Importance Of Educational Attainment Research Articles

Gender-specific trends of educational inequality in diagnosed diabetes from 1999 to 2014 in Hong Kong: a serial cross-sectional study of 97,481 community-dwelling Chinese adults

BackgroundGender differences in the trend of educational inequality in diabetes have been widely observed in the Western populations, indicating the increasing importance of educational attainment as a social determinant of diabetes among women. Nonetheless, relevant evidence is scarce in developed Asian settings for comparisons. This study examined the gender-specific trends of educational inequality in diagnosed diabetes in Hong Kong between 1999 and 2014.MethodsA series of eight territory-wide population-representative samples of 97,481 community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese adults aged 45 or above were surveyed between 1999 and 2014. Regression-based Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and age-standardized Slope Index of Inequality (SII) were adopted to examine the extent and trend of gender-specific educational inequality in self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes.ResultsAge-standardized prevalence of diabetes increased in both genders over time, with a steeper surge among men. In addition, educational inequalities in diabetes, in both relative and absolute terms, significantly widened among women over the study period (annual RII change = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02–1.07, annual SII change = 0.36%; 95% CI = 0.16–0.56%), with the peak in 2011 (RII = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.83–3.24, SII = 9.21%; 95% CI = 6.47–11.96%). However, no significant widening inequality was found among men. Further adjustment for household income level did not attenuate the observed educational inequality.ConclusionsDespite a greater increase in diabetes prevalence among men, disparity in diabetes substantially widened across education levels among women in the past decade in Hong Kong. The gender perspective should be taken into considerations for policy making to alleviate the prevalence surge and rising educational inequality in diabetes.

The relationship of opioid prescriptions and the educational performance of children.

One of the more salient aspects of the opioid crisis in America has been the disparate impact it has had on communities. This paper considers the possibility that opioid abuse might have negative spillovers onto student performance in schools within the communities most affected. We use administrative data on individual children's test scores (grades 3 through 8) in South Carolina from the 2005-06 to 2016-17 academic years. These data are then linked to county-level changes in opioid prescriptions rates. Findings show that an increase in the opioid prescription rate in a county is associated with a statistically significant reduction in white student test scores, but no such decline was found among non-white students. This relationship is robust to controls for changing county-level economic conditions, time-varying controls for student-level poverty, county characteristics, and county time trends. Among white students, the association is strongest among rural students in households that are not receiving SNAP or TANF benefits. Given the importance of educational attainment, this reduction in test scores associated with high rates of opioid prescriptions may indicate that there will be long-lasting spillover effects of the opioid crisis.

Educational and Employment Patterns in Serious Adolescent Offenders With Mental Health Disorders: The Importance of Educational Attainment

This study examines employment and educational outcomes for justice-involved adolescents with and without mental health disorders in the Pathways to Desistance study. We examine the patterns of education and employment and the effects of several factors, including the presence of a mental health disorder, on these positive outcomes. Three findings emerge: (a) youth with mental health problems have a relatively high number of other criminogenic risk factors, (b) education and employment patterns do not differ by disorder status, and (c) the presence of a mental health disorder is not independently linked to poorer employment outcomes, but educational achievement is. These analyses provide information needed to target services for these adolescents in the juvenile justice system, who are at high risk for poor educational and employment outcomes. Results indicate a need for increased emphasis on higher levels of academic attainment as a way to promote positive employment outcomes in these youth.

Osiągnięcia edukacyjne skazanych i ich znaczenie w planowaniu procesu resocjalizacyjnego – analiza jakościowa

Teza i cel badań
 Osoby naruszające porządek prawny często prezentują niski poziom osiągnięć edukacyjnych. Charakteryzują się niewystarczającym poziomem wykształcenia i brakiem kwalifikacji zawodowych, co przyczynia się do pogłębiania marginalizacji społecznej i w konsekwencji sprzyja powrotności do przestępstwa. Celem badań było przedstawienie osiągnięć edukacyjnych badanych osób oraz ich znaczenia w planowaniu pracy resocjalizacyjnej zmierzającej do wprowadzenia trwałych zmian w funkcjonowaniu społecznym.
 Metoda badań
 Inspiracją prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule analiz były badania przeprowadzone przez autorkę na grupie skazanych pozostających pod dozorem kuratora sądowego. Uzyskane dane pochodzą z analizy dokumentów zawartych w teczkach dozoru. Badania realizowano od czerwca do października 2017r. na próbie dokumentów obrazujących sytuację życiową 57 osób.
 Wyniki badań
 Zdecydowana większość osób, których dokumentacja była przedmiotem analiz charakteryzuje się niskim poziomem osiągnięć edukacyjnych. Spośród 57 osób 43 (75,4%) nie posiada żadnych kwalifikacji zawodowych, a edukację szkolną zakończyły na poziomie podstawowym. Z kolei 11 osób (19,3%) ukończyło szkołę zawodową bądź kurs zawodowy. Tylko w stosunku do 3 osób (5,3%) osiągnięcia edukacyjne ocenić można jako wysokie.
 Wnioski
 Edukacja odgrywa istotną rolę w procesie socjalizacji człowieka i wyposaża jednostkę w skuteczne mechanizmy radzenia sobie z trudnościami w przystosowaniu do wymogów otaczającej rzeczywistości. Ze środowisk osób o niskich osiągnięciach edukacyjnych często rekrutują się osoby wykluczone społecznie i naruszające normy społeczno - prawne. Świadomość znaczenia osiągnięć edukacyjnych w stabilizacji sytuacji życiowej powinna mieć odzwierciedlenie w planowaniu procesu resocjalizacyjnego ukierunkowanego na osiągnięcie trwałych zmian w społecznym funkcjonowaniu jednostki.

Self-control and persistence in the transition to adulthood: employment outcomes among individuals with no credential, a GED, and a high school diploma

Self-control and persistence may predict employment outcomes among individuals who have no credential, a General Educational Development (GED) credential, or a high school diploma. However, less is known about the stability of that relation after accounting for structural factors (e.g., social relationships) and differences in lived experience (e.g., dropout status). Using data from a national survey of young adults in the USA (n = 1282, M = 21.54 years), we examined whether there were differences in self-control, persistence, and social relationships among youth with a diploma, a GED or no credential. Then, we examined whether and how self-control, persistence, social relationships, dropout status, and educational attainment related to young adults’ employment outcomes. Results indicate differences in self-control, persistence, and social support among the three groups. Models indicate a non-linear relation between self-control and persistence to employment outcomes and highlight the importance of educational attainment.

Human Capital Spillovers and Regional Development

Summary This paper introduces technological interdependence into the theoretical framework of Gennaioli et al. (Quarterly Journal of Economics 2013; 128: 105–164). This extension leads to an expression for regional development with spatial effects that motivates the incorporation of the geographical dimension into their newly constructed database and empirical analysis. Our estimation results corroborate both the necessity of accounting for the presence of spatial dependence to study the determinants of regional income per capita and the importance of educational attainment in explaining regional development differences. Furthermore, we provide evidence that human capital generates positive spatial spillovers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Effects of Marital Culture and Social Structure on Marital Aspirations and Attitudes in “Fragile Families”

This research brings together insights from the fields of sociology and social work, providing an integrated study of marriage as a cultural and structural institution. The goals of the study are twofold: first, to empirically assess the predictive power of cultural versus structural elements of marital aspirations and attitudes among “fragile families”; second, to determine if the aforementioned relationship and outcomes differ by immigrant status. The results offer more support for the role of structure than the function of culture, suggesting that rather than demonizing disadvantaged families for having “defective” cultural values, policy planners and human service providers should recognize the importance of educational attainment and economic productivity in fragile families. Even populations most disposed to hold more “traditional” views of marriage and family life are constrained by the realities of structural disadvantage.

Human Capital Spillovers and Regional Development

This paper introduces technological interdependence a la Ertur and Koch (Growth, technological interdependence and spatial externalities: Theory and evidence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2007; 22: 1023-1062) into the theoretical framework of Gennaioli et al. (Human capital and regional development. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2013; 128: 105-164). This extension leads to an expression for regional development with spatial effects that motivates the incorporation of the geographical dimension into their newly constructed database and empirical analysis. Our estimation results corroborate both the necessity of accounting for the presence of spatial dependence to study the determinants of regional income per capita and the importance of educational attainment in explaining regional development differences. Furthermore, we provide evidence that human capital generates positive spatial spillovers.

Trends and group differences in the association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality: Implications for understanding education's causal influence

Has the shape of the association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality changed in recent decades? If so, is it changing consistently across demographic groups? What can changes in the shape of the association tell us about the possible mechanisms in play for improving health and lowering mortality risk over the adult life course? This paper develops the argument that societal technological change may have had profound effects on the importance of educational attainment – particularly advanced education – in the U.S. adult population for garnering health advantages and that these changes should be reflected in changes in the functional form of the association between educational attainment and mortality. We review the historical evidence on the changing functional form of the association, drawing on studies based in the United States, to assess whether these changes are consistent with our argument about the role of technological change. We also provide an updated analysis of these functional form patterns and trends, contrasting data from the early 21st Century with data from the late 20th Century. This updated evidence suggests that the shape of the association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality appears to be reflecting lower and lower adult mortality for very highly educated Americans compared to their low-educated counterparts in the 21st Century. We draw on this review and updated evidence to reflect on the question whether education's association with adult mortality has become increasingly causal in recent decades, why, and the potential research, policy, and global implications of these changes.

Education, English Language Proficiency, And Earnings Of Male Immigrants In The U.S. Labor Market

<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Using samples of male Mexican and Chinese immigrants taken from 1990 Census PUMS data, this paper investigates the determinants of English language proficiency (ELP) and its effect on male immigrants’ earnings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The findings are: 1) the educational attainments are crucial in improving ELP; 2) the effects of ELP on earnings are significant for both Chinese and Mexican immigrants and among all educational categories.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The importance of educational attainment and ELP on the immigrants’ economic success is reestablished.</span></span></span></p>

Ageing and Mobility in Germany: Are Women Taking the Fast Lane?

Results from travel demand research in many countries show that - on average - women are less mobile and have different mobility patterns than men. Recent longitudinal studies of gender specific travel demand reveal converging mobility of males and females. Moreover, in some countries results show convergence between cohort and gender specific travel demand: women and men display more and more similar travel behaviour while older individuals today have higher mobility demands than ever before. Do these developments hold also for Germany? Based on socio-economic and demographic analysis of gender specific travel behaviour using the German mobility survey data from 2002, we ask what individual travel patterns can be expected for the future in the year 2025. We place emphasis on the importance of educational attainment and labour force participation for the assessment of future personal mobility.

SUBSTANCE USE AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

SUBSTANCE USE AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Educational Attainment and Regional Economic Performance in Mexico

A growing number of studies confirm the importance of educational attainment and human capital investment as a means for improving per capita income performance. In developing countries, attention to this linkage has primarily been carried out using national data aggregates. For relatively large countries such as Mexico, it is helpful to conduct similar analyses that document regional market income patterns. This paper utilizes 2000 census data for all 31 states and the Federal District in Mexico City to quantify regional income performance. Similar to other studies conducted using regional data in higher income economies, results confirm strong links between education and incomes across Mexico.