Impoliteness Strategies Research Articles

Interlanguage impoliteness in criticism by the English learners from Javanese background over social status and distance

The present study analyses the impoliteness of criticism over social status and distance, incorporating the concept of "levels of imposition." Criticism as a fundamental speech act is commonly used by people in the modern era, either in the digital world or the real world. It usually contains impoliteness if it embodies negative behavior, conveying criticism. This study belonged to an interlanguage pragmatics study and used forty participants from English language learners having Javanese backgrounds. It also applied the role play technique to take data to be analyzed using mixed method analysis. The data showed that the criticizer performed various impoliteness strategies in criticism, considering familiar and unfamiliar relationships in different social status levels. They mainly performed bald-on-record impoliteness and adhered to other strategies such as negative, positive, and mock politeness. Besides that, delivering criticism in high intonation was also perceived as a part of impoliteness. Therefore, it suggested conducting another research concerning paralinguistics and impoliteness in various communication contexts.

Impoliteness Strategies of Dr. Phil in “Monster-In-Law Khalood”

This objective of this research is to identify and describe and explain the kinds of impoliteness strategies used in Dr. Phil talk show. The data used is the utterances of Philip Calvin McGraw in Dr. Phil talk show. then, the data is collected and identified will be analyzed using the theory of (Culpeper, 1996). The research method used is the descriptive qualitative research method. The techniques of collecting the data in this research will be conducted as the following. The researcher watched Dr. Phil talk show, the researcher takes note of the utterances that contain impoliteness strategies in Dr. Phil talk show, the researcher checked the accuracy of the script with the spoken utterances in Dr. Phil talk show, the researcher then accumulates all the data that contain impoliteness strategies that will be analyzed. The researcher will analyze the data based on the theory explored. The researcher will classify the data into five kinds of impoliteness strategies as proposed by (Culpeper, 1996). The researcher will identify the type of impoliteness strategy in each data and the response to the impoliteness strategy used. There were 9 utterances used as the data and the types of impoliteness strategies used was the positive politeness strategy and sarcasm or mock politeness strategy.

Impoliteness Strategies of the Hate Comments on Twitter

This study aims to determine the Impoliteness Strategies of the Hate Comments on Twitter. This study was compiled using a qualitative descriptive research method. Data from hate comments made by netizens in response to the post of the son of the Indonesian president in the comments column of the official Twitter account belonging to Gibran Rakabuming Raka and data Sources from the official Twitter account of the vice presidential candidate. The number of data in this study is 50 data. The Instrument of Collecting Data uses Observation and Documentation and the method of collecting data uses searching, reading, choosing, capturing, and printing. The data was analyzed using the Formula P=F/N x100. From the research that has been done, it was found that there is a difference in the percentage between the five types of impoliteness strategies. In the bald on record, type 4 hate comment data were found with a percentage of 8%, positive impoliteness is 6 hate comment data with a percentage of 12%, negative impoliteness is 6 hate comment data with a percentage of 12%, sarcasm or mock impoliteness is 34 hate comment data with a percentage of 68%, and withhold impoliteness is 0 hate comment data with a percentage of 0%. So, it can be concluded that the most dominant type the impoliteness strategies in the results is sarcasm or mock impoliteness with a percentage of 68% in the thesis title Impoliteness Strategies of the Hate Comments on Twitter.

IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES BASED ON CULPEPER’S MODEL: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF A MAN CALLED OTTO

This research delves into a comprehensive analysis of impoliteness strategies used by Otto, the main character in the movie A Man Called Otto, drawing upon Culpeper’s model. The objectives encompass the identification of the most common type of impoliteness strategy and the examination of the function associated with each type. Moreover, the qualitative discourse analysis method was used to gain a deeper and more holistic comprehension of the research objectives that encompass a broader context beyond sentences. Within this method, a total of 155 instances of Otto’s impolite speech were meticulously examined. The findings revealed two facets: first, there are three types of impoliteness strategies, namely positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and withhold politeness. Among these, positive impoliteness emerged as the most frequently used strategy, followed by negative impoliteness and withhold politeness. Second, two functions attributed to the three impoliteness strategies used by the main character are found, namely affective impoliteness and coercive impoliteness.

Impoliteness Strategies and Social Dimensions in Enola Holmes 2 Movie: Socio-Pragmatics Study

This research aims to identify the types of impoliteness strategies and to analyze the social dimensions in the Enola Holmes 2 movie. This research uses descriptive qualitative method as the purpose of making this research is to analyze the phenomenon of impoliteness. This research aims to identify the types of impoliteness strategies and analyze the social dimensions that influence the use of impoliteness. The theory used is Culpeper (2011) theory of impoliteness strategies and Holmes (2013) theory of the social dimension. The results of the research, there are 5 Bald on Record Impoliteness (23,8%), 11 Positive Impoliteness (52,4%), 2 Negative Impoliteness (9,5%), 3 Sarcasm or Mock Politeness (14,3%) and 0 Withhold Politeness (0%), and also found the social dimension that influence the use of impoliteness, there are 10 Social Distance Scale (47,6%), 8 Status Scale (38%), 0 Formality Scale (0%) and 3 Functional Scale (14,4%). The most common found types of impoliteness strategies found are Positive Impoliteness and most common found for the social dimensions that influence the use of impoliteness is Social Distance.

Cyber Pragmatic Analysis of Impoliteness Strategies Used by Detractors and Supporters of Presidential Candidates in Online Conflicts

This research aims to analyze the synergistic impact between school leadership and stakeholder involvement in efforts to improve the quality of education at the Al Hijrah Integrated Islamic Middle School, Deli Serdang. A descriptive quantitative approach was used as a research method, and data was collected using questionnaires from respondents, namely the school principal and all school stakeholders. The results of the research show that school leadership that is synergistic and involves school stakeholders has a great influence on the management of improving school quality. Strong leadership and active stakeholder involvement have a significant positive impact on school-based quality improvement management. Visionary and learning-oriented leadership plays a key role in formulating a shared vision and strategy to improve the quality of education. The involvement of stakeholders, including teachers, parents, and the community, provides support, input, and active participation in the implementation of quality improvement programs. The synergy between effective leadership and involving stakeholders can create a collaborative and supportive learning environment. This leads to achieving the goals of better quality education, improving the quality of learning, and holistic development of student potential.

Impoliteness and Gender: An Analysis Of Animation Series Family Guy Season 20th

This study examines the use of impoliteness strategies and their relationship with gender in the animated series "Family Guy," with a specific focus on the 20th season. The objective is to determine whether the creators differentiate the use of impolite language between male and female characters and which gender employs these strategies more frequently. Using Jonathan Culpeper's 1996 frameworks, impoliteness strategies were categorized into five types: bald on record, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm, and withhold politeness. A qualitative descriptive method was employed to analyse dialogues transcribed from the animations. The findings reveal six instances of impoliteness from Lois Griffin, including three bald on record utterances, two positive incivility utterances, and one withhold politeness utterance. In contrast, Peter Griffin exhibited 11 instances of impoliteness, consisting of one bald on record utterance, six positive impoliteness utterances, one negative impoliteness utterance, and three sarcastic utterances, with no examples of withhold politeness. The analysis indicates that female characters' impoliteness utterances are fewer than male characters, potentially due to limited screen time. However, the nature of Lois Griffin's impoliteness was similar to Peter's, suggesting that the creators did not design female characters to be more polite. This challenges traditional gender stereotypes regarding language use.

From Impoliteness to Aggression: Examining Cyberbullying Patterns on Sina Weibo Using the “Discourse-Cognition-Society” Model

This study applies Culpeper’s Impoliteness Strategy and van Dijk’s “Discourse-Cognition-Society” Model to analyze 664 comments from nine cyberbullying incidents on Sina Weibo, examining these within their social contexts. Ten sub-strategies were identified, belonging to two main categories: bald-on record and off-record impoliteness strategies, finding a dominant use of bald-on record strategies. Our analysis underscores that with the use of impoliteness strategies, cyberbullying language mirrors the cognition and ideologies of speakers, such as traditional attitudes towards “good students” and the prejudice against non-mainstream appearances, reflecting the trends in public opinion, influencing societal cognition and dynamics. Extending van Dijk’s framework, our study offers new insights into the complex interplay between online communication, societal realities, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, this study proposes recommendations for managing online communication, conducive to fostering a sound online communication environment.

Scrambling for power or cooperation for stability: A case study of mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationship in China

The mother/daughter-in-law relationship is considered as the tensest in-law relationships in Chinese society. This study adopted retrospective interviews, observations and instant talks with two dyads of mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law to explore the nature of their relationships, language use and strategies employed in their daily discourse to scramble for power. The findings indicated that both mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law applied politeness and impoliteness strategies to save the face or manipulate power within a family. In addition, they reconstructed mother identities to make their own uterine family stable. This study is expected to make contributions to the understanding of the dynamicity and complexity of the mother/daughter-in-law relationships in China.

Translator’s Visibility in Mediating Confrontational Responses of “Challenge” Strategy at China’s Diplomatic Press Conferences

The study aims to unveil how translators deal with confrontational responses through their visibility in translating the diplomatic discourse of China’s diplomatic press conferences. Distinct from past theoretical frameworks, this study is grounded in the impoliteness strategies model (Bousfield, 2008) and the concept of translator’s visibility. The corpus focuses on the English-translated responses using the “challenge” strategy, delivered by the spokesperson Hua Chunying throughout 2020. Findings show that the translator’s visibility is mainly presented at the syntactical and lexical levels, and the discursive level is hardly found. The translation strategy of modulation is used most in syntax and reduction most in lexicon. Additionally, the translator’s visibility by using translation strategies can mediate the degree of confrontation. In maintaining the confrontational tone, the main strategies involve modulation in syntax and reduction in lexicon. Linguistic compression and reduction are employed more commonly in weakening the confrontational implication in lexicon, and reduction in syntax. Linguistic amplification is observed more frequently in the lexicon and modulation is more often used in syntax in strengthening the confrontation. This research sheds light on the dynamic interplay between impoliteness strategies and the translator’s visibility, contributing to a deeper understanding of the translator’s engagement in institutional discourse.

Exploring Digital Discourtesy: Impoliteness Strategies In K-Drama Fan Discourse on Social Media

This study analyzes impoliteness strategies used by netizens in responses to the variety show "Single Inferno 3" on the X app, specifically through the K-Drama Menfess account. Menfess, short for "Mention and Confess," is a term in K-Pop and K-Drama culture, describing messages sent via direct message to auto-bot accounts on platforms like Twitter, where users share opinions on specific topics. "Single Inferno 3" is a popular show among K-Drama fans, and the comments in the Menfess account's replies provide insights into how impoliteness emerges in reactions to South Korean entertainment. Using a descriptive qualitative method, this study examines the types of impoliteness in netizen comments related to the show, drawing on Culpeper's (2011) theory of language impoliteness. The data, collected from comments posted on January 3rd, 2024, reveals that sarcasm or mock politeness is the most prevalent strategy, appearing in 45.45% of cases. Positive impoliteness accounts for 27.27%, negative impoliteness for 18.18%, and bald on-record impoliteness for 9.09%, with no instances of withheld politeness. Sarcasm often involves indirect insults, while negative impoliteness includes belittling remarks. These impoliteness strategies typically arise in contexts where netizens scrutinize the show's participants, reacting to behavior that deviates from expected norms. The study's findings can help social media platforms develop tools to detect and reduce impolite interactions, such as automated moderation systems and user guidelines to promote respectful online discourse.

Strategi Ketidaksantunan dalam Film “Siap, Gan!”

The politeness of speech acts can be influenced by certain sociological factors, for example, relative power, social distance, and the presence of elements of coercion. In its development, politeness in speech acts also develops in its opposite form, namely impoliteness. The focus of the study in this research is the language impoliteness strategy in the film "Siap, Gan!" which appears as a reflection of differences in social levels by focusing discussion on the five strategies of impoliteness according to Culpeper's theory. This research aims to describe impolite language strategies in films. The type of research used in this research is qualitative and the data provision technique used in this research is observation/observation techniques. Observation techniques are carried out without involving what is being observed. The data source for this research comes from a video film entitled "Siap, Gan!" obtained on the YouTube channel. The analysis carried out in this research uses contextual analysis. Contextual analysis involves several elements, namely identifying speakers and speech partners, observing the background or causes of the speech, and the goals to be achieved through the speech data analysis, it is known what types of language impoliteness appear in the film "Siap, Gan!" namely bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, and negative impoliteness. The most frequently used strategy is negative impoliteness. This proves the impoliteness in the film "Siap, Gan!" This tends to be used to attack the speaker's negative face. Some of the data findings indicate that several forms of words that are personally offensive to the speaker due to different social strata are also found to be presented as directly impolite with harsh, insulting, degrading, and critical language.

Impoliteness Triggers and Strategies in Students’ Complaints: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis

This socio-pragmatic study aimed to unearth the impolite triggers and strategies used in students' complaints extracted from 100 online student complaints. Using Culpeper's Impoliteness Theory (1996, 2011, 2016), the study identified various impoliteness triggers, namely conventionalized and non-conventionalized impoliteness triggers. The former includes pointed criticisms, condescension, insults, unpalatable questions, dismissals, message enforcers, threats, silencers, negative expressives, redundant patterning, and fighting words. On the other hand, the latter involves non-conventionalized impoliteness triggers, which involve form-driven and bald-on-record impoliteness, red herrings, convention-driven impoliteness, rhetorical questions, and inflammatory expressions. In terms of impoliteness strategies, the study found the use of bald-on-record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock impoliteness, with withhold impoliteness not observed in the online context. Understanding the linguistic patterns of impolite complaints in online contexts can help formulate strategies to mitigate conflict and promote more constructive interaction among students. This study may provide valuable insights for improving digital discourse and social interaction protocols.

Impoliteness Strategies In The Third Indonesia Presidential Debate 2024: Pragmatics Research

This research examines the impoliteness strategies employed during the third Indonesian Presidential Debate of 2024 from a pragmatic perspective. Using Jonathan Culpeper's theories of impoliteness (1996, 2011) as a theoretical framework, the research aims to identify and analyze the types of impoliteness strategies used by presidential candidates and determine their functions within the debate context. The research utilizes a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected from the Kompas TV YouTube channel's broadcast of the debate. The research focuses on identifying instances of bald-on-record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, sarcasm/mock politeness, and withhold politeness. Additionally, it examines whether these strategies serve affective, coercive, or entertaining functions. Preliminary analysis reveals the presence of four types of impoliteness strategies: bald-on-record, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm. Notably, bald-on-record impoliteness emerged as the most frequently used strategy, while no instances of withhold politeness were observed. The affective function was found to be the most prevalent, suggesting that candidates often employ impoliteness to express emotions and influence audience perceptions. This research contributes to the field of pragmatics by providing insights into language use in high-stakes political contexts. It also offers a deeper understanding of how impoliteness strategies can impact public perception and the democratic process in Indonesia. The findings may serve as a valuable resource for future studies on political discourse and communication strategies in presidential debates.

IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES IN ONLINE DISCOURSE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH COMMENTS ON KING CHARLES III’S CORONATION

Impoliteness strategies are communicational strategies through which the speaker per- forms a threat to the face of the hearer. This research explores impoliteness strategies employed by Spanish and English CNN Instagram commenters to criticize the coronation of King Charles III. Drawing on Culpeper’s (1996) Impoliteness Framework, the research examines how positive and negative impoliteness strategies are applied to attack King Charles’ face, exploring potential combinations and language-based differences. What has been observed is that impoliteness, or more precisely face-threatening acts (FTA), may be a multi-layered phenomenon, in the sense that commenters may simultaneously use multiple impolite strategies. This as a result produces much stronger effect on the attack of the face than the use of a single strategy. Furthermore, there may be cultural implications in the employment of strategies for FTA. Namely, Spanish commenters appear to perform stronger FTA due to the use of three strategies at the same time as opposed to English ones who are found to use two of them simultaneously. Moreover, sarcasm as one of impoliteness strategies has also been found to be used only by Spanish commenters, adding up to the possibility of cultural differences. Despite the need for further research, these results yield a deeper insight into the complexity of the phenomenon of impoliteness within the realm of online discourse concerning public figures

IMPOLITENESS IN ONLINE DISCOURSE: ANALYSIS OF READER COMMENTS ON SERBIAN NEWS SITE

Online discourse represents an important part of human communication. When ex- pressing their opinions in an online environment, people are empowered to be more direct, often without considering other people’s face. In certain situations, they may even be offensive or impolite. The focus of this study is the manifestation of impoliteness in reader comments on Serbian news sites. The study adopts Bousfield’s (2008) extended framework of Culpeper’s model of impoliteness strategies (1996, 2005) in order to examine and classify different manifestations of impoliteness. It relies on the analysis of a small specialized corpus which consists of the data collected from reader comments on Serbian online news articles related to Novak Đoković being denied entry into Australia in January 2022 due to the men’s number one tennis player not being vaccinated, which was one of the most vigorously debated topics in both mass media and social media in Serbia amid the coronavirus pandemic. The data were analyzed qualitatively. This study reflects how Serbian language users engage in impolite communicative behavior by identifying the most common impoliteness strategies, as well as their functions, and indicating distinctive features of Serbian impolite online discourse.

Undergraduate and postgraduate students’ emails to faculty members: an impoliteness perspective

Abstract This study delves into the use of impoliteness strategies within emails sent by undergraduate and postgraduate students to their professors, aiming to discern the variance in their implementation based on (Culpeper and Hardaker’s. 2017. Impoliteness. In: Culpeper, Jonathan, Haugh, Michael and Daniel Kadar (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of linguistic (im) politeness, 199–225. Basingstoke: Palgrave) model. Data, comprising emails from University of Jordan students and semi-structured interviews, underwent analysis to identify impoliteness strategies and themes. Findings indicate a higher prevalence of impolite strategies among undergraduates, totaling 58 instances compared to 38 among postgraduates. Particularly, undergraduates exhibit a greater tendency toward positive impoliteness. Thematic analysis of interviews unveils three contributing factors: work experience, participation in writing skills courses, and familiarity with formality levels. Notably, undergraduates’ lack of work experience contrasts with postgraduates’, often impacting their email etiquette. Moreover, postgraduates’ extensive enrollment in writing courses during MA studies fosters a more formal approach in communication with professors. The study underscores implications for future research, emphasizing the need to explore these dynamics further. By comprehending the influences on students’ email behavior, institutions can devise tailored interventions to promote effective and respectful communication within academic setting.

ANALYSIS OF IMPOLITENESS COMMENTS OF NETIZEN ON NAJWA SHIHAB YOUTUBE CHANNEL

This study is entitled "Analysis of Impoliteness Comments of Netizens on Najwa Shihab YouTube Channel". This study aims to examine the types of impoliteness strategies used by netizens in speaking in the comments column of Najwa Shihab's YouTube channel on the show "Ganjar Pranowo Bicara Gagasan" based on Jonathan Culpeper’s theory. In this study, the research design used is a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the types of impoliteness strategies used by netizens in commenting on the comment section of Najwa Shihab's YouTube channel on the "Ganjar Pranowo Bicara Gagasan" video uploaded in September 2023. Data will be obtained from transcripts of printed materials related to incivility, with Culpeper's theory as the basis of analysis. The results of this study identified four types of impoliteness strategies from 100 comments studied contain impoliteness strategies on the video, the four categories of impoliteness identified include: Bald on Record Impoliteness (25%), Positive Impoliteness (22%) with Insukting Others (3%), Rejecting Similarities with the Listener (1%), Diverting Topics that are Sensitive or do not want to be Discussed (5%), Using Inappropriate Code (1%), Not Interested in Conversation (6%), Look For Differences Opinion (4%), and Using Unclear and Confidential Language (2%), negative impoliteness (26%), and Sarcasm or Mock impoliteness (27%), while Withhold Politeness is not found because it can only be found in oral speech. Based on the analysis, Sarcasm or Mock Impoliteness (27%) is the most dominant type of impoliteness strategy. From these findings, it can be concluded that Indonesian netizens often express meanings that are opposite to the words they actually say, which aims to criticize or make fun of their interlocutors in a subtle way.

Negotiating converso identities in the inquisition courtroom

Abstract This paper explores the processes of identity construction and negotiation through face work in a Portuguese Inquisition record, corresponding to the trial for Judaism of Catarina de Orta. Concentrating as much on the inquisitor’s questions as on the answers offered by the defendant, I show here that impoliteness and self-politeness co-occur in interaction in the Portuguese Inquisition courtroom discourse. On the one hand, the inquisitor makes abundant use of impoliteness strategies with at least three main aims: to exert his power over the defendant, to trigger specific negative emotions, and to attack her face and her credibility. On the other hand, the defendant’s answers display numerous features of self-politeness, aimed at saving her face from the inquisitor’s attacks and accusations. It is precisely through the interplay of impoliteness and self-politeness that the two competing narratives proposed by the accuser and the defendant are constructed and re-elaborated during every interrogation.

Impoliteness in polylogal intercultural communication among Asian EFL learners

Abstract By regarding impoliteness as a dynamic process, this research examined impoliteness in the polylogal intercultural communication among Asian learners of English as a foreign language (EFL), including the impoliteness acts by the face-threat initiators, and the responses to the impoliteness acts by both the face-threat recipients and the face-threat witnesses. Moreover, it attempted to identify the factors that caused impoliteness in intercultural communication. Eighty-four Asian EFL learners from five Asian countries were engaged in this research. This research used group discussions to collect the nearly naturally occurring communication. The result illustrated that Asian EFL learners used the criticize/dispraise the hearer impoliteness strategy most frequently. Two new impoliteness strategies were identified, namely the use of the face-threat initiator’s first language (L1), and the use of inappropriate English expressions. In addition, a new reaction was used by both the face-threat recipients and the face-threat witnesses, namely the confirmation of impoliteness. A dynamic model of impoliteness based on the results of this research was proposed. Furthermore, six factors that caused impoliteness were discussed, including different individual cultural variations, accommodation to the intercultural communication, the degree of mindfulness, the individual prior experience of knowledge about the English language, the English proficiency levels of the EFL learners, and differences in individual salience that resulted in the failure of cooperative intention by the interactants in the intercultural communication. This research attempts to fill the lacuna in impoliteness studies in the fields of intercultural communication and intercultural pragmatics.