRACT Ullung Island is an oceanic island in the Sea of Japan about 130 km distant from the Korean peninsula. The biota of this oceanic island is thought to be derived from the closest continental region while the importance of long-distance dispersal from other areas for the formation of the Ullung Island biota was considered negligible. In this study, we have examined the origin of the Ullung Island-endemic land snail Karaftohelix adamsi (Kuroda & Hukuda, 1944) using a molecular phylogenetic approach with two mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (ITS regions) DNA sequences. Our results revealed that K. adamsi has originated from the northernmost region of the Japanese archipelago or Sakhalin Island, most likely from Rebun Island of Hokkaido, by long-range dispersal across a distance of 1200 km. This finding reveals that the biota of the oceanic Ullung Island has not exclusively originated from the Asian mainland, but that some elements have originated from the more distant archipelago of Japan and the Far East of Russia.

Genetic melting pot and importance of long-distance dispersal indicated in the Gladiolus imbricatus L. populations in the Polish Carpathians

The genetic diversity in 11 populations of Gladiolus imbricatus in five mountain ranges, including the Tatra, Pieniny, Gorce, Beskid Niski (Western Carpathians) and Bieszczady Mts (Eastern Carpathians), was studied with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The species is a perennial plant occurring in open and semi-open sites of anthropogenic origin (meadows and forest margins). We checked a hypothesis on the microrefugial character of the plant populations in the Pieniny Mts, a small calcareous Carpathian range of complicated relief that has never been glaciated. Plant populations in the Tatra and Pieniny Mts had the highest genetic diversity indices, pointing to their long-term persistence. The refugial vs. the non-refugial mountain ranges accounted for a relatively high value of total genetic variation [analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 14.12%, p = 0.003]. One of the Pieniny populations was of hybridogenous origin and shared genetic stock with the Tatra population, indicating there is a local genetic melting pot. A weak genetic structuring of populations among particular regions was found (AMOVA, 4.5%, p > 0.05). This could be an effect of the frequent short-distance and sporadic long-distance gene flow. The dispersal of diaspores between the remote populations in the Western Carpathians and Eastern Carpathians could be affected by the historical transportation of flocks of sheep from the Tatra to Bieszczady Mts.

Long-distance dispersal effects and Neolithic waves of advance

Mathematical models of Neolithic spread use dispersal histograms to estimate some of the parameters necessary to obtain quantitative spread rates that can be compared to those inferred from the archaeological record. However, it has been never determined if dispersal histograms are a reasonable approximation to the complete distribution of dispersal distances. Indeed, it is unknown if long-distance dispersal events are important in Neolithic spread, similarly to what happens in many ecological invasions. In this paper, we first exemplify the possible importance of long-distance dispersal by using a detailed histogram for a modern, industrialized population. We show that using such an histogram yields substantially faster spread rates than those of Neolithic waves of advance, and that this is due to the existence of long-distance dispersal events (of several hundred kilometers). Next we address the question of whether such a behavior is also observed in pre-industrial populations. For this purpose, we use a complete set of dispersal distances for the individuals of a pre-industrial population for the first time, and we find that long-distance dispersal events (i.e., of several hundred kilometers) are absent. We also show that, using this complete set of dispersal distances, the spread rates predicted by a mathematical model are consistent with those of the Neolithic, both in continental Europe and in Scandinavia. Moreover we observe, quite surprisingly, that computing histograms (even with only 4 bins) from the complete set of individual distances introduces negligible changes in the results. We argue that these results (the absence of long-distance dispersal events, the agreement with the archaeological record, and the validity of the histogram approach) imply that the propagation of Neolithic waves of advance can be described using a sound mathematical approach, which also yields reliable estimates on the relative importance of demic and cultural diffusion. This is applied to several case studies (Europe, Scandinavia and some specific ceramic cultures in Neolithic Europe).

Habitat preference modulates trans-oceanic dispersal in a terrestrial vertebrate.

The importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) in shaping geographical distributions has been debated since the nineteenth century. In terrestrial vertebrates, LDD events across large water bodies are considered highly improbable, but organismal traits affecting dispersal capacity are generally not taken into account. Here, we focus on a recent lizard radiation and combine a summary-coalescent species tree based on 1225 exons with a probabilistic model that links dispersal capacity to an evolving trait, to investigate whether ecological specialization has influenced the probability of trans-oceanic dispersal. Cryptoblepharus species that occur in coastal habitats have on average dispersed 13 to 14 times more frequently than non-coastal species and coastal specialization has, therefore, led to an extraordinarily widespread distribution that includes multiple continents and distant island archipelagoes. Furthermore, their presence across the Pacific substantially predates the age of human colonization and we can explicitly reject the possibility that these patterns are solely shaped by human-mediated dispersal. Overall, by combining new analytical methods with a comprehensive phylogenomic dataset, we use a quantitative framework to show how coastal specialization can influence dispersal capacity and eventually shape geographical distributions at a macroevolutionary scale.

Genetic Structure and Haplotype Pattern of Marine Planktonic Ostracod (Porroecia spinirostris) from South China Sea Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene

Ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) are small bivalved crustaceans, contributing to the marine zooplankton community. They are widely distributed and are relatively abundant components of the marine mesozooplankton worldwide, playing an important role in the transport of organic matter to deep layers. By analysing the mitochondrial COI gene, we explored the population genetic structure and haplotype pattern of Porroecia spinirostris which is the dominant ostracod in the South China Sea. We investigated the population genetic structure of ostracods at medium spatial scales in the absence of physical barriers. Our data provides evidence of the importance of both long-distance dispersal as well as genetic isolation in determining the seascape genetic structure of this species. Our data suggest that P.spinirostris can achieve long distance dispersal and specific haplotypes were successful in colonizing habitats from the Xisha to the Nansha area. A total of 36 haplotypes were defined from 85 individuals with most of these haplotypes occurring only once. The dominant haplotype was found in twelve sampling sites. The largest distance between two sampling sites harbouring this haplotype is more than 700 km. Our findings of long distance dispersal in the South China Sea combined with mild genetic differentiation among fifteen sampling sites (average ΦST = 0.167) are in line with a scenario where population genetic structure is strongly impacted by colonization patterns. The seascape genetic structure of P.spinirostris in the South China Sea reflects both the importance of long distance dispersal as well as of reduced levels of gene flow, likely caused by colonization events followed by demographic expansions.

Testing Darwin's transoceanic dispersal hypothesis for the inland nettle family (Urticaceae).

Dispersal is a fundamental ecological process, yet demonstrating the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) remains difficult, having rarely been examined for widespread, non-coastal plants. To address this issue, we integrated phylogenetic, molecular dating, biogeographical, ecological, seed biology and oceanographic data for the inland Urticaceae. We found that Urticaceae originated in Eurasia c. 69Ma, followed by ≥92 LDD events between landmasses. Under experimental conditions, seeds of many Urticaceae floated for >220days, and remained viable after 10months in seawater, long enough for most detected LDD events, according to oceanographic current modelling. Ecological traits analyses indicated that preferences for disturbed habitats might facilitate LDD. Nearly half of all LDD events involved dioecious taxa, so population establishment in dioecious Urticaceae requires multiple seeds, or occasional selfing. Our work shows that seawater LDD played an important role in shaping the geographical distributions of Urticaceae, providing empirical evidence for Darwin's transoceanic dispersal hypothesis.

Aquatic long-distance dispersal and vicariance shape the evolution of an ostracod species complex (Crustacea) in four major Brazilian floodplains

Cladogenesis is often driven by the interplay of dispersal and vicariance. The importance of long-distance dispersal in biogeography and speciation is increasingly recognised, but still ill-understood. Here, we study faunal interconnectivity between four large Brazilian floodplains, namely the Amazon, Araguaia, Pantanal (on Paraguay River) and Upper Paraná River floodplains, investigating a species complex of the non-marine ostracod genus Strandesia.We use DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear Elongation Factor 1 alpha genes to construct molecular phylogenies and minimum spanning networks, to identify genetic species, analyse biogeographic histories and provide preliminary age estimates of this species complex.The Strandesia species complex includes five morphological and eleven genetic species, which doubles the known diversity in this lineage. The evolutionary history of this species complex appears to comprise sequences of dispersal and vicariance events. Faunal and genetic patterns of connectivity between floodplains in some genetic species are mirrored in modern hydrological connections. This could explain why we find evidence for (aquatic) long-distance dispersal between floodplains, thousands of kilometres apart. Our phylogenetic reconstructions seem to mostly indicate recent dispersal and vicariance events, but the evolution of the present Strandesia species complex could span up to 25 Myr, which by far exceeds the age of the floodplains and the rivers in their current forms.

Novel insights on population and range edge dynamics using an unparalleled spatiotemporal record of species invasion.

Quantifying the complex spatial dynamics taking place at range edges is critical for understanding future distributions of species, yet very few systems have sufficient data or the spatial resolution to empirically test these dynamics. This paper reviews how data from a large-scale pest management programme have provided important contributions to the fields of population dynamics and invasion biology. The invasion of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is well-documented from its introduction near Boston, Massachusetts USA in 1869 to its current extent of over 900,000km2 in Eastern North America. Over the past two decades, the USDA Forest Service Slow the Spread (STS) programme for managing the future spread of gypsy moth has produced unrivalled spatiotemporal data across the invasion front. The STS programme annually deploys a grid of 60,000-100,000 pheromone-baited traps, currently extending from Minnesota to North Carolina. The data from this programme have provided the foundation for investigations of complex population dynamics and the ability to examine ecological hypotheses previously untestable outside of theoretical venues, particularly regarding invasive spread and Allee effects. This system provides empirical data on the importance of long-distance dispersal and time-lags on population establishment and spatial spread. Studies showing high rates of spatiotemporal variation of the range edge, from rapid spread to border stasis and even retraction, highlight future opportunities to test mechanisms that influence both invasive and native species ranges. The STS trap data have also created a unique opportunity to study low-density population dynamics and quantify Allee effects with empirical data. Notable contributions include evidence for spatiotemporal variation in Allee effects, demonstrating empirical links between Allee effects and spatial spread, and testing mechanisms of population persistence and growth rates at range edges. There remain several outstanding questions in spatial ecology and population biology that can be tested within this system, such as the scaling of local ecological processes to large-scale dynamics across landscapes. The gypsy moth is an ideal model of how important ecological questions can be answered by thinking more broadly about monitoring data.

Long-Distance Dispersal and Diffusion in the Invasion of Lonicera maackii

AbstractTo investigate the relative importance of long-distance dispersal vs. diffusion in the invasion of a nonnative plant, we used age structure to infer the contribution to recruitment of external propagule rain vs. within-population reproduction. We quantified the age structure of 14 populations of Amur honeysuckle in a landscape where it recently invaded, in Darke County, OH. We sampled the largest honeysuckle individuals in each population (woodlots), and aged these by counting annual rings in stem cross sections. Individuals in the oldest four 1-yr age classes are assumed to be from external recruitment, given the minimum age at which shrubs reproduce. We used these recruitment rates to model external recruitment over the next 5 yr and used observed age structures to estimate total recruitment. We used the difference between total and external recruitment to infer the rate of internal recruitment. Our findings indicate that recruitment from within the population is of about the same magnitude as immigration in the fifth to seventh year after population establishment, but by years 8 to 9 internal recruitment dominates. At the landscape scale, the temporal-spatial pattern of population establishment supports a stratified dispersal model, with the earliest populations establishing in widely spaced woodlots, about 4 km from existing populations, and these serving as “nascent foci” for diffusion to nearby woodlots. Understanding the relative importance of long-distance dispersal vs. diffusion will inform management, e.g., whether it is more effective to scout for isolated shrubs or remove reproducing shrubs at the edge of invaded areas.

Inferring Past Demography Using Spatially Explicit Population Genetic Models

Inferring the past demography of human populations has been classically approached through data from the archaeological record but more recently by the use of genetic data from contemporary samples. Building realistic demographic models at the continental scale is a necessary step toward the improvement of current genomic methods aimed at finding genes under selection. In light of recent advances in Bayesian statistical inference, we discuss here the importance of considering spatially explicit approaches for modeling population expansion and dispersal. Neutral processes, such as the surfing phenomenon, that occur at the front of a range expansion may indeed mimic selection, and they may have played a significant role in spreading particular alleles over large geographic areas. Finally, we discuss a few important issues that require further investigation, notably the use of archaeological data to inform population genetic models, the simulation of range contraction and reexpansion, and the importance of long-distance dispersal.

Inferring Past Demography Using Spatially Explicit Population Genetic Models

Inferring the past demography of human populations has been classically approached through data from the archaeological record but more recently by the use of genetic data from contemporary samples. Building realistic demographic models at the continental scale is a necessary step toward the improvement of current genomic methods aimed at finding genes under selection. In light of recent advances in Bayesian statistical inference, we discuss here the importance of considering spatially explicit approaches for modeling population expansion and dispersal. Neutral processes, such as the surfing phenomenon, that occur at the front of a range expansion may indeed mimic selection, and they may have played a significant role in spreading particular alleles over large geographic areas. Finally, we discuss a few important issues that require further investigation, notably the use of archaeological data to inform population genetic models, the simulation of range contraction and reexpansion, and the importance of long-distance dispersal.

Biogeography of Hysterangiales ( Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.

Fruit consumption, seed dispersal and seed fate in the vine Strychnos erichsonii in a French Guianan forest

Fruit removal and seed dispersal of three individuals of the vine Strychnos erichsonii (Loganiaceae) were investigated in a mature forest of French Guiana, during the season of minimal flower and fruit production. Five visitor species, birds and diurnal or nocturnal arboreal mammals, were observed, while one terrestrial rodent was collected in traps baited with S. erichsonii seeds or fruit pulp. One diurnal and one nocturnal mammal dispersed seeds at long distance. Arboreal frugivores consumed fruits as soon as they became ripe and also ate unripe fruits. Fruit-traps revealed a higher fruit removal during the night for the two more productive vines (‘instantaneous’ productivity). More than two-thirds of the seeds checked along transects until 30 m for the parent plant were dead or infested, without obvious relationship with the seed localisation (under or beyond the crown). However, the proportion of intact vs dead/infested seeds beyond the crown was higher for the more productive plant (‘overall’ productivity), suggesting predator satiation. Seed density decreased sharply in the first meters from the parent plant, but remained noticeable until 15 m after the crown on some transects. Seedlings were very few and distributed independantly of their position under or beyond the crown. A high seed mortality, a low number and a high turnover of seedlings under and in the vicinity of the parent plant suggest a crucial importance of long distance dispersal for the plant recruitment Seed dispersal seems to be performed by a small number of varied species. Based on its regular fruiting period during the season of flower and fruit scarcity, and its large place in the diet of several frugivores mammals, S. erichsonii is probably an importante resource for these species during the season of food scarcity.

Meteorological Aspects of Spider Ballooning

The importance of long-distance dispersal is recognized in the recolonization of disturbed habitats, but little is known about how migrant spiders respond to the various features of their atmospheric environment. Many spiders balloon by silken threads on wind currents for long distances and thus disperse to new habitats. Previous authors have focused on the meteorological conditions responsible for the initiation of spider ballooning. However, the meteorological conditions necessary for spiders to remain aloft on wind currents are less well known. During the fall and spring in east Tennessee, airborne spiders were collected from sticky traps extended from a 45-m tower at five heights throughout the forest canopy. Climatological data were collected continuously from the tower throughout the study. The results indicate that the most important meteorological factors affecting ballooning are abrupt changes in daily air temperature, maximum difference between dew point and air temperatures, and low wind fluctuations. For the fall, the highest percentage of spiders collected was at 22 m, immediately above the forest canopy, and for the spring, the highest catches were at 33 and 44 m. These results are correlated with sizes and taxa of animals trapped (i.e., more spider taxa with small body size ballooned in the spring than in the fall).