Importance Of Fluorine Research Articles

Importance of fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in detection of post-thyroidectomy recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer with negative radio-isotope iodine scan, yet, elevated serum thyroglobulin level

BackgroundThyroid cancer considered the 6th common cancer in female and represents approximately 1% of all cancers. Thyroid cancer is generally characterized by good prognosis, long term survival and low aggressiveness. Its prognosis is related to tumor dimensions, extra capsular extensions, the age at diagnosis and distant metastases sites. Combination between positron emission tomography and computed tomography allow anatomic, functional & molecular information.AimTo demonstrate Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography)/computed tomography role for evaluation of post-thyroidectomy recurrence either local or distant metastatic lesions in differentiated cancer thyroid patients with negative radio-isotope iodine scan, yet showing elevated serum thyroglobulin level.ProcedureA prospective study included twenty patients with previous history of differentiated thyroid cancer. All patients after history taking and revising the medical sheet underwent Serum Thyroglobulin level & I-131 whole body scan examinations and then Fluorine 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography study. The findings of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography imaging compared with results of histopathology or follow-up clinical results as a gold standard.ResultsFluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography based analysis showed that nineteen true positives and one was true negative as confirmed by the gold standard (Histopathology and clinical follow-up). Thirteen patients had either local recurrence or lymph node metastases without distant metastatic disease, six patients had different distant metastasis. Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography based analysis showed that nineteen true positives and one was true negative as confirmed by the gold standard (histopathology and clinical follow-up). The accuracy and sensitivity of Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (95%) were significantly better than those of the Computed Tomography alone (84.2% and 80%, respectively).ConclusionsFluorine 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography provided a critical role in assessment and management of patients with suspected differentiated thyroid recurrence, presenting with high serum thyroglobulin level and negative radio-isotope iodine scan. It enhances diagnostic accuracy through giving exact anatomical localization of recurrent and/or metastatic tumor foci.

Importance of Fluorine in Benzazole Compounds.

Fluorine-containing heterocycles continue to receive considerable attention due to their unique properties. In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of fluorine in small molecules imparts a significant enhancement their biological activities compared to non-fluorinated molecules. In this short review, we will highlight the importance of incorporating fluorine as a basic appendage in benzothiazole and benzimidazole skeletons. The chemistry and pharmacological activities of heterocycles containing fluorine during the past years are compiled and discussed.

Fluorocyclisation via I(I)/I(III) catalysis: a concise route to fluorinated oxazolines.

Herein, we describe a catalytic fluorooxygenation of readily accessible N-allylcarboxamides via an I(I)/I(III) manifold to generate 2-oxazolines containing a fluoromethyl group. Catalysis is conditional on the oxidation competence of Selectfluor®, whilst HF serves as both a fluoride source and Brønsted acid activator. The C(sp3)–F bond of the mono-fluoromethyl unit and the C(sp3)–O bond of the ring are aligned in a synclinal relationship thereby engaging in stabilising hyperconjugative interactions with vicinal, electron-rich σ-bonds (σC–C→σ*C–F and σC–H→σ*C–O). This manifestation of the stereoelectronic gauche effect was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis of a representative example. Given the importance of fluorine in drug discovery, its ability to modulate conformation, and the prevalence of the 2-oxazoline scaffold in Nature, this strategy provides a rapid entry into an important bioisostere class.

Spatiotemporal Control of Pre-existing Alkene Geometry: A Bio-Inspired Route to 4-Trifluoromethyl-2H-chromenes.

Routes to prepare C4-trifluoromethyl analogues of the 2H-chromene scaffold are scarce: this is particularly striking given the importance of fluorine in pharmaceutical development. To address this limitation, a facile strategy has been developed that is reliant on catalytic, geometric isomerization of easily accessible allylic alcohols (up to >95:5) followed by intramolecular cyclization via Pd catalysis (up to 96%). This concise biomimetic approach emulates the photoisomerization/cyclization cascade inherent to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.

Importance of fluorine in 2,3-dihydroquinazolinone and its interaction study with lysozyme

The main aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of 7-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one with lysozyme through various spectrophotometric studies. The graph such as Stern-Volmer plot, modified Stern Volmer plot, double logarithmic plot and Van't Hoff plot were plotted to determine the various parameters essential for predicting the interaction. The interaction of the ligand with the protein was further confirmed by circular dichroism and NMR study. The molecular docking was performed and the results obtained were correlated with the other studies. The importance of fluorine was justified through the prediction of pKa values and the possible metabolic pathway using the in silico tools. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the compound was carried out using HeLa cancer cell.

Importance of Fluorine and Fluorocarbons in Medicinal Chemistry and Oncology

Carbon-Fluorine (C-F) can serve as a molecular tag for many applications in medicinal chemistry and oncology such as identification (i.e. screening), imaging (i.e. tracing) and analytical characterization. Thereby, fluorination, a chemical process to add a fluorine atom into a single molecule or a complex matrix materials (e.g. compounds) is largely used in the pharmaceutical field to confer some interesting properties to cancer drug compounds (e.g. enhancement of bioavailability). It is further more recently used for labelling some biological molecules of interest (i.e. peptides, nucleic acids) or nanomaterials (i.e. nanoparticles) which are of high importance for cancer chemoand biotherapy (e.g. immunotherapy) as well as for tumor (aka tumour)/cancer imaging (i.e. staging/prognosis, biodistribution, cancer diagnosis and therapy). Indeed, In addition to be easy-to-handle, efficient, soluble, smaller and cheaper, C-F bond is more stable than fluorescent dye, less toxic than fluorine radioisotopes, and less harmful than radio-waves. We have developed a patented technology called carbon-fluorine spectroscopy (CFS aka Spectro-Fluor®) along with methods and applications to not only specifically and sensitively detect C-F bonds in raw pure compound, complex materials but also to screen (e.g. drug discovery and drug security) as well as to trace F-molecules in vivo for improved medical care, particularly but not limited to the oncology sector (e.g. tumor/cancer imaging, development of new F- reagents, F-biomolecules, and anti-cancer agents). In this paper, we reviewed and discussed the major physical-chemical properties of C-F bond, the main applications of fluorocarbons as well as the state-of-art imaging technologies that use fluorine for clinical and research and development (R&D) oncology purposes (e.g. drug design, drug discovery, drug delivery and molecular imaging). An emphasis is put on the use of safer, unlabeled fluorinated molecules thanks to the emerging and promising CFS derived platform green technology that allows to reliably detecting unlabeled C-F molecules. Overall, we conclude that fluorine is a magical atom for molecular diagnosis and therapy that does not always need to be labelled.

The Importance of Fluorine in the Life Science Industry

Fluorine-containing compounds are at the leading edge of many new developments in the life science industry. In recent years a steady increase in the number of fluorinated organic molecules reaching commercial status as crop protection products and pharmaceutical drugs has been observed: in 1978, ca. 600 pesticides were known, but only approximately 25 (4%) contained fluorine. Today, fluorine-containing compounds account for more than 17% of all commercially available crop protection agents and many others are currently under development. The structures of the fluorine-containing development compounds proposed for ISO common names between 1997 and 2002 are highlighted in this paper. In the pharmaceutical area around 220 fluorinated drugs were on the market in 1990, representing ca. 8% of all synthetic drugs. Six years later already more than 1500 fluorine-containing drugs were under development. Fluorine-containing compounds have also been successful in the marketplace, such as the insecticides fipronil and lambda-cyhalothrin, the fungicides epoxiconazole and trifloxystrobin, the herbicides trifluralin and clodinafop, and the pharmaceutical blockbusters Fluoxetine (Prozac®), Paroxetine (Paxil®), Ciprofloxacin (Cipro®) and Cisaprid (Propulsid®). This success is mainly due to the fact that selectively fluorinated compounds can exhibit dramatically improved potency when compared to the non-fluorinated analogues. The incorporation of fluorine into a biologically active compound alters the electronic, lipophilic and steric parameters and can critically increase the intrinsic activity, the chemical and metabolic stability, and the bioavailability. The positive effects of fluorine on the biological efficiency is outlined by three examples: in the chemical class of herbicidal thiatriazines, the presence or the absence of fluorine leads to dramatic effects on the biological activity; the metabolic stability and the pharmacokinetics of aminopyrazinone acetamide thrombin inhibitors were improved by the introduction of fluorine, and in a novel class of insecticides/acaricides any modification of the gem -difluorovinyl group results in a strong decrease of biological activity.

Perfluorocarbon-hydrocarbons self-assembly: halogen bonding mediated intermolecular recognition

Halogen bonding is discussed as an interaction that is capable of overcoming the reluctance shown by fluorinated compounds towards interactions with hydrocarbons. This non-covalent interaction is sufficiently strong to enact formation of supramolecular architectures where perfluorocarbons, hydrocarbons, and inorganic salts are self-assembled. Examples are discussed which exemplify the consistency and versatility of this interaction in affording numerous and structurally different hybrid materials. The importance of fluorine in determining the overall packing of the formed architectures is also highlighted.

The Neglected Element in Sophomore Organic Chemistry

There are many aspects of organic chemistry that would benefit from the inclusion of organofluorine chemistry. The properties of fluorine help in the clarification of many topics such as bond strength, leaving groups, substitution reactions, radical reactions, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and enzymes. This article focuses on the importance of fluorine in organic chemistry.

World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics

The second volume of this series reflects the introduction given in the first. These reviews are not designed to catalogue new information or to simply discuss the work that has been done. Each author is expected to review, to criticize, and to theorize within the area of his interest. By using authors from many parts of the world, the editors hope that this volume is truly an international review. Volume 2 covers topics such as "Proteins and Haemotopoiesis," "Dietary Factors and Adrenocortical Hormone Secretion," "Parathyroid Glands and Calcium Metabolism," and "Microbiology of Digestion." The "Vitamin Interrelations of Ascorbic Acid" by Therese Terroine contains—to a greater degree—the theorizing and criticism which were suggested in the introduction to the first volume. The final chapter, "Fluorine," by Professors T. Gordonoff and W. Minder should be of extreme interest in the United States. It presents a critical study of the importance of fluorine, and