Implicit Idea Research Articles

“Husband” Designations: A Classification of Nomination Models (In the Linguo-Semantic Field of Eurasia)

The present article offers the first section of a collective study devoted to identifying the basic models of designating the notion of “husband, spouse”. The study is based on textual and lexicographical data, as well as that stored in databases of semantic shifts (CLICS and DatSemShift). The paper analyzes synonymous denominations of “husband” in different language strata and concludes that there is an unusual abundance of “parallel” designations (in contrast with other terms of kinship). The empirical data comes mainly from languages of Europe (both Indo-European and belonging to other language families), as well as from Uralic and Dravidian languages, including also other linguistic material with additional comparative value. A comparative analysis of the corresponding semantic shifts in the aforementioned databases has provided the article with colexification graphs. In the course of research, general models of the nomination of “husband” were identified and described, partly based on the specifics of archaic marriage law, namely the unequal status of “husband” and “wife”, which is also reflected in some of the nomination models. The most common (and presumably the most archaic) of these models, M-1 (husband as my man, my human), is based on the implicit idea of EGO, in this case, the wife as the supposedly initial subject of nomination. Further, another model was identified in which the “husband”, according to the nomination strategy, does not rely on EGO, but rather appears as a socionim (M-2). Within this model, 4 subgroups are distinguished (husband as a married person; husband as an outstanding member of society; husband as an old man; husband as a master, landowner). Another model (M-3) implies paired husband-wife nominations (spouses, husband as a friend, a partner, companion etc.). In the course of research, it is planned to create maps of the areal distribution of these models throughout Eurasia and to identify preferential zones for each of them.

Fiscal Decentralization and the Composition of Local Government Expenditure: Evidence from South Korea

The implicit idea underlying theories of fiscal federalism is that fiscal decentralization can change the composition of government expenditure. That is, regardless of whether decentralization enables governments to more readily reflect citizen preferences regarding spending categories or fosters a race to the bottom with reduced taxation and public service levels, change in the composition of government expenditure may ensue. This study indirectly tests the impact of decentralization with respect to allocative efficiency by examining the relationship between fiscal decentralization and expenditure composition. Utilizing data from 224 local governments in South Korea over the period 2008–2018, the study finds that fiscal decentralization exerts downward pressure on welfare expenditure and that it tends to shift spending from the current to the capital account. Specifically, it finds that it is mainly revenue-side decentralization that affects the allocation of government expenditure.

Faux Amis, Vrais Amis? Amis.

Recent commentaries on the relation between Deleuze and Foucault often operate with an implicit idea of compatibility or consistency that postulates systematic harmony as the decisive criterion for the affinity between them. Accordingly, the predominant question is whether Deleuze and Foucault are “true” friends philosophically and politically. Although the assessments differ, they share a likewise implicit notion of the friend as familiar that excludes any form of ambivalence in amicable relations and consequently cannot fully account for the dynamics and variability of the relation between Deleuze and Foucault. This article tries to address this problem by suspending the notion of the friend-as-familiar, effectively posing the question of what concept of friendship we would have if the ambivalent relation between Deleuze and Foucault would be the model. For this, the reconstruction begins with the early encounters and follows their relationship until the supposed split in the context of the desire-pleasure-debate. What becomes apparent is the dialogical structure of the philosophical friendship between Deleuze and Foucault that entails convergences as well as divergences, which will eventually be related to their own and fundamentally different concepts of friendship. Deleuze and Foucault, as will be argued, are neither “vrais amis” nor “faux amis” but simply amis that practised a form of philosophical friendship, lasting for more than 15 years.

Evaluation of mathematical physics issues in the content of physics books for the preparatory stage according to the skills of inferential thinking

The current research aims to evaluate the exercises of physics textbooks for the preparatory stage according to the skills of reasoning thinking. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers took the descriptive analytical approach and built a tool (content analysis) and then presented it in its initial form consisting of three skills (induction, deduction and representation) with indicators that pertain to each skill on a group of experts .After the researchers took the opinions of the experts and arbitrators into consideration, the researchers reached the final form of the tool. Then the researchers analyzed the exercises of physics textbooks for the preparatory stage established by the Ministry of Education for the academic year 2020-2021 in the light of the tool prepared by the researchers. This was done by selecting a sample of physics textbooks for the preparatory stage . The researchers adopted the unit of idea as a unit of his analysis, which consists of two types (explicit idea and implicit idea) and taking the unit of repetition as the unit of recording .Then the researchers made sure of the validity of the analysis, as well as calculating the stability of the analysis.. After completing these procedures, the researchers carried out the final analysis process by using of: Holstey equation, and statistical bag for social sciences (spss-24). Then the researchers evaluated the exercises of physics textbooks for the preparatory stage based on the model (Al-Rabi’i, 2020) and obtained the following results: -The percentage of inclusion in physics textbooks for the preparatory stage reached (89.92%) and is considered (high) when compared to the hypothetical spoken ratios adopted by the researchers. - Exercises of physics textbooks for the fifth and sixth grades (biological) are equal in including reasoning thinking skills, -The percentage of reasoning thinking skills varies in the exercises of physics textbooks for the preparatory stage. Based on these results, the researchers developed a number of recommendations and proposals. Keywords: evaluation, physical exercises, reasoning thinking skills.

Embedding Elliptic Curve Cryptography and Twofish Algorithm to Improve Data Security in Internet of Things

The implicit idea of the IoT is to follow client's identity effectively, so the security and protection concerns like theft the information and disturbance of tasks are turning out to be basic issues in the present IoT applications. Aggressor can pick up the access to the system can harm the physical gadgets of IoT can harm the system which bargains the protection and security of IoT. As the IoT gadgets have low memory, less force and data transmission a productive arrangement to give security is required that won't chomp through the resources of IoT. Because of the resource constrained condition in IoT the regular algorithms isn't sufficient to guarantee the information security. So we want a less computational expense as far as force utilization, memory management and more effective cryptography algorithms to offer more information security in IoT. This paper shows the hybrid cryptography security in IoT by embedding of ECC and TwoFish calculation, which gives an enhanced answer for upgrade the security highlights of the IoT with the goal that we can improve the administration therefore achieves growing the trust over the advancement.

Wherefore ‘Authority’? International Law and the Contest of Legal Cultures

This is my commentary on Kostiantyn Gorobets' paper 'Peaks and Valleys: Contemplating Authority of International Law' in the same volume, available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3744058. It focuses on the notion of 'authority' in the paper and queries whether the focus on this concept in Anglo-Scandinavian jurisprudential debates is warranted. In particular, I criticise the implicit idea that that tradition’s structure of analysing (international) law is now the 'standard account' against which all particular approaches need to be measured.

Epistemology and Creativity in Architecture

General visions in the architectural field shared many concepts. There are numerous indicators for dealing with these concepts, in addition to communicating with deeper areas that formed a source for scientific addition to them. Epistemology is one of these concepts that represent a necessary and essential field and has a fundamental value of knowledge. Epistemology can represent an intellectual expansion to any other field. Therefore, the scope for this study was to investigate influence of that field through its basic concept (epistemology), with common implicit idea of architecture, in addition to clarifying the state of relationship between the two main terms of the research.This research aims to define and study the general frameworks of basic research concepts of epistemology and creativity and their interconnections within architectural propositions to identify their fundamental indicators within a specific theoretical framework that is formed for this purpose after proposing the research problem. The research problem was represented by the weak clarity of cognitive perception correlation between the concepts of epistemology and creativity, and impact of this correlation in architecture, up to applying the terms and indicators of the theoretical framework to an elected and specific architectural product, and then to present, analyze, and discuss the results of that application, reaching to final conclusions. The outcomes have revealed the significant influence of the indicators of general conceptual frameworks for the epistemology relationship with creativity versus the more substantial impact of interactive and detailed structures for that relationship.

تحليل كتب التاريخ العربي الإسلامي لجمهورية اليمن في ضوء القيّم الأخلاقية

The current research aims to identify some of the moral values in the content of the books of the history of the Prophet’s biography for the first secondary secondary grade in the (Republic of Yemen), and to identify the frequencies and percentages of some moral values included in all chapters of the history of the Prophet’s biography book for the first secondary grade. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach in the style of content analysis in order to suit the purpose of the research, and the research sample consisted of the content of the study material in the content of the history books of the Prophet’s biography for the first secondary grade of secondary school in the Republic of Yemen, where the idea was adopted as a unit of analysis and it may be an explicit or implicit idea and repetition as a unit for counting. The researcher prepared a questionnaire about some of the ethical values that must be available in the books targeted by the analysis process, and it was agreed by (80%) on (13) main ethical values, for which a list of sub-indicators was prepared in its initial form, and then verified its validity to come out in its final form with (115) A sub-indicator, and the final results of the analysis showed that the total number of main ideas included in the content of the targeted books amounted to (2443) ideas, and the ethical values in question were achieved (842) recurrences, i.e. at a rate of (34.46). The Biography of the Prophet of the Republic of Yemen has reached (842) recurrences, as the value of (obedience) ranked first as the highest number of repetitions with (412) recurrences and a percentage of (48.93%), and the value of (tolerance) ranked last as the least number of iterations b(8) Frequently and with a percentage of (0.95%), and based on the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions. Key words: Moral values, history books.

Is there an I in Impact? Considering the two-way process of public engagement.

This article is a critical reflection on public engagement and the concept of impact in UK research institutions, based on a recent experience. The UK impact agenda, driven by the Research Excellence Framework (REF), requires researchers to engage with the public in order to potentially have an impact on society. This, I argue, constitutes the implicit directionality of impact as a one-way process. Recently, I provided a workshop for Flemish Sign Language (VGT) interpreters entitled ‘I interpret, therefore I am’ at the Faculty of Arts of the KU Leuven (Antwerp, Belgium). The aim of the workshop, in line with the impact agenda, was to increase participants’ awareness about the interpreting process and change their perception of how an interpreter’s personal beliefs potentially influence his/her linguistic choices. However, interacting with the participants also had an impact on my current research design and me as a researcher. This particular experience led me to reconsider the implicit idea of impact as a one-way process. In what follows I argue that, impact can and - in my opinion - should be a two-way process, encouraging interaction with the public in order to have a valuable impact on society, research and the researcher.

Alternating direction implicit-spectral element method (ADI-SEM) for solving multi-dimensional generalized modified anomalous sub-diffusion equation

The main aim of the current paper is to solve the multi-dimensional generalized modified anomalous sub-diffusion equation by using a new spectral element method. At first, the time variable has been discretized by a finite difference scheme with second-order accuracy. The stability and convergence of the time-discrete scheme have been investigated. We show that the time-discrete scheme is unconditionally stable and the convergence order is O(τ2) in the temporal direction. Secondly, the Galerkin spectral element method has been combined with alternating direction implicit idea to discrete the space variable. The unconditional stability and convergence of the full-discrete scheme have been proved. By developing the proposed scheme, we need to calculate one-dimensional integrals for two-dimensional problems and two-dimensional integrals for three-dimensional problems. Thus, the used CPU time for the presented numerical procedure is lower than the two- and three-dimensional Galerkin spectral element methods. Also, the proposed method is suitable for computational domains obtained from the tensor product. Finally, two examples are analyzed to check the theoretical results.

Spacing and Organizing: Process Approaches to the Study of Organizational Space

In the past several decades, the research on space in management studies has moved from being an implicit idea to becoming an important generative force in organizational theory. Through this turn, space no longer surfaces as a stable container in which organizing occurs, rather it is a process for enacting organizing. Even with the growth of studies on organizational space, only a modicum of work exists that aims to distill and theorize the notion of space as organizing. This paper sets forth a typology of process studies on organizational space linked to two dimensions and five approaches for conceiving of space as organizing. In offering this typology, it not only provides an overview of recent advances in management literature, but also links the research on organizational spacing to conceptions of order and disorder.

La Escatología en las Actas de los primeros mártires cristianos

The theme of eschatology is of special interest in Catholic as well as in Protestant Theology. The difficulty lies in the various interpretations which are given to the texts of Scripture and the Teaching of the Church. This diversity of opinion could be resolved, ideally, through the study of Tradition. But it is precisely here where we come upon a majore difficulty: the obscurity of early traditions relative to the truths which establish the existence of life after death. This article is part of a more extensive work which is dedicated to the study of the tradition of the first three centuries of the Church as contained in the Acts of the Martyrs, which has a special bearing on the problem at hand. It deals with the eschatological truths which, though already formulated, had not as yet been conceptualized during this early historical period of the Church. With this as a point of departure and by means of an existencial methodology we could reason to what these first qualified witnesses to the faith thought about as they were approaching death. The article begins with an examination of the underlying anthropology, because, as in well known, the multiple anthropological interpretations condition not only the subject of the so called "intermediate eschatology" but also the truths of eschatology. The result being that the Acts of the Martyrs makes itself understood in terms of a dualistic anthropology. The implicit idea here is not platonic dualism but simply a realistic interpretation based on personal experience which distinguishes between body and soul; while the body is being subjected to death and dissolution, the soul remains at peace awaiting its encounter with Christ. Employing this distinction made in the Acts of the Martyrs as a point of departure, the author reasons to the the belief that not only the martyrs but all those who die must undergo judgement before God, thus immediately initiating a state of reward or punishment. This conclusion sheds light on the much debated question of the intermediate state. Likewise, here in the Acts of the Martyrs, the fundamental truths of the faith are asserted: besides the endurance of the life of the soul after death and its immediate retribution, there are references to the particular and universal judgement, the future resurrection of the body, heaven and hell as the final state of man, after death, as well as the outstanding regard for the Parousia in the faith of these first centuries. All of these truths, and others as well, are found to be repeated again and again in the many dialogues held between the martyrs and their judges during their trials. The author also refers to texts which hold to the belief of purification after death. These testimonies are enlightening as regards the subject of purgatory, which various authors commonly ascribe to a later period, that is, to the works of St. Cyprian.

El Freud cognitivo: Los conceptos de la Física en El Proyecto

espanolEl Proyecto de Psicologia para Neurologos constituye el mas energico intento de Freud de formular un modelo de funcionamiento psiquico en el marco de las Ciencias Naturales. Asi, estudia la composicion del sistema mental llegando a diferenciar la existencia de tres subsistemas neuronales y analiza los avatares de la cantidad Q, esencia de la dinamica psiquica y fundamento de la organizacion Yoica. El proposito de este trabajo es explicitar el uso de los conceptos provenientes de la Fisica de su epoca y la forma que tomaron en el Proyecto. Se presentan cuatro ejes: (1) La nocion de sistema, estado y cambio de estado, para analizar las proposiciones metateoricas. (2) La sustentacion de la dinamica psiquica en el primer y segundo principio de la Termodinamica. (3) El simil de las nociones electrodinamicas en el funcionamiento del aparato psiquico. (4) El estudio de las caracteristicas ondulatorias como sustento del tercer subsistema neuronal del modelo. EnglishThe Project for a Scientific Psychology is Freud's most forceful attempt to formulate a model of psychic functioning within the framework of the natural sciences. In order to do this he defines the psychism as a system constituted by specifiable material particles, the neurons, particles subject to changes ofstate according to an operator of change of state conceived as an amount (Q) and on which the laws of Newton validly operate. In this way, he studies the composition of the mental system, differentiating the existence of three neuronal subsystems (Fi, Psi and Omega) and analyzing the avatars of the quantity Q as a state change operator, which is essentially the motor of the Psychic dynamics and foundation of the Ego organization organization, taking this organization as a particular state of the distribution of Q in the system. The purpose of this work is to make explicit the use of the concepts coming from the physics of that time and the form they took in the Project. This paper presents four axes: 1) The notion of system, state and change of state. Freud advocates for a Psychology defined as natural science as capable of representing phenomena as quantitatively determined states of specifiable material particles. The system issubject to state changes according to a physical and measurable change ofstate operator, which corresponds to the notion of quantity (Q). 2) The support of psychic dynamicsin the first and second principles of thermodynamics. The tendency described in the Project as an impulse to the discharge of the neuronal tension to zero, is heiress of a model constructed according to the first two principles of the thermodynamics. The notion of the general irreversibility of the psychic process, despite the mechanisms that retard, and even partially reverse the direction of the process, is an implicit idea on which all repetitive phenomena are based. The concept of facilitation itself involvesthe irreversibility of the process since it does not contemplate the possibility that mechanisms exist that may allow the reverse operation, except in the exceptional situation in which, for different reasons, the expected spontaneous sense is reversed, generating the process of regression. 3) The analogy of electrodynamics notions in the functioning of the psychic apparatus. Neurons, as conductors charged by a current flowing in a given direction, are also capable of storing a quantity of excitation, cathexis, neologism derived from the word cathode, used in physics. The idea of gradual local differences in potential is the only possible justification within the model for explaining psychic work as a product of the interrelationship between energy and work. Thus, it is difficult to say that when Freud developed his project he was not thinking of an electrodynamics model, it is difficult to imagine that he did not think of current (electron flow) when he spoke of current, or that he did not think of physical resistances when he spoke of resistances, or that he did not think about tension when he described the storage of potential excitation, or else that he did not seek, finally, to formulate an Ohm law of neural function, when he spoke of their relations. 4) The study of the wave characteristics as the basis of the third neuronal subsystem of the model. The Project solves the problem of the quality by assigning to the currents in flow another property, the periodicity, independent of the quantity. This periodicity refers to frequency and frequency changes, which only in the Omega system become significant, because in the Psisystem they do not exist, neither in Fi. These are, in Freud's words, monotonous, that isto say of uniform and constant frequency so as to give a unique tone.

"A difficult case": Pacioli and Cardano on the Chinese Rings

Abstract The Chinese rings puzzle is one of those recreational mathematical problems known for several centuries in the West as well as in Asia. Its origin is diffcult to ascertain but is most likely not Chinese. In this paper we provide an English translation, based on a mathematical analysis of the puzzle, of two sixteenth-century witness accounts. The first is by Luca Pacioli and was previously unpublished. The second is by Girolamo Cardano for which we provide an interpretation considerably different from existing translations. Finally, both treatments of the puzzle are compared, pointing out the presence of an implicit idea of non-numerical recursive algorithms.

القرار الإداريُّ المتحوِّل التَّأصيل والشُّروط

Administrative decision is one of the most important and dangerous legal acts issued by the administration. It represents a manifestation for the authority of management and one of its most important privileges encountering the individuals. However, this important type of legal act is not free of deficiency, shortcoming, or defect. Therefore, administration shall have some procedures enabling it to avoid any mistake or defect committed. By means of using several legal ways, authorized by law, including nullifying, modifying or correcting the issued decisions. Nevertheless, the administration is not free of restrictions but it has limitations for specified periods and has limits for clearing up its will as well as has regulations governing this will. As the purpose of administrative work is to achieve the public interest. Thus, its entire works are subject to legislative and judicial censorship. In addition to the censorship of the administrative authorities, there are many lawful methods enabling the management of addressing other issues of decision to avoid nullifying by Jurisdiction. Out of these issues is the process of changing the null and the void administrative decision into a new and valid one working as a savior for the administrative decision. As it is produced to be characterized by its validity and to be surrounded by set of guaranties for realizing the public interest. Because of such implicit idea of the counter ?administrative decision in terms of its origin and conditions, the researcher, by a modest effort, addresses this subject matter to make it more explicit.

Tasawuf antara Penafsiran Normatif dan Sosiologis dalam Pemikiran Ibn Khaldūn

This study takes up the challenge of investigating Ibn Khaldūn’s concept of tasawuf by relating it to his overwhelming idea of al-‘Umrān. The man has been widely known for his innovative assessment on various issues relating to society, organization, civilization and above all, forms of knowledge. He has been acknowledged as a pioneer and father of modern sociology. Nonetheless, little has been done to study his thought on Sufism and how this form of knowledge works in social context. Ibn Khaldūn himself has not worked out to explain this problem. But one may reconstruct it within his comprehensive concept of al-‘Umrān, which is understood by some as a form of theories on social organization. It is toward this aim that this study is carried out. It argues that in Ibn Khaldūn’s mind, tasawuf a) is part and parcel of his notion of social organization without which a society may not emerge; and b) society has its roots not only in material, civilisational and biological needs of both man and society, but also in their spiritual needs. This spiritual need in its turns is the very motives why many undertakes spiritual quest. It is also, socially speaking, the raison de’etre for social cohesion to emerge. Hence, Ibn Khaldūn’s sociology of tasawuf as it were, has its epistemo-logical underpinning in his implicit idea of spiritual cohesion in society.

Implicit extra-update multi-step quasi-Newton methods

A new approach to the implicit update multi-step methods, introduced earlier by Ford and Tharmlikit (2003) and Moghrabi (2009), is addressed in this paper. Two algorithms are developed. One of the algorithms proposes a method that uses exact quantities in doing the update that are computed cheaply rather than relying on crude approximations, as is the case in the work of Ford (2001), Ford and Tharmlikit (2003) and Moghrabi (2009). The other method introduced here exploits El-Baali's (1999) extra update technique and is motivated by the improvements achieved by the application of such methods to the minimisation of nonlinear unconstrained problems. The implicit extra updates idea performs, on iterative basis, implicit updates to the Hessian approximation multiple times at each iteration. The updates are intended to be performed cheaply prior to updating the actual Hessian approximation at each iteration. The implicitly updated matrix serves as a metric for measuring distances among recent iterates, as required in the multistep Methods developed by Ford and Moghrabi (1993, 1994). The method displays numerical merits and motivates promising further investigation.

PESQUISAS EMPÍRICAS EM PRÁTICAS MORAIS NAS ESCOLAS BRASILEIRAS: O ESTADO DO CONHECIMENTO

Abstract:It is a biographical research type of State of Knowledge, which pursues to identify the national scientific articles in journals published from 2002 to 2012, describing empirical researches in Psychology and Education on school moral’s practices and analyze, in the light of the constructive theory, if such practices are favorable to the development of moral autonomy of students. The databases searched were Scielo and BVS. According to the descriptors, firstly it was found 341 articles of which, by Reading the summaries, 68 remained. Of these, using the criteria of selecting only those referred to an empirical research that could contain the explicit or implicit idea of school practices favorable to autonomy, lasting for the final analysis, 17 items. The finalists were divided into 3categories for bringing different perspectives about the object of study: “ moral education, values ??and learning: concepts and relation with the teacher praxis”, “training intervention” and “intervention in school.” Only seven articles reported school practices regarded as favorable to the construction of autonomy according to the constructivist perspective mainly focusing on working with self-knowledge , knowledge of others and active participation in the organization of the learning process . However, the benefits offered by some of the practices analyzed are short because they are specific activities, are intended only for students, rarely involve the school as a whole and have little influence in sociomoral school environment. Appears that despite numerous schools work with moral practices and there is a lot of research carried out both in the field of psychology and education identified in theses and dissertations, there are few studies that are published in indexed journals and yet few address active methods are continuous, involving the school community and also include the training of school personnel.KEYWORDS: moral education; autonomy; practices; intervention; constructivismResumo:Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica do tipo Estado do Conhecimento, que teve como objetivo identificar os artigos científicos brasileiros publicados em periódicos, entre 2002 a 2012, que descrevem pesquisas empíricas em Psicologia e Educação sobre as práticas morais escolares e analisar, à luz da teoria construtivista, se tais práticas são favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da autonomia moral dos alunos. As bases de dados pesquisadas foram Scielo e BVS. Usando os critérios de selecionarmos somente os estudos empíricos em Psicologia e Educação que pudessem conter as práticas escolares direcionadas a aprendizagem de valores, foram encontrados apenas 17 artigos. Tais artigos foram agrupados em 3 categorias: “educação moral, valores e aprendizagem: concepções e relação com a práxis docente”, “intervenção formativa”, e “intervenção na escola”. Apenas sete artigos relataram práticas escolares consideradas como favoráveis à construção da autonomia enfocando principalmente, o trabalho com o autoconhecimento, o conhecimento do outro e a participação ativa na organização do processo de aprendizagem. Contudo, em sua maioria, os benefícios oferecidos pelas práticas analisadas foram de curta duração por se tratarem de atividades pontuais; eram direcionados principalmente aos alunos, raramente envolvendo a escola como um todo e, portanto, pouco influenciaram na transformação do ambiente sociomoral da instituição. Constatou-se que, apesar de inúmeras escolas trabalharem com práticas morais e que há muitas pesquisas realizadas tanto na área da psicologia quanto da educação identificadas em teses e dissertações, são escassos os estudos brasileiros que são publicados em periódicos indexados e também são poucos os que propiciam maiores condições de favorecer o desenvolvimento da autonomia, sendo contínuos, tratando de métodos ativos, envolvendo a comunidade escolar e incluindo a formação dos profissionais da escola.PALAVRAS–CHAVE: educação moral; autonomia; práticas; intervenção; construtivismo

Stalin and Proleptic Communism

ABSTRACTThis discussion article concerns the implicit idea of proleptic communism in the thought of Joseph Stalin. This idea refers to the sense that communism is creatively present as a type of reverse causality, determining the nature of the present even though it remains to be achieved. I situate this approach to communism in terms of the theological doctrine of proleptic eschatology. Functioning as a response to the delay of the Parousia (Christ's return), this form of eschatology may also be found in Eastern Orthodox theology. In order to render explicit the implicit idea of proleptic communism in Stalin's thought, the argument requires two steps: to track the way Stalin pushes the era of communism (in distinction from socialism) into a well-nigh mythical future; to espy the contours of proleptic communism. My specific aim is to understand an unacknowledged feature of Stalin's thought, without taking sides in the perpetual polarisation over his legacy.

Reading the Memoirs: Some Notes on Turkish Soldiers' Political Thoughts

The military's attitude toward the political realm is problematic in Turkey. While, on the one hand, it accepts the notion of civilian control, on the other hand, it has sometimes exercised tutelary functions or overtly intervened in politics. This essay argues that political thoughts of soldiers have an explanatory power in understanding this dilemma. It examines a set of more than 150 life narratives written by soldiers. Memoirs, autobiographies, and journals are relatively convenient means through which to explain one's personal thoughts. An elaboration on those texts suggests that soldiers have an ambivalent perception of the political realm, and this serves as a basis for the legitimization of their political actions. The implicit idea that they are the ultimate guardians of the country is embedded in the fact that they are respectful of democracy and are in favor of civilian control in their discourses.