Implications Of Decentralization Research Articles

The implications of decentralization in blockchained federated learning: Evaluating the impact of model staleness and inconsistencies

Blockchain promises to enhance distributed machine learning (ML) approaches such as federated learning (FL) by providing further decentralization, security, immutability, and trust, which are key properties for enabling collaborative intelligence in next-generation applications. Nonetheless, the intrinsic decentralized operation of peer-to-peer (P2P) blockchain nodes leads to an uncharted setting for FL, whereby the concepts of FL round and global model become meaningless, as devices’ synchronization is lost without the figure of a central orchestrating server. In this paper, we study the practical implications of outsourcing the orchestration of FL to a democratic setting such as in a blockchain. In particular, we focus on the effects that model staleness and inconsistencies, endorsed by blockchains’ modus operandi, have on the training procedure held by FL devices asynchronously. Using simulation, we evaluate the blockchained FL operation by applying two different ML models (ranging from low to high complexity) on the well-known MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, respectively, and focus on the accuracy and timeliness of the solutions. Our results show the high impact of model inconsistencies on the accuracy of the models (up to a 35% decrease in prediction accuracy), which underscores the importance of properly designing blockchain systems based on the characteristics of the underlying FL application.

Decentralized Clinical Trials: Scientific Considerations Through the Lens of the Estimand Framework.

While industry and regulators' interest in decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) is long-standing, the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated and broadened the adoption and experience with these trials. The key idea in decentralization is bringing the clinical trial design, typically on-site, closer to the patient's experience (on-site or off-site). Thus, potential benefits of DCTs include reducing the burden of participation in trials, broadening access to a more diverse population, or using innovative endpoints collected off-site. This paper helps researchers to carefully evaluate the added value and the implications of DCTs beyond the operational aspects of their implementation. The proposed approach is to use the ICH E9(R1) estimand framework to guide the strategic decisions around each decentralization component. Furthermore, the framework can guide the process for clinical trialists to systematically consider the implications of decentralization, in turn, for each attribute of the estimand. We illustrate the use of this approach with a fully DCT case study and show that the proposed systematic process can uncover the scientific opportunities, assumptions, and potential risks associated with a possible use of decentralization components in the design of a trial. This process can also highlight the benefits of specifying estimand attributes in a granular way. Thus, we demonstrate that bringing a decentralization component into the design will not only impact estimators and estimation but can also correspond to addressing more granular questions, thereby uncovering new target estimands.

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Government Influence on Collaborative Watershed Institutions in Ohio (USA) and the Dominican Republic and Implications for Decentralization of Resource Management

Collaborative watershed institutions (CWIs) have been promoted as effective vehicles for facilitating decentralization and collaboration between government and local stakeholders in both developed and less developed nations. While governmental actors may see CWIs as a means to increase stakeholder participation, they may also use a variety of mechanisms to influence these institutions to advance agency policies. This article describes the authors’ experiences with CWIs in two very different contexts: the state of Ohio (USA) and the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic. Using the Government Impacts Framework, the authors identify mechanisms by which government institutions influence CWI form and function. The degree and nature of impacts of governmental influence varies across CWIs, but, in general, CWIs that are closely aligned with government agency priorities experience fewer and less disruptive impacts. This influence can, in some instances, hinder efforts to decentralize water resource management, and instead reinforce existing centralized power structures.

The Effect of Decentralization Policy in Improving Community Welfare Regional Government of Special Yogyakarta - Indonesia

The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a Special Region at the provincial level in Indonesia which is the fusion of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Paku Alaman Duchy. The Special Region of Yogyakarta is located in the southern part of the Indonesian Island of Java, and is bordered by the Provinces of Central Java and the Indian Ocean. Specialties of the Special Region of Yogyakarta must also play a role as an autonomous region implementing decentralization. However, the problem is that the policies, implementers and implications of decentralization have not been able to improve the welfare of the people. This can be seen from the level of income gap in the Special Region of Yogyakarta getting higher. Even the gap in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is above the national figure. The Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta is expected to be able to encourage and run activities programs that are focused on people's welfare. Development must be directed to create jobs and increase community income so that people's welfare increases. This study aims to measure the effect of decentralization policies on improving the welfare of the people in the Yogyakarta Special Region Government.

Decentralisation and Management of Human Resource for Health in the Health System of Ghana: A Decision Space Analysis.

Background: The implications of decentralisation on human resource for health management has not received adequate research attention despite the presupposition that the concept of decentralisation leads to the transfer of management authority and discretion for human resource management from national levels to subnational levels. This study aims at investigating the extent to which decentralisation practice transfers management autonomy and discretion to subnational units, and the effect of the level of decision space on human resource management in the health sector. Methods: A mixed methods study design was adopted employing a cross-sectional survey and a document analysis. The respondents included health managers from the regional, district and hospital administrations as well as facility managers from the community-based health planning and services zones. A decision space framework was employed to measure management autonomy and discretion at various management levels of the study region. For the quantitative data, descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyse and report the data whilst the qualitative data was contentanalysed. Results: The study reported that in practice, management authority for core human resource functions such as recruitment, remuneration, personnel training and development are centralised rather than transferred to the subnational units. It further reveals that authority diminishes along the management continuum from the national to the community level. Decentralisation was however found to have led to greater autonomy in technical supervision and performance appraisal. The study also reported the existence of discrepancy between the wide decision space for performance assessment through technical supervision and performance appraisal exercised by managers at the subnational level and a rather limited discretion for providing incentives or rewards to staff. Conclusion: The practice of decentralisation in the Ghanaian health sector is more apparent than real. The limited autonomy and discretion in the management of human resource at the subnational units have potential adverse implications on effective recruitment, retention, development and distribution of health personnel. Therefore, further decision space is required at the subnational level to enhance effective and efficient management of human resource to attain the health sector objectives.

The Politics of Subnational Decentralization in France, Brazil, and Italy

Decentralized political institutions increasingly play a substantial role in the lives of people, implementing services deriving from influential (elected) bodies of governance, and influencing the relative degree of civil society access to policy-making. The following paper challenges pluralist and social capitalist claims of how decentralized institutions arise and differ in their ability to function. Robert Putnam, Robert Leonardi, and Raffaela Nanetti’s (1993) book Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy will provide the base from which this paper departs, utilizing comparative historical analysis to argue instead that subnational or otherwise regional and local governments entail dialectical relations within and between different levels of state institutions. Overall, this paper argues that the struggles over decentralization ultimately depend on ideological opponents and the balance of power in the struggle for political change, simultaneously affecting both political institutions and civil society participation. This paper briefly unfolds Putnam et al.’s arguments regarding the relationship between democratic institutions and civil society, followed by two case studies – France and Brazil – explaining several macrofactors influencing the processes, outcomes, and implications of decentralization. Thirdly, decentralization and multi-level governance is tied to civil society participation. Lastly, decentralization in relation to partisan objectives is discussed with reference to participatory budgeting.

Potret Kerjasama Antardaerah dalam Pembangunan Infrastruktur Daerah

<span class="fontstyle0">Local autonomy has implications for decentralization of development process of some public infrastructures. The problem from this context is inefficiency of the development of public infrastructures across regions. This is a result of non-synchronizations of perceptions, priorities, and funding of inter-regional (city/district). As consequences, some public infrastructures across regions are difficult to be constructed. Various models of inter-regional cooperation have been implemented, but not many are giving good results. This paper will try to analyze some inter-regional cooperation forms in Central Java and Yogyakarta Special Region in order to see how far that has shown results. This paper is important because of inter-regional cooperation becomes a necessity that expected giving so many success.</span>

Assessing management training needs: a study in the Punjab health services, Pakistan.

Pakistan's public sector is organized in a federal system with many management and planning functions devolved to the 4 provincial governments. Provincial health secretariats lead on most policy and planning decisions for health services. The provinces employ health personnel, although the national Public Service Commission controls some key aspects of human resources management. Reporting the findings of a training needs assessment (TNA) for health personnel in the provincial health services of Punjab, the authors show how TNA can be used systematically to improve the quality of health professional training. They also discuss the extent to which better training could contribute to improved health management capacity in Pakistan, and describe the context and problems of Pakistan's health services, focusing upon management capacity, and the methods and results of a training needs assessment conducted to address the problems. A final section covers the usefulness of the TNA method in Pakistan and its applicability to other countries. Moreover, the implications of decentralization and the problems of preparing training plans in the absence of decentralized structures are discussed.

The mythical arguments for decentralisation

The mythical arguments for decentralisation

Externalities and fundamental nonconvexities: A reconciliation of approaches to general equilibrium externality modeling and implications for decentralization

Starrett (1972) [33] and Boyd and Conley (1997) [7] approaches to externality modeling are unified by distinguishing between producible and nonproducible public commodities. Nonconvexities are associated with detrimental producible public commodities but not with nonproducible public commodities in Boyd and Conley (1997) [7]. Disposability properties (costly or costless) imply that producible public commodities are either by-products ( e.g., pollution) or joint-products ( e.g., national defense). Markets fail for both beneficial and detrimental by-products. Nonconvexities imply that price-based equilibria, e.g., Pigovian tax equilibrium, may not be Pareto-efficient. Foley's (1967, 1970) [17,18] “public competitive equilibrium” combines price and quantity signals with a unanimity criterion and restores the equivalence between equilibrium and efficiency.

KESEIMBANGAN TINGKAT PELAYANAN PAJAK DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH

Abstract: Enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 changed to Act No. 32 of 2004 and Act No. 25 of 1999 was changed to Law Number 33 Year 2004 brings new implications for the development of gover nance systems in the region. Impact most felt by the local government is given such broad authority. This is what is defined as the granting of autonomy to regional real and responsible. In essence, the granting of autonomy given the consideration that daerahlah knows better growing conditions in the region. However, the implications of decentralization is that regional autonomy demands in various fields. Financial balance system between the Central and Local Government hopes to make the PAD as a major source of funding is still difficult to do. The fact that there are areas that have capacity, especially in terms of government funding and local development district has a proportion of revenue to total local revenue is still below15percent. Keyword: Central government financial balance & Regional, Local Taxes, Government and regional development.

Autonomy, Participation and Learning: Findings from Argentine Schools, and Implications for Decentralization

Student learning can be raised by school autonomy and parental participation through separate channels, but this paper suggests a mutually supportive effect. Increased school autonomy increases the rent that can be distributed among stakeholders at the school, while institutions for parental participation (such as a school board) empower parents to command a higher share of this surplus, for instance through student learning. Results from a sample of sixth‐grade and seventh‐grade Argentine students and their schools suggest that autonomy and participation raise student test scores in such a multiplicative way. For subsamples of children from poor households, children of uneducated mothers, schools with low mean family economic status, and public schools, the results are the same or stronger. The data available do not allow the potential endogeneity of autonomy and participation to be ruled out with certainty. If decentralization moves responsibility from the center toward local level governments, the results are relevant if this raises autonomy and participation in schools. More generally, the results are relevant for efforts to moving decision‐making towards users and the local community. More importantly, perhaps, we illustrate the importance of checking who is empowered when higher‐level strings are loosened.

Household schooling behaviors and decentralization

Educational policies and household behaviors interact to determine educational outcomes. Much educational literature, including that on decentralization, focuses almost exclusively on school resources and ignores substantial household resources devoted to schooling. The failure to consider how households change resource allocations may lead to important misunderstandings of decentralization effects. A simple framework is presented for: (i) how households determine schooling investments through choice and voice; and (ii) what are the implications of decentralization on household behaviors given information problems. Some aspects of decentralization may increase efficiency; others are neutral or reduce efficiency. For both efficiency and distributional reasons, there may be tradeoffs regarding impacts of decentralization. These considerations mean that there are no simple summary conclusions. Instead good analysis must be sensitive to particular aspects of decentralization being evaluated and implications for efficiency and distribution within particular contexts. Systematic empirical studies of household responses to decentralization are high priority for educational research.

Financial Implications of Decentralisation: Issues Concerning Resource Mobilisation by Urban Local Bodies

The Constitution Seventy-fourth Amendment Act 1992, which came into effect on 1 June 1993 is considered to a major breakthrough in the history of urban governance in India. It is considered to a significant initiative towards decentralization. The present paper is an attempt to look into the aspect of decentralization initiative in India in the form of 74th Amendment. The objective is two fold- firstly to look into the fact the how far decentralizing is the decentralization initiative, i.e., whether the decentralization initiative has succeeded in empowering the city governments in true sense, specifically speaking in respect of their financial situation. Secondly, if there has been any empowering of the city governments, how has it got reflected in the resource generation capacity of the urban local governments. The impact of decentralization is being studied on the basis of a decentralization index constructed for the purpose.

Local Industrial Politics

A fast‐emerging theme in industrial relations research is that industrial relations systems in West European countries are undergoing decentralization, and that the most effective way for unions to meet this challenge is to “go local” themselves. Argues that the significance and implications of decentralization in industrial relations, and the scope and nature of union response, cannot be fully comprehended without according explicit attention to the different local contexts within which these processes are taking place. Uses developments in the British engineering sector to illustrate this argument. Firm‐based surveys and interviews with managers, local union officials and employer association representatives in two case study areas highlight the importance of local workplace cultures and institutional traditions in shaping the contemporary restructuring of industrial politics.

The Organization of Decentralized Information Processing

In a decision-theoretic model of a firm, the author represents managers as information processors of limited capacity; efficiency is measured in terms of (1) the number of processors and (2) the delay between the receipt of information by the organization and the implementation of the decision. The author characterizes efficient networks for both one-shot and repeated regimes, as well as the corresponding 'production function' relating the number of items processed to the number of processors and the delay. He sketches some applications to common decision paradigms, and implications for decentralization and organizational returns to scale. Copyright 1993 by The Econometric Society.

Providing Services to Special Needs Students in a Decentralised Education System: An Australian Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of decentralisation for Australian special education service delivery. Initiatives to decentralise educational service have become afocus of education policy both in Australia and overseas in recent years, although there has been little discussion of its effect on special education. This trend is examined from an Australian perspective. Problems associated with the provision of special education services are discussed in conjunction with an overview of the school based management of special education services.

Decentralization/regionalization in health care

The decentralization policy in Canada was initially aimed at decentralizing the management of services by creating regional bodies within which interested parties would participate in establishing priorities, elaborating programs, allocating resources and assessing program efficiency and effectiveness. A look at the Quebec experience provides insight into the difficulties and implications of decentralization.