Implications For Dietary Intake Research Articles

Implications of Dietary Intake and Eating Behaviors for People with Serious Mental Illness: A Qualitative Study.

The impact of poor diet quality and nutritional inadequacies on mental health and mental illness has recently gained considerable attention in science. As the opinions and experiences of people living with serious mental illness on dietary issues are unknown, we aimed to understand the role of nutrition in a biopsychosocial approach. In total, 28 semi-structured interviews were conducted with people living with serious mental illness (SMI) in Australia, Germany and Austria, and a generic thematic analysis approach was applied. Four positive (positive effects on the body and mind, therapeutic effects in treating somatic illnesses, pleasure and opportunity for self-efficacy) and three negative (impairment related to mental illness and its treatment, perceived stigma and negative effects on the body and mind) implications of diet were identified. A key issue for most of the participants was the mental burden arising from their body weight. This might indicate that negative implications, such as guilt and stigma, were of primary importance for people with SMI when talking about their dietary behavior. In conclusion, diet-related support is urgently needed for people with SMI. However, especially participants from Germany and Austria reported that this is not yet widely available in mental health settings, leading to hopelessness and resignation.

Determination of arsenic, cadmium, selenium, zinc and other trace elements in Bangladeshi fish and arsenic speciation study of Hilsa fish flesh and eggs: Implications for dietary intake

Exposure to As from drinking water and its impact on the health of the Bangladeshi population has received much attention. However, very little information is available regarding As exposure through consumption of fish, which is the main source of animal protein for the majority of Bangladeshis. In this study, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Mn Se and Zn in different types of fish, consumed by Bangladeshis, were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Daily intakes of the toxic elements As, Cd and Pb through fish consumption were estimated to be 31.8, 0.4 and 4.8 μg/day, respectively. Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) contained the highest concentrations of total As (mean ± SD was 2.55 ± 1.3 mg/kg; n = 15) among the fish analysed. However, toxic inorganic As species were not detected. The dominant As species in Hilsa fish were: dimethylarsenic acid, arsenobetaine and arsenosugars, at 69, 11 and 20% of total As, respectively. The high concentration of Cd detected in Hilsa eggs (average 278 ± 518 μg/kg; range 7.4–1725 μg/kg; n = 10) is of concern since this may have harmful effects on the development of embryos and lead to a decline in the Hilsa population or the quality of the fish. It can also be harmful to those who consume Hilsa eggs on a regular basis. Selenium was found to be highest in Shoal (Micropterus cataractae) fish and a type of small fish, and lowest in Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosis). Small fish species contained Mn and Zn at 7.1- and 4.3-fold higher concentrations, respectively, compared to big fish species. Keski (Corica soborna), a small fish species, contained by far the highest concentrations of Mn (52 mg/kg) and Zn (140 mg/kg), although the concentration of As (1.4 mg/kg) in this fish was lower than that of several other fish species. Small fish species are often consumed whole, including the bones, and therefore the essential trace elements present are potentially bioavailable for cellular metabolism. Our study shows that the Bangladeshi population can easily meet their daily requirement of Se and Zn from consumption of fish such as Shoal fish (Se and Zn), Hilsa fish (Se and Zn) and Keski fish (Se and Zn). Consumption of small fish (such as Keski) and big fish (such as Hilsa) from Bangladesh can provide valuable sources of essential trace elements as part of a balanced diet and thus negate the need for supplements and biofortification of certain foods. Ours is a small study and a detailed total dietary intake and human biomonitoring studies, that includes coverage of different socio-economic groups, are needed in Bangladesh before giving people supplements or biofortified foods.

Obesity-induced taste dysfunction, and its implications for dietary intake.

The incidence of obesity has dramatically increased in recent years, and poses a public health challenge for which an effective and scalable intervention strategy is yet to be found. Our food choices are one of the primary drivers of obesity, where the overconsumption of energy from foods high in fat and sugar can be particularly problematic. Unfortunately, these same foods also tend to be highly palatable. We select foods more on their sensory properties than on any other factor, such as price, convenience, or healthfulness. Previous evidence from human sensory studies has suggested a depressed sense of taste in panelists with obesity. Evidence from animal models also demonstrates a clear deficiency in taste buds occurring with obesity, suggesting that damage to the taste system may result from an obese state. In this review only taste, as opposed to smell, will be examined. Here we seek to bring together evidence from a diverse array of human and animal studies into taste response, dietary intake, and physiology, to better understand changes in taste with obesity, with the goal of understanding whether taste may provide a novel target for intervention in the treatment of obesity.

Occurrences of eight common-used pesticide adjuvants in ten vegetable species and implications for dietary intake in North China

Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) are important components of pesticide products. However, limited information is available regarding their occurrences in foodstuffs. Herein, eight common-used PAs were investigated in vegetables in North China in 2014–2016. The residue levels of total PAs in vegetables from markets and farms were 500 and 661 μg/kg, respectively. The highest residues of total PAs were found in cauliflowers (average: 1.53 × 103 μg/kg, market vegetables) and spinaches (average: 3.72 × 103 μg/kg, farm vegetables), respectively. In addition, Tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (TPE) dominated the total 8 PAs concentrations in most vegetable species. Moreover, the risk assessment showed that the human health risks associated with TPE and nonylphenol (NP) exposure via vegetables for adults were acceptable, and the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of other six PAs were in the range of <0.010–0.89 μg/kg bw/day, which were less likely to pose a threat to human health.

Neonicotinoid insecticide and their metabolite residues in fruit juices: Implications for dietary intake in China

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) have become the most widely used insecticides worldwide, and they are ubiquitous in food (i.e., fruit juices). In the present study, occurrence of seven NEOs and four metabolites (m-NEOs) in 400 fruit juice samples were investigated. NEOs and m-NEOs were frequently detected (65%–86%) in fruit juice samples. The median residues of NEOs and m-NEOs were ranged from 0.06 ng/mL to 0.94 ng/mL. Seasonal variations in NEOs and m-NEOs in fruit juices were found, indicating that the target analyte residues during the dry season were remarkably higher than those of residues during wet season. The relative potency factor (RPF) method was used to integrate individual NEOs into a single metric [imidacloprid (IMIRPF)] representing the intakes of IMI equivalent to total NEOs for each fruit juice sample. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of total NEOs for the general Chinese population was obtained. The median IMIRPF for total fruit juices was 13.4 ng/g, and the median EDI of NEOs was 18.2 ng/kg bw/day for the general population. Although the EDIs in this study were considerably lower than the acceptable daily intake (60 μg/kg bw/day, ADI), the dietary exposure risks for total NEOs should not be ignored because of the increasing usage of NEOs and their ubiquitous presence in fruit juices in China. To the best of our knowledge, this report was the first time to document residues of NEO and m-NEO in fruit juice samples collected from China.

Chemosensory Changes from Cancer Treatment and Their Effects on Patients' Food Behavior: A Scoping Review.

Individuals undergoing treatment for cancer can experience changes in taste or smell that are often assumed to affect constructs related to food behavior, although this relationship is rarely measured directly. To ascertain the extent to which measured changes in taste and smell during and after cancer treatment affect food behavior, we conducted a scoping review and completed a comparative analysis for studies that met our criteria, which were: they directly measured cancer patients’ (a) psychophysical response to taste and/or olfactory stimuli, and (b) food behavior (including food enjoyment, food preference, dietary intake) in people affected by cancer. Eleven studies met these criteria and were included in the review. All 11 studies evaluated taste and five also measured smell. A comparative analysis exploring taste and food behavior shows that a reduced sweet taste function (decreased sensitivity) was associated with a reduced intake of a variety of different macro and micro nutrients, reduced appetite, and overall lower energy intake. One out of six studies that measured smell and food measured observed changes in olfactory function following cancer treatment. There were no significant relationships reported between olfactory measures and food behavior. Taste changes that arise from cancer treatment appear to have a direct effect on food behavior, although there is a need for more research using standardized measures and larger sample sizes. A better understanding of taste alterations and their implications for dietary intake and food enjoyment will support optimal nutritional health by identifying strategies to help patients eat well during and after cancer treatment.

Assessment of spatial variation in drinking water iodine and its implications for dietary intake: A new conceptual model for Denmark

Iodine is essential for human health. Many countries have therefore introduced universal salt iodising (USI) programmes to ensure adequate intake for the populations. However, little attention has been paid to subnational differences in iodine intake from drinking water caused by naturally occurring spatial variations. To address this issue, we here present the results of a Danish nationwide study of spatial trends of iodine in drinking water and the relevance of these trends for human dietary iodine intake.The data consist of treated drinking water samples from 144 waterworks, representing approx. 45% of the groundwater abstraction for drinking water supply in Denmark. The samples were analysed for iodide, iodate, total iodine (TI) and other major and trace elements. The spatial patterns were investigated with Local Moran's I. TI ranges from <0.2 to 126μgL−1 (mean 14.4μgL−1, median 11.9μgL−1). Six speciation combinations were found. Half of the samples (n=71) contain organic iodine; all species were detected in approx. 27% of all samples. The complex spatial variation is attributed both to the geology and the groundwater treatment. TI >40μgL−1 originates from postglacial marine and glacial meltwater sand and from Campanian–Maastrichtian chalk aquifers. The estimated drinking water contribution to human intake varies from 0% to >100% of the WHO recommended daily iodine intake for adults and from 0% to approx. 50% for adolescents. The paper presents a new conceptual model based on the observed clustering of high or low drinking-water iodine concentrations, delimiting zones with potentially deficient, excessive or optimal iodine status.Our findings suggest that the present coarse-scale nationwide programme for monitoring the population's iodine status may not offer a sufficiently accurate picture. Local variations in drinking-water iodine should be mapped and incorporated into future adjustment of the monitoring and/or the USI programmes.

Seasonal variation in the fatty acid composition of milk available at retail in the United Kingdom and implications for dietary intake

Milk and dairy products are major sources of fat in the human diet, but there are few detailed reports on the fatty acid composition of retail milk, trans fatty acids in particular, and how these change throughout the year. Semi-skimmed milk was collected monthly for one year from five supermarkets and analysed for fatty acid composition. Relative to winter, milk sold in the summer contained lower total saturated fatty acid (SFA; 67 vs 72g/100g fatty acids) and higher cis-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 23 vs 21g/100g fatty acids) and total trans fatty acid (6.5 vs 4.5g/100g fatty acids) concentrations. Concentrations of most trans-18:1 and -18:2 isomers also exhibited seasonal variation. Results were applied to national dietary intakes, and indicated that monthly variation in the fatty acid composition of milk available at retail has limited influence on total dietary fatty acid consumption by UK adults.

Branched Chain Fatty Acid Content of United States Retail Cow's Milk and Implications for Dietary Intake

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) have recently been shown to be a major component of the normal human newborn gastrointestinal tract and have long been known to be a component of human milk. Ruminant food products are major sources of fat in the American diet, but there are no studies of milkfat BCFA content in retail milk. We report here the profile and concentrations of BCFA in a representative sampling of retail milk in the 48 contiguous United States (US), and their estimated intake in the American diet. Conventionally produced whole fluid milk samples were obtained from 56 processing plants across the contiguous 48 states. Retail milk samples contain exclusively iso- and anteiso-BCFA with 14-18 carbons. BCFA were 2.05±0.14%, w/w of milkfat fatty acids (mean±SD), and anteiso-BCFA comprised more than half this total. Based on these data and USDA food availability data, the average per capita BCFA intake of Americans is estimated to be about 220mg/d from dairy; if current dietary recommendations were followed, BCFA intake would be about 400mg/d. Adding intake from beef consumption, these estimates rise to approximately 400 and 575mg/d, respectively. These results indicate that BCFA intake is a substantial fraction of daily fat intake, in amounts exceeding those of many bioactive fatty acids.

Longitudinal cohort study of prenatal exposure to mercury in the Mediterranean region

Neurotoxicity from prenatal exposure to mercury has been studied but no firm conclusions have been reached on the dose-response relationship, especially at levels of exposure less than 10_g/g. The ongoing Northern Adriatic and Eastern Aegean cohort studies will assess the impact of mercury exposure through fish consumption during pregnancy on the developing nervous system. This Mediterranean study will enrol a total of 1700 pregnant women and their children in Slovenia, Croatia, Italy and Greece as part of the European Commission funded project on the Public health impact of long-term, low-level mixed element exposure in susceptible population strata (PHIME). The overall purpose of this study is to permit researchers, policy makers and health professionals to orient futuremothers with precise, scientifically based recommendations regarding the implications of dietary intake of fish during pregnancy. Maternal hair, blood, urine and cord blood samples are collected at different times during pregnancy and after delivery. Information on fish consumption patterns is collected through brief and detailed food frequency questionnaires administered during pregnancy and 1– 3 months after delivery, respectively. The study is in progress and current mercury levels in hair are low, but there is a correlation between the consumption of fresh fish and hair total mercury levels. Recruitment for the Mediterranena cohorts will conclude in spring 2009. Testing of neurodevelopmental outcomes in children at 18 months of age started May 2008 and should conclude October 2010.

Weight-control behaviors among adolescent girls and boys: implications for dietary intake

Objective To examine associations between healthful and unhealthful weight-control behaviors and dietary intake among adolescents. Design Cross-sectional survey (Project EAT [Eating Among Teens]). Subjects/Setting The study population included 4,144 middle and high school students from Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools from diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Statistical analyses Dietary intake patterns were compared across adolescent girls and boys reporting unhealthful, only healthful, or no weight-control behaviors in unadjusted analyses and analyses adjusted for sociodemographic factors and energy intake. Results Among girls, mean intakes differed across weight-control behaviors for all foods and nutrients examined. P values ranged from P=.006 to P<.001. Girls using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had significantly lower intakes of fruit; vegetables; grains; calcium; iron; vitamins A, C, and B-6; folate; and zinc than girls using only healthful weight-control behaviors. Compared with girls reporting no weight-control behaviors, girls using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had lower intakes of grains, calcium, iron, vitamin B-6, folate, and zinc. In contrast to the girls, boys reporting unhealthful weight-control behaviors did not have poorer dietary intakes than boys not using weight-control behaviors or using only healthful behaviors. Among boys, there were no significant differences in mean intakes of vegetables; grains; calcium; iron; vitamins A, C, and B-6; folate; and zinc. Furthermore, boys using unhealthful weight-control behaviors had higher fruit intakes ( P=.002) than boys reporting no weight-control behaviors. Conclusions Adolescent girls who engage in unhealthful weight-control behaviors are at increased risk for dietary inadequacy. The findings demonstrate a need for interventions to prevent unhealthful weight-control behaviors in adolescent girls, and to promote healthful weight-control behaviors when indicated.