Implementation Of Measurement System Research Articles

Feasibility of Metrological Traceability Implementation Using the Joint Committee on Traceability in Laboratory Medicine Database Entries Including the Fulfillment of "Fit-for-Purpose" Maximum Allowable Measurement Uncertainty.

In previous publications, the Task Force on Reference Measurement System Implementation proposed a procedural approach combining a critical review of entries available in the Joint Committee on Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) database with a comparison of this information against analytical performance specifications for measurement uncertainty (MU) and applied it to a group of 13 measurands. Here we applied this approach to 17 additional measurands, of which measurements are frequently requested. The aims of the study were (a) to describe the main characteristics for implementing traceability and the potential to fulfill the maximum allowable MU (MAU) at the clinical sample level of certified reference materials and reference measurement procedures listed in the JCTLM database; (b) to discuss limitations and obstacles, if any, to the achievement of the required quality of laboratory measurements; and (c) to provide a gap analysis by highlighting what is still missing in the database. Results were integrated with those obtained in the previous study, therefore offering an overview of where we are and what is still missing in the practical application of the metrological traceability concept to 30 common biochemical tests employed in laboratory medicine. Our analysis shows that for 28 out of 30 measurands, conditions exist to correctly implement metrological traceability to the International System of units and fulfill at least the MAU of the minimum quality level derived according to internationally recommended models. For 2 measurands (serum albumin and chloride), further improvements in MU of higher-order references would be necessary.

Design and implementation of RF power levels measurement system from indoor to outdoor in Isparta province

This paper presents a novel, low-cost, and portable RF power measurement system, operating in GSM 900 and GSM 1800 frequency bands. This measurement model consists of four basic circuits; microstrip folded dipole antenna (MFDA) that received the ambient RF signals, a power meter that generates DC output voltage according to received RF signal power level, a microprocessor that converts the data's analog to digital, and a computer to record and screen the time-varying data. Seventeen measurements, each for six hours, were performed in nine locations in Isparta for the indoor-to-outdoor scenario. The range between the minimum and maximum power values of the average RF power levels obtained in time-dependent measurements was calculated as approximately 15 dB, 18 dB, and 33 dB for indoor, semi-indoor, and outdoor ambients, respectively. The indoor/semi-indoor/outdoor ambient RF power levels were respectively varied between −55.1 dBm to −4.13 dBm, −43.92 dBm to −6.12 dBm, −44.89 dBm to 0.1 dBm in all measurements.

Implementing organizational performance measurement systems: measures and success strategies

PurposeThis study assesses performance measurement (PM) system implementation efforts across various organizational contexts and investigates which factors are critical to achieving implementation success (IS).Design/methodology/approachAn empirical field study was conducted to refine a framework of PM system IS that consists of 5 dimensions of success and 29 factors. A survey questionnaire was used to investigate actual organizational practice and exploratory factor analysis was conducted to refine constructs corresponding to potential factors and dimensions of IS. The resulting variables were then investigated using multiple regression analysis to identify critical success factors for implementing PM systems.FindingsThe survey was completed by representatives from 124 organizations and the exploratory factor analysis results indicated that there are three underlying dimensions of IS (i.e. Use of the System, PM System Performance, and Improved Results and Processes) and 12 factors. Of the factors, nine can be considered critical success factors having a significant relationship with at least one dimension of IS: Leader Support, Design and Implementation Approach, Reward System Alignment, Organizational Acceptance, Organizational Culture and Climate, Easy to Define Environment, IT Infrastructure Capabilities, PM System Design Quality, and PM Participation and Training.Originality/valueThe results show that there are distinct dimensions of IS and, although some factors are associated with all dimensions, most are more closely related to only one dimension. This suggests that different strategies should be utilized based on the types of challenges experienced during implementation.

Virtual tomography as a novel method for segmenting machining process phases with the use of machine learning-supported measurement

A new idea of machine learning-based technological process segmentation with the use of multi-sensor measurement is proposed in this article. The proposed segmentation of the machining process through appropriate measurement data modelling provides valuable insight that is necessary for technological parameters optimization or predictive maintenance. By combining multi-sensor industrial measurement and data science, this new solution is a more advanced and effective way of determining qualitative characteristics of the machining process that must be taken into account when developing smart analytical approaches, such as digital twins. An experimental measuring system consisting of accelerometers and current transducers is described. The system is implemented on an industrial CNC machine in order to assess operating conditions of the spindle and axis drives during the milling process. A novel method of detecting and segmenting the milling phases is proposed, involving data preprocessing and time-series signals data analysis to detect specific patterns or features that are indicative of each phase of the milling process. When applied in smart structures or digital twins, the proposed segmentation method provides similar information to that obtained by tomography imaging; therefore, the new method is called as virtual tomography. The developed phase segmentation method is of vital practical importance in terms of industrial implementation of technological process measurement and diagnostic systems. Especially as it can provide valuable information concerning elementary cutting zones and their influence on the process efficiency or influence of the composite structure layers machining on the tool wear, not available using hitherto known methods.

Autonomous Sensor System for Low-Capacity Wind Turbine Blade Vibration Measurement.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and validation of an on-blade sensor system for remote vibration measurement for low-capacity wind turbines. The autonomous sensor system was deployed on three wind turbines, with one of them operating in harsh weather conditions in the far south of Chile. The system recorded the acceleration response of the blades in the flapwise and edgewise directions, data that could be used for extracting the dynamic characteristics of the blades, information useful for damage diagnosis and prognosis. The proposed sensor system demonstrated reliable data acquisition and transmission from wind turbines in remote locations, proving the ability to create a fully autonomous system capable of recording data for monitoring and evaluating the state of health of wind turbine blades for extended periods without human intervention. The data collected by the sensor system presented in this study can serve as a foundation for developing vibration-based strategies for real-time structural health monitoring.

Real-Time Air Density Measurement with IoT Integration

This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT-based air density measurement system that integrates BMP180 and DHT22 sensors with an Arduino Uno microcontroller and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The system measures temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure to calculate air density in real-time, displaying the results on an LCD screen and transmitting the data to a smartphone app (Blynk) for remote monitoring. The goal of this research is to create a reliable, automated system capable of providing continuous air density measurements without the need for manual intervention. To evaluate the system’s accuracy, data were collected and compared with reference values from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for August 2023. The comparison revealed that the system produced air density measurements with an average error of less than 0.2%, demonstrating its high level of accuracy and reliability. The system is particularly suited for laboratory environments, where real-time and accurate air density measurements are essential. The use of IoT technology allows for remote data access and continuous monitoring, making the system convenient for various applications, including environmental monitoring and industrial settings where air density plays a crucial role. Future improvements could include sensor calibration enhancements and the integration of additional environmental parameters, such as CO2 levels or particulate matter, to broaden the system’s functionality. Overall, the IoT-based air density measurement system offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for real-time environmental data monitoring.

Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement Method and System Implementation Based on Sampling Reconstruction and Phase Feature Extraction.

The existing ultrasonic thickness measurement systems require high sampling frequencies for echo signal acquisition, leading to complex circuit designs and high costs. Moreover, extracting the characteristics of ultrasonic echo signals for accurate thickness measurement poses significant challenges. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method that utilizes conventional sampling frequencies to acquire high-frequency ultrasonic echo signals, overcoming the limitations of high-frequency data acquisition imposed by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. By employing an improved sampling reconstruction technique, the multi-cycle sampling signals are reconstructed and rearranged within a single cycle, effectively increasing the equivalent sampling frequency. Additionally, a combination of coarse estimation using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and precise phase extraction using the moving sine fitting algorithm is proposed for accurate thickness measurement, resolving the limitations of common thickness measurement methods such as peak detection, envelope detection, and Hilbert autocorrelation in terms of low measurement accuracy. Experimental results obtained from thickness measurements on 45 steel ultrasonic test blocks within the range of 3 mm to 20 mm indicate a measurement error of ±0.01 mm, while for thicknesses ranging from 1 mm to 50 mm, the measurement error is ±0.05 mm.

LOW COST DOSIMETER MODULE FOR MVA LUNAR LANDER MISSION

Understanding the lunar radiation environment is crucial for future space exploration missions, as the lack of atmospheric and magnetic shielding allows charged particles of varying energies and origins to penetrate the surface of the moon. In space radiation environments, it is common practice to use radiation dosimeters to measure absorbed dose and dose rate. In this study, the payload will include a radiation dosimeter capable of measuring the radiation intensity at the landing site’s surface. The design concept and implementation of a radiation readout system for the real-time measurement of gamma absorbed dose and dose rate at the surface of the landing area for the MVA mission are based on a photodiode sensor that is commercially available and will be used as a gamma radiation sensor. The module experienced low levels of activity (Cs137, Co60, and Sr90). The performance of the photodiode-based module has been demonstrated by the Giger counter. Due to its low cost and high sensitivity, this radiation module would be clearly advantageous.

FPGA-Based Implementation of Reverse Electrical Pulse Stress and Measurement system for Gallium Nitride High-Electron-Mobility Transistors

This paper presents a pulse electrical stress and measurement system of GaN high-electron-mobility transistors based on FPGA to apply the electrical stress accurately in the form of square wave pulses and switch to the measuring state in time. The design processes for the FPGA program, software system, and hardware circuit are discussed. The system uses a bipolar isolated gate driver to apply pulses of electrical stress to the gate of GaN HEMTs. The mode switch circuit is used to switch from “stress mode” to “measuring mode” to realize the measuring of electrical parameters of the device under test after stress. The system can achieve electrical pulse stress and assist in analyzing the degradation mechanism of GaN HEMTs.

Implementation and Precision Analysis of Speed Measurement System for Marine Main Engine

The rotational speed of the marine engine plays a critical role in navigation. In practical application, speed measurement was carried out with the help of the centralized control system. In most cases, the speed information would be obtained through a dedicated line, and it would be transmitted to a few special areas, such as the pilot house, the captain’s office, and the controlling center. Consequently, the users could not get the speed information in time, which might increase navigation risk. A speed measurement system independent from the centralized control system of the original engine was proposed and detailed designed in this work. In addition, remote access was realized by network environment configuration. Furthermore, measurement precision was analyzed from theory and experiment. The results indicate that the system works well during long-term operation and the accuracy of measurement meets the requirement. Due to its accuracy and convenience in use, the system can also be widely used in other monitoring situations.

Concept and Implementation of Measurement Systems for Stationary and Remote Testing of Sensors for Electrical and Non-Electrical Quantities.

In intelligent transportation, various types of sensors are used both in traffic control systems as well as in the control, safety, and entertainment systems of the vehicles themselves. In the process of educating future designers and developers of such systems, it is necessary to familiarize them with the operation and parameters of sensors. The recent years of the COVID-19 pandemic have disturbed this process due to the need to conduct classes remotely. This article presents the general concept of a laboratory stand for testing sensors of electrical and non-electrical quantities, which can be used both in stationary and remote learning. Additionally, the practical implementation of two laboratory stands for testing current and linear displacement sensors was also presented. Both stands have been tested in the remote access mode. The tests showed some shortcomings in the management software but also confirmed the correctness of the adopted concept of their implementation.

Combined DEM and Johanson model for ribbon density prediction in a roller compactor

Johanson (1965) developed a one-dimensional model for the stress acting on the powder in between the rolls of a roller compactor. Limited work has been performed regarding estimation of inlet stress; a parameter required for the estimation of ribbon density in a roller compactor. Due to the difficulty in the design and implementation of stress measurement systems, measurement of inlet stress is difficult experimentally. Therefore, a Discrete Element Method (DEM) based approach is proposed to get the inlet conditions which are used in the Johanson model to predict the ribbon density.The results indicate that the inlet stress and the corresponding pre-consolidated density obtained from DEM simulations were different for different process parameters. The combined methodology of using output from DEM simulations as an input condition for Johanson model yields a good prediction of the ribbon density with the inclusion of elastic expansion ratio (ribbon thickness/roll gap).

Water consumption in the production process of the sugar-energy industry: case study in the northwest of São Paulo (Brazil)

Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane. The importance of rational, sustainable, and efficient management of resources in the production process of the Brazilian sugar-energy industry is remarkable, mainly related to water use. In this context, the present paper aimed to analyze, in the last decade, the consumption of water in the productive process of Vale do Paraná S/A Álcool e Açúcar plant, in addition to elucidating the technologies implemented in the industrial area that contributed to the reduction of consumption. The methodology adopted consisted of obtaining data and information from bibliographic researches, technical bulletins, and field visits. The sugar-energy plant showed a 34.88% reduction in water consumption in the last decade, obtaining 0.86 m3 ton-1 in 2012 and 0.56 m3 ton-1 in 2021 of processed sugarcane, which can be particularly important in intense periods of drought, such as those experienced in recent years. The main technologies that contributed to this reduction were: the dry cleaning of sugarcane; the use of closed circuits; condensate recovery; water reuse; and the implementation of a flow rate measurement system. The company reached a lower consumption than required for the year 2024, but there is no limit to reduction. In the case of the plant under study, it was observed that special attention should be given to industrial effluents, mainly vinasse, with the possible implementation of more treatment steps before application in the field as fertigation.

A novel comprehensive optimal PMU placement considering practical issues in design and implementation of a wide-area measurement system

• Several WAMS-based applications are considered in the OPP problem. • Concept of the line-wise observability is presented. • Observability of multi-TSO power systems in the OPP problem is investigated • The proposed OPP model is originally a MILP one and its global solution can be easily found. Since phasor measurement units (PMUs) are increasingly installed in power systems, many research works have investigated the optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem with the sake of maximizing observability over the power grid, while minimizing the cost of purchasing PMUs. However, there are still some practical challenges that have not been considered in the previous research studies, and are needed to be addressed for a real wide-area measurement system (WAMS) implementation. In this paper, a comprehensive OPP model is proposed which employs a set of basic and novel constraints for a WAMS design. In this regard, the line-wise observability concept is proposed for the first time to consider the requirements of observability for a range of WAMS-based applications such as restoration management, model validation of power system components, and dynamic line rating (DLR) monitoring. In addition, observability constraints for multi-transmission system operator (multi-TSO) power systems that are operated by different legal entities are provided, which can considerably affect the OPP result. The proposed model is formulated based on a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation which enables the optimization problem to be solved easily and effectively by existing commercial optimization tools, without any need for linearization. The performance of the proposed OPP model is first verified through simulation results on an 86-bus real power system. Then, simulations are applied to IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus test systems, to certify the performance of the proposed model in comparison with other OPPs in the literature.

Study and Design of a Multi-range Programmable Sensor for Temperature Measurement

In this paper, a wide-range high-precision sensor has been designed in order to accurately measure the temperature in a medium with arbitrary temperature variation and the implementation of a wide-spectrum temperature measurement system with a self-selected multi-sensor has been realized. This multi-sensor core is made up of different sensors combined to measure different temperature ranges. This concept can be used for high-precision temperature measurement in electrical capacitance tomography applications. The proposed technique is well suited for temperatures in boilers, industries, and everywhere high temperature measurement sensitivity is needed by using different combined temperature sensors of high precision.

Acoustic Roughness Measurement of Railway Tracks: Implementation of a Chord-Based Optical Measurement System on a Train

A large part of the noise emissions from rail traffic originates from rolling noise. This is significantly determined by the surface roughness of the wheel and the rail. To quantitatively assess the noise generation from the wheel–rail contact, it is necessary to measure the surface roughness of the rail network. Direct measurements via trolley devices are usually associated with the need for a free track and limitation in velocity. Indirect measurements of rail roughness, such as measuring axle-box accelerations, enable operation during regular passage but only estimate the acoustic roughness. In this study, the potential of an optical and consequently contact-free measurement method using laser triangulation sensors to measure rail roughness from the train is investigated. The approach can combine the advantage of operation during regular passage with the characteristics of a direct measurement, enabling large-scale monitoring of the rail network. A measurement run with a train was carried out on a meter-gauge track at speeds up to 80 km h−1 The results of the optical measurement approach were compared with a tactile reference measurement on the track. The results show good agreement of the new measurement setup for dry rail surface conditions at 50 km h−1, with a mean deviation of 1.48 dB.

A review of design approaches for the implementation of low-frequency noise measurement systems.

Electronic noise has its roots in the fundamental physical interactions between matter and charged particles, carrying information about the phenomena that occur at the microscopic level. Therefore, Low-Frequency Noise Measurements (LFNM) are a well-established technique for the characterization of electron devices and materials and, compared to other techniques, they offer the advantage of being non-destructive and of providing a more detailed view of what happens in the matter during the manifestation of physical or chemical phenomena. For this reason, LFNM acquire particular importance in the modern technological era in which the introduction of new advanced materials requires in-depth and thorough characterization of the conduction phenomena. LFNM also find application in the field of sensors, as they allow to obtain more selective sensing systems even starting from conventional sensors. Performing meaningful noise measurements, however, requires that the background noise introduced by the measurement chain be much smaller than the noise to be detected and the instrumentation available on the market does not always meet the specifications required for reaching the ultimate sensitivity. Researchers willing to perform LFNM must often resort to the design of dedicated instrumentation in their own laboratories, but their cultural background does not necessarily include the ability to design, build, and test dedicated low noise instrumentation. In this review, we have tried to provide as much theoretical and practical guidelines as possible, so that even researchers with a limited background in electronic engineering can find useful information in developing or customizing low noise instrumentation.

Design and implementation of high-precision voltage measurement system based on Kalman filter and automatic calibration technology

With the rapid development of science and technology, precision measurement is of increasing importance. In this paper, we discuss noise reduction and automatic calibration issues for a high-precision voltage measurement system that covers voltages from 0.1 µV to 300 V and a frequency range from 10 Hz to 300 kHz (including DC). First, a modified Kalman filter is proposed to reduce measurement noise. Then, a self-calibration circuit is constructed to eliminate the systematic errors in DC voltage (DCV) measurements. Finally, a wideband AC calibration model is developed to overcome the defects in AC voltage (ACV) measurements caused by AC characteristics. The measurement application demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methods----the designed voltage measurement system has a DCV measurement accuracy of better than 9 µV/V and a high ACV accuracy of 0.25 mV/V in the frequency range of 30 Hz to 30 kHz at an ambient temperature of 25 °C. In addition, the minimum DC measurement uncertainty obtained on the DCV 10 V range is 0.4 μV/V (type A) and the minimum AC measurement uncertainty obtained on the ACV 10 V range is 2 μV/V (type A).

SHOPPING MALL AIR PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM SYNTHESIS

The article is devoting to a shopping mall air parameters monitoring system creation. It is stated that increasing energy production, the world's population and harmful emissions into the atmosphere requires identifying solutions for searching and reducing the human activities impact on the environment. This issue is urgent because of the fact that environment harmful changes are irreversible. It is known that one of the options for harmful parameters values obtaining information is the construction and implementation of measurement systems, that are called weather stations. Literature review showed that available weather environment stations of temperature and humidity measuring only for the general purposes are designed. It limits the number of parameters that can be measured. The main parameters of the indoor environment that affect human health have been identified. It has been found that high concentrations of some gases can be dangerous for human health. It is shown that the issue of proper operation of the ventilation and air conditioning system and measuring its performance is an urgent task. The main requirements for the weather stations construction were obtained. Microcontroller and sensors synthesis for the weather station construction is made. The structural scheme and the scheme of connection of sensors are developed. The major attention is paid to the algorithms description that shows how air parameters system measurement works. The software system using the selected controller and sensors has been tested. A visualization of displaying the obtained shopping center air parameters has been developed. Based on received data the possibility of carrying out measurements on real object of management is confirmed.

Implementation of an Air Pollution Measurement System in Mining Areas of Cerro de Pasco-Peru

One of the big problems in the city of Cerro de Pasco is the air pollution caused by the mining activity that occurs in this area, this activity generates a total of 3737 metric tons per year of particulate matter, which are thrown into the environment in an alarming way, thus reaching that this particulate matter can lodge inside the organism of the inhabitants permanently, causing in them diseases in the respiratory system, thus affecting the most vulnerable population, producing in them infections in the respiratory tract that can even carry those to death. Nowadays the teams that carry out the monitoring of air quality are restricted only to the academic and governmental sphere, so much so that the population does not know the degree of air pollution. For this reason, it is proposed to carry out a system to measure the level of air pollution taking as main data, the measurement of particulate matter and the emission of carbon monoxide, the data that can be recovered from these measurements to be able to compare them with the parameters dictated by the Ministry of the Environment. As a result, an autonomous system was obtained, with which the level of particulate matter, possible toxic gases, and the measurement of the level of carbon monoxide can be measured, all these pollutants that could be in the environment, all these measurements are constant, thus leading the population to become aware of the level of quality of the environment where they live. Keywords- Environmental pollution, articulated matter, carbon monoxide, toxic gases, mining activity, air quality