Importance Of Drainage Research Articles

Water table, drainage, and yield response to drainage water management in southeast Iowa

Subsurface drainage is an important practice for optimizing crop production, but it accelerates nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) loss to downstream water bodies. As a result, there is a need for practices that can maintain crop production while decreasing subsurface drainage volume and NO3-N export. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the impact of drainage water management through controlled drainage, shallow drainage, conventional drainage, and no drainage on subsurface drainage volumes, water table depths, crop yields, and NO3-N export. This research was conducted at the Iowa State University Southeast Research Farm and consisted of four management schemes with two replicates for a total of eight plots. Plots consisted of a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation with half of the plot planted in corn and half planted in soybeans each year. Findings from four years show that undrained plots had a high occurrence of elevated water tables. Controlled and shallow plots had elevated water tables in the early spring and early fall in accordance with the rainfall and management protocols for controlled drainage. Water table response was quick, with drawdown to tile depth within one to two days after significant rain events. During the period of the study, drainage water management through controlled drainage or shallow drainage reduced overall drainage volume by 37% and 46%, respectively. Average annual NO3-N loss for the study period was reduced by 36% and 29% for controlled drainage and shallow drainage, respectively. Over the four-year period, corn yields in the controlled plots were significantly lower than conventional drainage; however, yields were not statistically different from shallow drained plots. There was no statistically significant difference between drained plots in terms of soybean yield for the study period. Undrained plots, however, had significantly lower yields for corn when compared with shallow and conventional treatments and for soybeans when compared to all treatments. This study highlighted the potential for use of drainage water management practices in reducing subsurface drainage volume and downstream NO3-N loss. In addition, the study highlighted the overall importance of drainage on maintaining crop yields.

COMMUNITY ACQUIRED METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS HAND INFECTIONS: A SOUTH PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE — CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ANTIBIOTIC COVERAGE

Community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are reported to be increasing worldwide. In the United States when rates exceed 15% empiric treatment is suggested. The aim of our study was to determine local rates and treatment of CA-MRSA within our region. Nine hundred and forty-two patients were admitted to our service during a six-year period with culture-positive hand infections identified from operative cultures at the time of surgery. Sixty-six (7.0%) patients had CA-MRSA positive cultures identified. Thirty-two (48.5%) patients were noted to have remained on antibiotic treatment that did not reflect their MRSA positive status after cultures returned. Despite this, re-admission and re-operation rates were low and comparable to our non-MRSA control group. Within our CA-MRSA group, current rates do not support automatic empiric treatment for CA-MRSA. Based on sensitivity data, co-trimoxazole and intravenous vancomycin are appropriate and effective antibiotic treatment within our region. Our data supports the importance of drainage of pyogenic infections in helping to resolve complicated hand infections.

Liposuction: optimizing factors.

Two aspects of liposuction procedures are discussed as ways of improving results. First, to help with the efficiency of fat removal several technical points are considered, especially the freedom and the facility of performing the liposuction procedure with a syringe without the aid of an aspirator. Surgeons are showing a growing interest with this new method. New and practical material that allows a reduced number of necessary manipulations is described. Second, we stress the importance of drainage, especially in relation to the resumption of activity which is much quicker due to the absence of postoperative bruising. When using drainage, the final result can be obtained as early as the second or third day.

Subsurface drainage results for over-wetted soils of the Latvian S.S.R.

In the Latvian S.S.R. experiments on hydrological drainage action have been carried out for some 16–17 years on 200 drainage fields. It is found that the average annual removal of excess water is 150–250 mm and, in particularly moist years, 400–500 mm and more. Drainage results in a considerable reduction of the duration of over-wetting and over-flooding of the active soil layer. The importance of drainage in the control of the soil water regime is the greatest in the winter and spring periods. The most effective draining and the best economic indices have been achieved by applying deep systematic drainage. For sandy and loamy soils, a 1.3–1.5 m deep drainage installation and use of larger diameter drain pipes are recommended. It is expedient to determine the drain spacing by combining the hydromechanical and the empirical methods, making the most of the data of many years of observations of the action of drainage systems.

CORRIGENDA. APPLICATIONS OF SOIL MECHANICS IN THE DESIGN OF STABILIZING WORKS FOR EMBANKMENTS, CUTTINGS AND TRACK FORMATIONS.

Since railways were built problems have arisen rectifying slips of earthworks and the breakdown of track formations. This Paper reviews the impact of soil mechanics on the solution of these problems and on works practice. It is based primarily on work done on the Southern and Western Regions of British Railways and deals mainly with the behaviour of clays, silts, sands and gravels and chalk. Methods are described for investigating slips and designing appropriate remedial works, while alternative theories used in the design of cutting slopes, retaining walls, etc., are discussed. Reference is made to the importance of drainage and the establishment of suitable vegetation on slopes. Since 1940, when the first attempt was made, on British Railways, to apply soil mechanics methods to investigate the breakdown of a clay track formation, much research effort has been directed by British Railways to this problem. The Paper reviews this research and its influence on remedial works to bad track formations and also...

CHICAGO PEDIATRIC SOCIETY

Although empyema was known to the ancients and the importance of drainage was recognized by Hippocrates, there are few surgical conditions that have aroused more discussion the last fifty years concerning the method of treatment. The present concept of aspiration in empyema is that it is not satisfactory and should be used only as a temporary procedure for the purpose of tiding a patient over the acute pneumonia stage of illness, with the expectation of establishing adequate drainage later if necessary. A new method of treatment is not being advocated, nor is it being claimed that all patients can be treated by such methods. A series of thirty-seven cases of empyema is reported ; the patients were treated at the Children's Memorial Hospital 1928. These patients were taken consecutively. Thirty-three were treated by aspiration. The other four were operated on for the following reasons: two patients had discharging sinuses ; one, the attending man, had requested that surgical treatment be used, and the fourth patient had been treated by aspiration outside the hospital and the needle had broken off in the chest cavity. The method has been to aspirate with a number 15 bore needle, with the patient under local anesthesia. Pneumothorax developed in 50 per cent. Five cases occurred spon¬ taneously before aspiration. The following organisms were cultured : pneumococcus 29, hemolytic strepto¬ coccus 2 and staphylococcus 1. No culture was taken in one case. The average stay in the hospital was from twoi and one-half to three and one-half months. The mortality rate was 9 per cent ; one patient died a week after leaving the hospital against advice. The other patients consisted of an infant, aged 21 months, who died of pneumococcus meningitis, and a boy, aged 6 years, with a bilateral empyema. Frequent roentgenograms were taken the patient's stay in the hospital and on his return visits to the outpatient department in order to show a graphic record of just what happened to the patient during a year. Physical observations characteristic of practically all cases have been : no deformity of the chest, excursion equal, resonance not impaired, breath sounds on normal inspiration distant, on forced inspiration practically normal. The children had gained in weight, did not cough and seemed to lead a normal active life.

THE DRAINAGE ASPECT OF IRRIGATION.

It is very kind of the Secretary of the Union to have invited me for the College Day and Conference and to take part in the symposium on irrigation this morning. I regret to have to deny myself the pleasure of attending the functions, but I am glad of the opportunity to associate myself once again-though from a long distance - with this function and to give a paper for the symposium. I have been asked to contribute a paper on any aspect of irrigation. In recent years, I have had occasions to participate, as Agricultural Chemist to the Government of Madras, in discussions on soils and irrigation in connection with the new irrigation projects in the Pre- sidency and to lay down a scheme of soil survey and irrigation research. The discussions on the importance of drainage in an irriga- tion system as a preventive and curative measure against soil deteriora- tion being still fresh in my mind, I have chosen the drainage aspect of irrigation for my theme.

OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PURULENT DISEASE OF THE ANTRUM OF HIGH-MORE, WITH EXHIBITION OF NEW INSTRUMENTS.

In considering the operative treatment of purulent disease of the antrum of Highmore, I shall speak only of operations for chronic disease. Acute purulent cases, which in my experience are of much more frequent occurrence and much oftener of intranasal than of dental origin, seldom require more than the removal of the cause and appropriate local and constitutional remedies. Antrum operations naturally divide themselves into two classes: the intranasal and the intra-oral. Each has its advantages, and many methods have been devised to meet the indications demanded by the two positions. Until recently the general rule has been to open the antrum at its lowest attainable point, in order to secure the best drainage, as with scarcely an exception the importance of drainage was especially urged as the<i>sine qua non</i>of correct surgical treatment, for it was not deemed inexpedient to have such a pus cavity draining into the