Implementation Of Outsourcing Research Articles

Outsourcing in the automotive industry of the Kyrgyz Republic: Development prospects

The study was conducted to assess the prospects for the development of outsourcing in the automotive industry of the Kyrgyz Republic and its impact on productivity, economic efficiency, and innovation in the industry. The study used statistical analysis methods to process data on production and employment from official sources, a comparative analysis of successful examples of international cooperation, and methods for assessing risks associated with outsourcing. As a result of the study, it was established that outsourcing in the automotive industry of the Kyrgyz Republic helps to reduce operating costs and increase production efficiency. It was also determined that the transfer of non-core functions to external contractors allows companies to focus on key processes, which accelerates the introduction of innovations. It was also confirmed that outsourcing helps to attract international companies, stimulating economic growth, and creating new jobs. However, the risk of loss of control over the quality and timing of tasks, which requires the development of effective mechanisms for interaction with contractors to minimise possible negative consequences, is identified. The study showed that the successful implementation of outsourcing requires the active participation of government agencies to create a supportive regulatory framework and incentives to attract investment. The results demonstrated that outsourcing contributes to the development of related industries such as auto parts manufacturing and IT services, which in turn stimulates the growth of the local labour market. In the long term, the use of outsourcing can become a key factor in increasing the competitiveness of the country's automotive industry in the international arena. The study provided valuable data on the impact of outsourcing on the efficiency and innovative development of the automotive industry, which can serve as a basis for developing strategies to optimise production processes and improve economic performance in this industries

More Than Meets the Eye: Misconduct and Decoupling Against Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency

The fashion industry has consistently ranked high in terms of its association with modern slavery. While scandals like the Rana Plaza incident have focused the world's attention on Asia, in Brazil, over 35,000 people have been rescued from conditions analogous to slavery in the past 15 years. Outsourcing and the underlying social structures that blur the implementation of outsourcing are central to this problem. Fashion supply chains are highly fragmented and labour intensive, exhibiting power asymmetry and informality. Although supply chain research has focused on how focal firms can control or improve supplier practices, this study examines focal firm misconduct and decoupling. Our research presents an intervention aimed at developing a blockchain solution to create a census of fashion working conditions in Brazil. The project included two non-governmental organisations, two fashion brands and their suppliers, the fashion retail association, a blockchain start-up and the research team (18 organisations). We contribute to both theory and practice, revealing that the blockchain's potential to ease transaction costs is outweighed by governance costs related to third-party supervision. We show that focal firms justify unfair purchasing practices via victimisation and diverting attention from themselves to consumers (‘unwilling to pay’) and suppliers (‘not behaving as expected’), unveiling how these drivers of organisational misconduct lead to supplier decoupling (means–end) and focal firm decoupling (policy–practice). Such underlying social structures sustain inaction or, at best, advance focal firms’ visibility of their supply chains while offering no true transparency to the broader society.

Penerapan Outsorching Rekrutmen terhadap Loyalitas Karyawan pada Bank Syariah Padangsidimpuan

The purpose of this research is to find out how much influence the implementation of recruitment outsourcing has on employee performance loyalty at Bank Syariah Mandiri Padangsidimpuan. This research uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The results obtained in this research are (1) there is a significant relationship between the implementation of recruitment outsourcing and employee performance loyalty at Bank Syariah Mandiri Padangsidimpuan; (2) means that the level of relationship between the recruitment outsourcing implementation variable and the employee performance loyalty variable is strong; (3) there is a significant relationship between the variable implementing recruitment outsourcing and the employee performance loyalty variable at Bank Syariah Mandiri Padangsidimpuan; and (4) the application of recruitment outsourcing to employee performance loyalty at Bank Syariah Mandiri Padangsidimpuan based on calculations using the determination test formula obtained a value of 52.42% while the remaining 47.58% was influenced by other factors which were not examined by the research.

CURRENT TRENDS OF MILITARY OUTSOURCING DEVELOPMENT: INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Defence outsourcing is a complex and controversial issue that arises for a variety of reasons, including a lack of military resources, the need for specialised expertise, and the desire to reduce political influence and risks. However, today the practice of military outsourcing raises many questions about security, regulation, control, ethics, accountability and transparency. This requires deeper research into the economics of military outsourcing in terms of adopting its development as a strategic goal.
 The purpose of the study is to summarise the theoretical and methodological basis and deepen the conceptual foundations of the military outsourcing economy, to substantiate the determinants of the formation of an effective institutional environment for the military outsourcing market, based on the analysis of global trends and national practices. The research methodology is based on systematic, comparative and economic analysis. It has been determined that the methodological basis of the outsourcing concept is the theory of the firm and contractual relations, transaction cost economics, public choice and organisational economics, the historical evolutionary combination of which has influenced the formation of approaches to the implementation of outsourcing as a component of the management model. The high efficiency of implementation of the outsourcing concept in commercial companies has led to its penetration into the armed forces and has led to the development of military outsourcing, the purpose of which is to optimise national military budgets on the basis of maximising economic, military, social and political effects. The generalisation of theoretical and methodological foundations allowed the author to substantiate the principles and build a composite structure of the concept of military outsourcing, as well as to identify coherent groups of objects and subjects of participation.
 An assessment of the current world practice of military outsourcing has made it possible to identify segmental trends in its development in the context of the urgent need to optimise national military budgets and to conclude that the pragmatic incentive is, on the one hand, the dilemma of growing military budgets and the importance of their optimisation, and, on the other hand, the urgent need to reduce costs. The author proves that military outsourcing is of great importance in the system of performing security functions of the State. A comparative analysis, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the concepts of military outsourcing implemented by countries around the world, has revealed the dependence of their success on the quality of the institutional environment and substantiated the feasibility of applying a situation-based approach to its formation. According to this approach, the structuring of tasks assigned to the national armed forces should be implemented based on the principles of security priority and efficiency. The application of this approach makes it possible to increase the efficiency of military (combat) tasks without significantly reducing the degree of success in achieving the planned result, since the balance between the use of outsourcing and state self-sufficiency in this case is derived from adaptation to the current security situation. Proposals for building an operational framework for an effective institutional environment for military outsourcing in Ukraine are presented, outlining the main determinants, based on the analysis of global trends and national practices. It is noted that its formation should include: justification of the set of military and security functions that should be outsourced to private companies; description of the mechanisms of state control over the activities of private military companies and organisation of state response to cases of violations of human rights and/or humanitarian law.

JURIDICAL IMPLICATIONS OF BUSINESS LICENSING REGULATIONS FOR OUTSOURCING COMPANIES POST CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISION NUMBER 91/PUU-XVIII/2020

In 2020 the Supreme Court received a request for a judicial review of the formal review of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. One of the main contents of the application is outsourcing. The Constitutional Court issued Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, which stated that the Job Creation Law was Conditionally Unconstitutional. One of the essences of the Constitutional Court decision is to suspend all strategic policies with broad implications, and it is not justified to issue new implementing regulations related to the Job Creation Law. The method in this research is a normative legal research method. Normative legal research is legal research conducted by examining literature or secondary data. This study uses a statute approach. The statute approach is research that prioritizes legal materials in the form of laws and regulations as essential reference material in conducting research. The results of the study show that Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 suspends all actions/policies that are strategic and have broad implications. It is not justified to issue new implementing regulations related to the Omnibus Law on Job Creation so that the Government cannot issue new implementing regulations and the implementation of outsourcing still refers to the old provisions, namely the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower Number 19 of 2012 and its amendments.

Pelaksanaan Pekerja Alih Daya Oleh Perusahaan Alih Daya Yang Tidak Terdaftar Pada Dinas Ketenagakerjaan Berdasarkan UU Ketenagakerjaan

Every entrepreneur competes to get maximum profit or profit oriented by reducing minimum expenses. One of the strategies undertaken is to cooperate with employers where a company can take workers who will work outside the production fields or the main fields of the outsourcing company. However, the implementation of outsourcing in recent years has still experienced problems due to the lack of regulations issued by the government as a form of anticipation of inequality in the implementation of work relations between employers and workers. This raises the potential for maladministration of the company due to the lack of strict supervision from Labor Inspectors. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the Oversight function of the Department of Manpower for outsourced companies that do not register their companies with the local Office of Manpower and Transmigration. The research method used is a normative juridical method with research specifications that are descriptive analytical in nature of the applicable laws and regulations and legal theories associated with the actual practice of the implementation of labor inspection. The results of the study state that labor inspection is still not running optimally because the number of labor inspectors is not comparable to the objects of labor inspection.

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO OUTSOURCING EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT

The scientific article implements a scientific investigation of the latest achieve­ments and developments of Ukrainian and foreign scientists and practitioners regarding the application of modern innovative business models, in particular the implementation of outsourcing, which enables the rationalization of management and production activities of enterprises and farms of all industries by transferring a certain part of their functions to enterprises partners, ensuring a reduction in overall costs and strengthening of their own competitive positions.
 On the basis of generalizing the developments of scientists, highlighted in a number of recent sources, eight main areas of application of outsourcing are highlighted, in particular: IT technologies, accounting, marketing, logistics, personnel management, legal support, production and economic activity and production of components.
 A careful analysis of scientific works devoted to evaluating the expediency of outsourcing in modern realities made it possible to identify certain problematic issues that require further processing and finding a solution: first, various scientists use a variety of different methods and approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of outsourcing services, which need to be streamlined; secondly, the selection of the most appropriate approach from this set necessitates the selection of key advantages and disadvantages of each of them.
 The main purpose of the article is the analysis and systematization of methods and approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of outsourcing services in various fields of application, as well as identifying their main advantages and disadvantages.
 As a result of the study, based on a thorough analysis and generalization of the methods and ways of evaluating the effectiveness of outsourcing existing at the theoretical level and used in practice, five main scientific and methodological approaches were identified, and for each of them a description of the content was provided, key parameters were outlined, and positive and negative traits inherent in each of them were formulated. The fifth scientific-methodical approach is defined as the most expedient.
 The mentioned developments are the basis for conducting further scientific investigations, in particular, the justification and selection of components-indicators of the integral indicator of assessing outsourcing effectiveness.

MECHANISM OF STATE REGULATION OF OUTSOURCING OF CUSTOMS SERVICES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR PREVENTING AND COMBATING ILLEGAL EXPORT AND IMPORT OPERATIONS

The article analyzed the current conditions and trends in the implementation of outsourcing in various areas of economic activity, which is due to the desire of companies to concentrate their own material and labor resources on the implementation of the main economic activity, freeing them from performing non-specific and non-core tasks and functions. The complexity of business processes, the growth of consumer demands for finished products and fierce competition among manufacturers prompts professional solutions to issues related to the movement of financial flows from primary raw materials to final consumption, which leads to the spread of outsourcing practices. Based on the results of the conducted research on the outsourcing of customs services in foreign countries, we consider it necessary to develop and subsequently adopt in Ukraine the draft Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Customs Code of Ukraine on Improving the Mechanism of Activity of Customs Brokers and Agents for Customs Clearance in the Market of Intermediary Services of Ukraine". In addition, at the legislative level, it is expedient to provide for the possibility of implementing the principle of territoriality in the process of providing customs brokerage services operating on the territory of individual EU countries. Keywords: illegal export, illegal import, logistics activity, outsourcing, customs operations, storage of goods, customs authorities, brokerage services, the methods of state regulation, customs activities.

How Does Organisational ICT Implementation Affect E-Commerce Potential? Empirical Evidence from Serbia

Research Question: This study investigates both direct and indirect effects of employee ICT skills on business e-commerce potential, evaluated through e-commerce website functionality. Motivation: The study aims at expanding the existing knowledge regarding organisational ICT implementation by investigating the relation with e-commerce potential. Idea: The main idea of the paper is to understand how e-commerce potential can be improved by developing the digital skills of employees, mainly in the context of the implementation of cloud computing, portable technologies and e-commerce outsourcing. Data: A sample of 238 businesses from Serbia was considered. Responses were gathered by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, using EUROSTAT-based questionnaire. Tools: Confirmatory factor analysis and covariance-based structural equation modelling were employed for data analysis. Baron-Kenny approach was used for assessing the mediation effects in the model. Findings: Employee ICT skills showed no direct influence, but were found to have an indirect effect on e-commerce website functionality, which is manifested through organisational implementation of cloud computing and portable technologies. Findings to a certain extent suggest that certain differences between companies from transition and developing economies exist, especially regarding cloud technology adoption. Outsourcing of certain e-commerce activities showed no link with employee ICT skills, but was identified as the most influential factor in website e-commerce facilitation. Contribution: This study contributes to ICT use and e-commerce development literature, as it is the first one to investigate the direct and indirect relation between organisational ICT implementation and website e-commerce potential.

Outsourcing of Sports facilities Services: A Marketing Approach

Outsourcing of sports facilities is one of the most essential tasks that the ministry of sports and youth has done to increase organizational productivity. Therefore, this study seeks to outline how Outsourcing improves the performance of sports facilities. The present study was conducted with an exploratory design approach to model development. In total, 14 sports facilities managers participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results showed that identifying outsourcing attributes could be applied to organizational productivity, facilitation and development factors, and obstacles outsourcing sporting places and editing bylaw and proper instructions. The results showed that outsourcing sports services and sports facilities was not done correctly and did not cause the better performance of sports facilities, and there are many obstacles in its implementation that sports facilities managers do not benefit from outsourcing. Proper implementation of outsourcing of sports facilities leads to greater customer satisfaction.

Effects of the Decision-Making Process on the Competitive Advantage in Costs Obtained After Implementing Outsourcing

This article aims to answer how the decision process model used to adjudicate on the implementation of outsourcing in the company affected the competitive advantage in costs obtained by the organization after the implementation of subcontracting. Therefore, the financial results obtained by the company in the period from 2015 to 2019 were analysed in order to know if there were competitive advantages in costs arising from the decision to implement outsourcing. Studies were also carried out on the structure of the decision-making process adopted by the entity to identify the level of efficiency of this model in the implementation of outsourcing, and finally, the impacts generated on these advantages due to the degree of efficiency of the tool application were verified. The research strategy was qualitative and quantitative, with an exploratory bias, bibliographic survey and structured interview. A mathematical model was used based on 14 (fourteen) decision-making efficiency indicators, 4 (four) efficiency level classification indicators and 5 (five) classification criteria for performance. The results showed that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the low level of efficiency in the decision-making structure contributed to the high financial impact on Company Alpha and, consequently, to the negative impact on competitiveness acquired through the implementation of outsourcing in this entity, which caused financial disadvantages represented by losses in operating income and reduction in profitability.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE OUTSOURCING TOOL IN BUSINESS

It is shown that in conditions of the crisis phenomena in world and domestic economy it is necessary to search for new forms and instruments of functioning of trade enterprises. Provided by the widespread use of IT outsourcing as a means of outsourcing by functions for the creation and management of it infrastructure of the commercial enterprise. It solutions and it support aimed at reducing operating costs and reducing the human factor in business processes. Analyzed the following tools that can be used in the framework of the implementation of outsourcing as a form of improving production processes in a retail company: outstaffing – withdrawal of personnel from the state; МRO – maintenance and logistics operations; vendor managed inventory – manage inventory through supplier; the concept of 4PL, which implements the technology of VMI. It is emphasized that the use of outsourcing in the restructuring of commercial enterprise means inventory and reconstruction of economic relations of the enterprise with the aim of creating effective together partner firms, mostly on a contractual basis.
 In the development of outsourcing along with the positive factors and negative. However, the influence of factors of the first group is significantly stronger, so the volume of services transmitted in outsourcing is growing rapidly. In each situation the management of the commercial enterprise should be based on hard economic calculations to determine the feasibility of outsourcing.

Breaking out of the policy enclave approach to child labour in sub-Saharan African agriculture

This article is framed by the tension between a substantial universalising framework of global instruments on workers’ rights and child labour on one hand, and their outsourced implementation through the social policy enclaves of transnational corporations on the other hand. It uses the concept of ‘social policy enclaves’ to explore this tension and how it might be resolved to the benefit of children who work in African agriculture. To do this, the article steps back from dominant discourses around child labour, and examines how a re-framing of children’s involvement in African agriculture, from labour to work, might enhance understanding of the forms, prevalence, drivers and dynamics of their involvement in work that is harmful. A deeper understanding of these issues should help to inform a revitalised universal approach to social policy in respect to children’s work.

ЗАКОРДОННИЙ ДОСВІД ВИКОРИСТАННЯ АУТСОРСИНГУ

The article examines the foreign experience of the outsourcing process. The analysis of outsourcing development in such countries as: USA, Germany, India, Japan, etc. is carried out. Outsourcing has become widespread due to the development of information systems and technologies. The role of multinational corporations in the development of outsourcing, primarily information technology, is determined and it is noted that American companies use outsourcing as a component of management strategy. Corporations such as Ford, British Petroleum, Procter & Gamble, Dell, Exel and others, due to the use of outsourcing have achieved high economic results: increased profits by almost half by reducing organizational and production costs, improving the overall efficiency of their companies, reengineering. Experts note that today the leader in international outsourcing is India, which accounts for 42.5% of IT outsourcing worldwide. The foundations of India's successful development in the field of information technology outsourcing are the support of the state, whose government since 1970-1980 identified IT as a priority for economic development and created export-production zones with preferential tax regimes. A significant share of the outsourcing market belongs to China, as well as Singapore, the Philippines and Malaysia. These countries have a developed infrastructure and a high-tech culture that ensures high quality order fulfillment. Vietnam and Indonesia also have a significant impact on the global outsourcing market, primarily due to more attractive pricing policies. The impact of outsourcing on the economies of countries is noted. The ranking of countries by the degree of development and implementation of outsourcing is studied. According to the ranking, the top 10 countries in the outsourcing market include India, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Chile and Colombia. It is worth noting that the leaders of the ranking are the countries of South and Southeast Asia, as well as Latin America. The factors of outsourcing development in the global economy are determined and the influence of human resources on the development of outsourcing in different countries is analyzed. The ways of state support for the development of outsourcing in the countries of the world are determined. In Germany, the High Technology Development Strategy was adopted last year, the main priorities of which are: innovative solutions in the field of digital technologies. The Brazilian government has adopted a new National Strategy for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation, which aims to reduce the technological gap between Brazil and developed countries. The article also notes that the Ukrainian IT outsourcing industry is actively gaining ground in the global market. The rapid growth of IT outsourcing is due to the prospects, prestige and dynamism of the IT sector in Ukraine.

ЗАСОБИ АУТСОРСИНГУ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВОГО БІЗНЕСУ: ДОСВІД ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ

The article considers the development of outsourcing relations in the world, the role of outsourcing in the development of the world economy. There are some researches on this issue that describe certain aspects of the functioning of organizations that use outsourcing in their activities, which, however, without considering the industry specifics of using outsourcing. In particular, this applies to the theoretical and practical use of outsourcing in the agricultural business. Taking into account the dynamic of outsourcing development, its research requires constant scientific exploring, updating knowledge in this area, comprehensive analysis, generalization of modern outsourcing practices, and formulation of the precise scientific and practical recommendations. Outsourcing relations in the agro-industrial business of the Netherlands, Great Britain, Poland and Japan are analyzed. The advantages and risks of outsourcing and selection of outsourcers to perform certain functions of the enterprise are systematized. It has been proven that companies that use only internal opportunities instead of external ones (instead of outsourcing) are less innovation-oriented and cannot take advantage of opportunities to develop new value added products. It is noted that highly specialized outsourcers can do much more to create added value at a lower cost than any integrated enterprise. There are basic criteria for choosing an outsourcer determined. The expected benefits from the use of outsourcing are singled out: savings in operating costs, reduction of investment costs, supply of fresh capital, conversion of constant value into variable, improving the quality of products and services, improving the adaptability of the enterprise, access to modern technologies, focus on key activities and solutions associated with existing features. The existence of a strong positive correlation between the level of outsourcing development and production volumes, trade volumes, employment level and innovation level has been proved. The reasons for the low level of implementation and development of outsourcing in domestic vertically integrated agricultural enterprises are identified.

Анализ уязвимостей систем управления ключами в распределенных реестрах на примере блокчейн IBM

Abstract. Today, one of the most discussed topics in the field of information technology is distributed registry systems. They attract investors and developers with their functionality. Distributed ledger systems are being introduced into business processes in many areas of human activity, which makes their contribution to development irreplaceable. One of the most vulnerable parts of such systems is the process of managing cryptographic keys, an attack on which can destroy the entire security of the distributed registry system. The aim of the research is to identify possible threats to the process of managing cryptographic keys, on the basis of which recommendations and standards for managing cryptographic keys in distributed ledger systems will be developed. Research methods: to achieve this goal, the structure of the life cycle of cryptographic keys was considered, an analysis of possible vulnerabilities in the process of managing cryptographic keys at each stage of the life cycle of a cryptographic key was carried out. In addition, the distributed ledger system was analyzed in the context of the identified vulnerabilities of the key management process using the example of the IBM blockchain and the possibility of outsourcing cryptographic key management systems was considered. Result: a set of possible threats to the process of managing cryptographic keys was proposed, the necessity of assessing the security of the key management system before deciding on the introduction of these systems into distributed registries was proposed, conclusions were drawn about the need to develop recommendations and standards for the process of managing cryptographic keys for such systems, as well as the possibility applicability of the recommendations for assessing the security of the implementation of outsourcing of cryptographic key management systems in distributed ledgers.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ АУТСОРСИНГУ БІЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕСІВ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ

Анотація. Досліджено передумови виникнення управлінської ситуації, яка потребує вирішення щодо аутсорсингу. Доведено недостатню розробленість методичних положень обґрунтування управлінського рішення щодо впровадження аутсорсингу на підприємстві, які б комплексно враховували фінансово-економічний стан підприємства, доцільність і його готовність до діяльності на основі аутсорсингу. Науковою новизною дослідження є методичний комплексний підхід до обґрунтування управлінського рішення щодо впровадження аутсорсингу бізнес-процесів на підприємстві, основні положення якого узагальнено у відповідній моделі. Практичну цінність мають запропоновані методичні положення, які доведені до рівня конкретних методик і практичних рекомендацій та можуть бути використані у практичній діяльності підприємств, які використовують аутсорсинг бізнес-процесів у господарській діяльності. Ключові слова: аутсорсинг, бізнес-процеси, управління підприємством, управлінські рішення, обґрунтування рішень. Формул: 4; рис.: 2; табл.: 1; бібл.: 27.

OUTSOURCING IN MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE POTENTIAL

The article reviews the conceptual characteristics of outsourcing, its terminological identification and, based on the approaches of researchers to the interpretation of its features, presents the author’s vision of its essence. It is revealed that from the point of view of potential management, outsourcing is an organizational and economic lever that allows the management of the enterprise to concentrate activities on the main types of products or certain specific (profile) business processes and transfer part of functions or types of non-core activities, to a secondary contractor, in order to meet the needs and attract the potential of its resources, capabilities and competencies. The main obstacles to the use of outsourcing and its insufficient efficiency are caused by: unsatisfactory quality of products and works, low productivity of production and labor, lack of investment in modernization and technological renewal of production, not developed culture of contractual relations, inertia of enterprise managers to change the practice of business relations that have developed, the mentality of the Ukrainian owner "everything should be mine", the lack of legislative and regulatory acts to regulate partnerships in the process of outsourcing implementation. On the other hand, large agricultural holdings, through the creation of subsidiaries to optimize the use of resources, output and will continue to output non-core business processes. It is determined that in conditions of complex and branched economic activity, outsourcing becomes a tool that forms competitive advantages in managing the potential of the enterprise, and may have a positive or negative opinion of its implementation and use. It is also noted that outsourcing combines economic and managerial components and, unlike other forms of interaction, has fundamental differences from purchasing, and is not a contractual form of labor organization. Scientific research has led to the provision of outsourcing as a network structure, which consists of companies connected by outsourcing contracts and includes companies-customers and contractors, working together and sharing the processes, necessary to produce a finished product of a system integrator, which is the owner of a trademark. Keywords: outsourcing, customer, executer, contract cooperation, management, potential.

Sustainable procurement: comparing in-house and outsourcing implementation modes

Sustainable supply chain management practices can be particularly difficult to implement when the responsibility for sustainable procurement (SP) rests with buyers employed by a contractor, rather than an in-house procurement team. Yet there is no extant research that investigates the effect of outsourcing on SP. To address this research gap, this paper uses multi-case study data to explore the impact of outsourcing versus in-house implementation modes in the pursuit of SP. The findings suggest that each implementation mode has distinctive challenges and facilitators. However, by considering Transaction Cost Economics, results reveal that the advantage of outsourcing to professionals, with well-established SP expertise, brings information asymmetries in developing initial outsourcing contracts, which can lead to poorer sustainability performance than initially expected. Furthermore, when applying Principal Agency Theory, results suggest that sustainable performance can be improved in the long term through the effective design of well-constructed contractual relationships as SP maturity increases.

Проблемы и перспективы использования аутсорсинга в органах местного самоуправления Украины

The goal – of the paper is to analyze the opportunities and risks of outsourcing in the implementation of administrative and managerial processes by local authorities of Ukraine. The analysis includes a set of guidelines for improving outsourcing at the local governmental level. Research methodology – in the paper, an analysis of regulatory documents, reports of the Association of Ukrainian Cities, the outcomes of projects for the implementation of outsourcing in local governments, and an expert survey were used. Score/results – the problems in organizing outsourcing in local governments of Ukraine are identified. The recommendations for solving those problems are developed. Originality/value – the paper is done by the authors independently without any help and assistance of others. The paper provides links to researches, as well as links to legislation. The nature of the paper is a review report.