Implementation Of National Reform Research Articles

A “cracking” school culture: leading resource exploitation during implementation of a national reform

PurposeThe study explores characteristics of strong school cultures through principals' exploitation of additional resources within implementation of a national reform.Design/methodology/approachAn interpretive approach was utilized to analyze qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 35 Israeli high school principals who implemented a national reform in state and religious-state schools from all school districts.FindingsThe article presents four types of cracking cultures led by the principals: (1) a school values-based culture, such as respect; (2) a caring culture based on trust and a positive atmosphere; (3) a maintenance achievement-oriented culture; and (4) a creative culture that supports the teachers and takes risks in using resources beyond their intended purpose.Originality/valueExploring principals' exploitation of resources within a cracking culture may promote school improvement and innovation during national reform implementation.

Principals’ sense-making of resource allocation within a national reform implementation

Through a sense-making lens, this qualitative study explores high school principals’ considerations while they perceive and enact additional resources within a national reform implementation. Principals’ allocation of resources, especially as part of a national reform, is a complex matter for schools’ effectiveness in an era of accountability. This study investigates data from interviews with 22 Israeli high school principals implementing the national reform in secular and religious state schools from all school districts. Data analysis has yielded three themes: (a) promoting students’ learning achievements towards matriculation exams; (b) deepening student-teacher relations; and (c) developing a new pedagogy. Exploring the allocation of resources to suit principals’ particular needs through a sense-making prism may contribute to the scholarship and to the practice of school leadership while promoting change within a national reform implementation.

Судебно-правовая система Советского Казахстана в 1917–1925 гг.: формирование институциональной и нормативно-правовой основы

The article examines the development of the judicial and legal system of Kazakhstan in the first decade of Soviet power on the basis of a wide range of documentary sources. It is emphasized that in the Steppe region the implementation of national reforms of the judicial and legal system had its own peculiarities. The difficulties consisted in the fact that in the region there were no professional personnel in the field of justice, and the high social role of the Biys court also remained. However, beginning in 1918, the Soviet government systematically changed the configuration of the judicial system of Kazakhstan, extending state institutions and legal norms to the Soviet republic. The final stage of the reorganization of the region's judicial power falls on 1920–1925, when the final registration of the judicial and legal system took place on the principles of Soviet justice.

Shared Sense-Making Processes within a National Reform Implementation: Principals’ Voices

ABSTRACT This qualitative study explores how 60 Israeli high school principals vary in their perceptions and enactments of shared sense-making processes while engaging in strategic activities to gain teachers’ support during a national reform implementation. Data analysis has yielded three major themes: (a) a common language; (b) a collaborative learning process; and (c) a shared working culture. Leveraging a shared sense-making process can serve as a beneficial framework through which principals and faculty members collectively navigate complexity and uncertainty while implementing policy within their unique contexts. Theoretical and practical implications for faculty members and principals are suggested.

ЄВРОПЕЙЗАЦІЯ ВИКОНАВЧОЇ ВЛАДИ УКРАЇНИ(Уроки держав Центральної та Східної Європи -членів ЄС)

The article addresses main OECD SIGMA recommendations regarding national European Union (EU) policy co-ordination in Ukraine and provides relevant lessons from Latvia and other EU Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) Member States in addressing similar challenges from the EU pre-accession and post-accession experience. Efficiency of a national policy co-ordination is one of the core determinants to succeed europeanization of a national core executive power and further integration with the EU. The OECD SIGMA Baseline Measurement Assessment Report on Principles of Public Administration in Ukraine published in June 2018 reveals important concerns in steering and co-ordination of some reform initiatives, overlapping competences of public bodies in co-ordinating policy planning and implementation monitoring of the Government’s performance in public sector reforms. Effective implementation of national reforms is vital also in the terms of implementation of the Ukraine–EU Association Agreement (AA) that entered into force on September 1, 2017 and Actual problems of international relations. Release 140. 2019 16 requires a high level of coordination in the Ukrainian government. Relevant national EU policy co-ordination experience of the EU CEE Member States is revisited as a possible lesson for Ukraine in implementation of essential structural reforms on the national level. Key words: europeanization, Association Agreement, principles of public administration, national policy co-ordination, policy planning

What has been the impact of the high stakes accountability initiatives on principal and teacher behavior in America?

This paper examined the impact high-stakes accountability and data-driven decision-making has had on administrators and teacher leaders. The researchers utilized instructional leadership and teacher leadership as conceptual frameworks to explore the participants’ perceptions concerning the implementation of national reforms. Selected were four single cases (i.e., individual schools), four principals, as well as 28 teachers to “capture multiple realities” (Creswell, 2009, p. 72) within the data. Through analysis, three themes emerged: 1) Changing Culture ; 2) Changing Evidence ; and 3) Changing Rigor . These themes provide an understanding of the impact high-stakes accountability has had on public school principals and teachers. Revealed are implications for school districts and leadership/teacher preparatory programs.

Trade in Developing East Asia: How It Has Changed and Why It Matters

East Asia, for long the epitome of successful engagement in trade, faces serious challenges: technological change that may threaten the very model of labor intensive industrialization and a backlash against globalization that may reduce access to important markets. A detailed analysis of the evolution of East Asia's trade and trade policy in goods and services leads to the conclusion that how East Asia copes with these global challenges will depend on how it addresses three more proximate national and regional challenges. The first is the emergence of one East Asian country, China, as a global trade giant—accounting for nearly one-seventh of global exports and one-tenth of global imports -- which is fundamentally altering the trading patterns and opportunities of its neighbors. The second is the asymmetric implementation of national reform -- remarkable openness to goods trade and investment coexists with relative restrictiveness of services policies -- which is affecting the evolution of comparative advantage and productivity in each country. The third is the divergence between the relatively shallow and fragmented agreements that regulate the region’s trade and investment and the growing importance of regional and global value chains as crucial drivers of productivity growth.

Trade in Developing East Asia: How It Has Changed and Why It Matters

East Asia, for long the epitome of successful engagement in trade, faces serious challenges: technological change that may threaten the very model of labor intensive industrialization and a backlash against globalization that may reduce access to important markets. A detailed analysis of the evolution of East Asia's trade and trade policy in goods and services leads to the conclusion that how East Asia copes with these global challenges will depend on how it addresses three more proximate national and regional challenges. The first is the emergence of one East Asian country, China, as a global trade giant?accounting for nearly one-seventh of global exports and one-tenth of global imports -- which is fundamentally altering the trading patterns and opportunities of its neighbors. The second is the asymmetric implementation of national reform -- remarkable openness to goods trade and investment coexists with relative restrictiveness of services policies -- which is affecting the evolution of comparative advantage and productivity in each country. The third is the divergence between the relatively shallow and fragmented agreements that regulate the region?s trade and investment and the growing importance of regional and global value chains as crucial drivers of productivity growth.

Making sense while steering through the fog: Principals’ metaphors within a national reform implementation

Principals’ implementation of national reforms in the educational arena resembles a wild ride on a roller coaster as they face with contradicting demands, ongoing confusion and ambiguity. As critical change agents, principals interpret and translate reform demands into local practices through a process of sense-making. This current qualitative research explored 60 high school principals' sense-making processing of their leadership within a national reform through their use of metaphors. Data analysis yielded four themes: (a) reframing the principal’s role and pedagogical autonomy; (b) reframing the principal’s work; (c) reframing the school culture; and (d) reframing the principal’s relationships with teachers. This study expands the currently limited knowledge about principals' experience with and responses to reforms, and suggests implications and further research on metaphors principals use within reform implementation.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE POSITION OF JUDGE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS (BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF EU MEMBER STATES)

The article draws attention to the widely discussed in society, however superficially analyzed by experts, constitutional justice reform issues at the present stage of development of the Ukrainian state. As a basis for the study of actual problems of constitutional justice and a precondition for the implementation of national reforms in this area, the article focuses on the experience of countries that are members of the EU. The main subjects of the study were the requirements to the candidates for judges of specialized bodies of constitutional justice in democratic countries and the prospects for their implementation in Ukraine. The article also deals with analyzing the dynamics of the changing role of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine to limit state power to ensure individual rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the collective rights of communities and societies, and all Ukrainian people. It is emphasized that although universal ideas of constitutionalism have been certainly recognized in Ukraine at a theoretical level after independence proclamation, these concepts have not found their proper practical implementation. Having been established to maintain the Constitution’s of Ukraine supremacy throughout the state, to ensure the Basic Law legal protection and provide within its competence human and civil rights protection and the balance in the separation of powers system, the Constitutional Court not only failed to outperform public expectations, but became a disappointment for many lawyers and concerned citizens. It is asserted that current situation should encourage all active lawyers and scholars to develop new approaches to the analysis of the causes and consequences of failures in the universally recognized constitutional and legal principles practical implementation in Ukraine, including in the constitutional justice field. The conclusion is made, that if we could organize the most apolitical organizational and legal mechanism for quality appointment (election) of judges of the Constitutional Court, the original problem of inefficiency of constitutional justice in Ukraine would be resolved without much difficulty. And unjust decision, and insufficient activity of the Constitutional Court, and improper organization of its work, would cease to be a constant obstacle to the development of the constitutional control in Ukraine. The article contains arguments that prove the objective connection between constitutional justice problems and difficulties of the domestic state in general. In fact, awareness of importance and special responsibility for the appointment of each CCU and its subsequent impact on constitutionalism and the establishment of real democracy in Ukraine is a sign of a mature statesman (official). Therefore, the arrange a proper operation of the constant renewal of the membership of the sole body of constitutional jurisdiction in Ukraine will not succeed until it is recognized and eliminated direct real cause of the problem. In our opinion, it is, above all, lack of political will to conscious existence in Ukraine of an independent constitutional arbiter, the denial of the idea of constitutional review.

Removing fuel subsidies: How can international organizations support national policy reforms?

This article investigates how international organizations can support fuel subsidy reform. Departing from earlier studies, we focus on the ability of international organizations to assist national governments directly in the enactment and implementation of national reforms. While international organizations lack the capacity to directly enforce policy or force countries to abolish subsidies, they can increase the cost of reform reversal by governments that have a preference for reform but worry about the credibility and durability of their reforms. Moreover, international organizations can support learning from peers. In practice, governments interested in subsidy reform can announce a public commitment and submit progress reports to peer review by other countries under the auspices of an international organization. We characterize the institutional design of international organizations for success, discuss the role of the civil society in the process, and offer short illustrations from recent efforts by international organizations to promote fuel subsidy reform.

Understanding How Structure and Agency Influence Education Policy Implementation and Organizational Change

Understanding How Structure and Agency Influence Education Policy Implementation and Organizational Change

Shifting Formalization Policies and Recentralizing Power: The Case of Zimbabwe's Artisanal Gold Mining Sector

In the 1990s, government authorities in Zimbabwe introduced internationally praised policies to formalize the artisanal and small-scale mining sector, using a combination of district-administered and nationally administered licensing and capacity-building measures. While “decentralization” efforts in the 1990s and early 2000s were hampered by insufficient resource and power transfers, the model was seen by environmental scholars as a source of optimism. However, as economic crisis deepened in the 2000s, national officials (a) revoked the power of Rural District Councils to regulate riverbed alluvial gold panning and (b) increased barriers to formally licensed small-scale primary ore mining. This article examines the recentralization of power in this growing informal sector, exploring how heavy-handed implementation of national reforms contributed to livelihood insecurity. The study emphasizes how national officials invoked “formalization” rationales for mining policy shifts that obscured their underlying political and economic drivers, disempowering local district authorities and deepening the marginalization of informal livelihoods.

New Estimates of Gaps and Transitions in Health Insurance

Changes in individual or family circumstances cause many Americans to experience gaps and transitions in public and private health insurance. Using data from the 2004-2007 Survey of Income and Program Participation, this article updates earlier analyses of insurance gaps and transitions. Eighty-nine million people (one third of nonelderly Americans) were uninsured for at least 1 month during those 4 years. Approximately 23 million lost insurance more than once. The analyses call attention to the continuing instability and insecurity of health insurance, can inform implementation of national reforms, and establish a recent baseline that will be helpful in evaluating the reforms' effects on coverage stability.

What are the consequences of waiting for health care in the veteran population?

National health reform is expected to increase how long individuals have to wait between requests for appointments and when their appointment is scheduled. The increase in demand for care due to more widespread insurance will result in longer waits if there is not also a concomitant increase in supply of healthcare services. Long waits for healthcare are hypothesized to compromise health because less frequent outpatient visits result in delays in diagnosis and treatment. Research testing this hypothesis is scarce due to a paucity of data on how long individuals wait for healthcare in the United States. The main exception is the Veterans Health Administration (VA) that has been routinely collecting data on how long veterans wait for outpatient care for over a decade. This narrative review summarizes the results of studies using VA wait time data to answer two main questions: 1) How much do longer wait times decrease healthcare utilization and 2) Do longer wait times cause poorer health outcomes? Longer VA wait times lead to small, yet statistically significant decreases in utilization and are related to poorer health in elderly and vulnerable veteran populations. Both long-term outcomes (e.g. mortality, preventable hospitalizations) and intermediate outcomes such as hemoglobin A1C levels are worse for veterans who seek care at facilities with longer waits compared to veterans who visit facilities with shorter waits. Further research is needed on the mechanisms connecting longer wait times and poorer outcomes including identifying patient sub-populations whose risks are most sensitive to delayed access to care. If wait times increase for the general patient population with the implementation of national reform as expected, U.S. healthcare policymakers and clinicians will need to consider policies and interventions that minimize potential harms for all patients.