Implementation Of Foreign Policy Research Articles

Representation of Turkish Identity and Norms in the Media: 2020 Karabakh War

The Nagorno-Karabakh issue between Azerbaijan and Armenia became one of the most critical agenda items in the international community again in 2020, resulting in thousands of casualties from both countries due to the conflicts. This study discusses Türkiye’s attitude towards the 2020 Karabakh War in the context of international relations, based on the constructivist theory. It focuses on explaining how the country’s national identity, as well as the international norms it adheres to, played a decisive role in its current foreign policy implementation. To do this, news articles related to the 2020 Karabakh War were gathered from Turkish and Azerbaijani news portals and subjected to content analysis. The analysis findings revealed that both Turkish and Azerbaijani media heavily emphasized messages related to shared identities and norms that play a significant role in shaping the perception and identities of the parties involved in the conflict. Furthermore, the media depicted the war as a matter of national identity and sovereignty.

Foreign Policy Aspects of the Activities of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the First Convocation (on the 30th Anniversary of the Start of Work)

The article considers the foreign policy aspects of the activities of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the First convocation. The specifics of the main results of parliamentary votes of this period, which were related to international-political realities, in the context of their relationship with the conceptual foundations and implementation of Russian foreign policy, have been characterized. Features of the composition and nature of the activities of the lower house of the Russian parliament of this period have been identified. The conceptualization of the Russian Federation’s foreign policy has been analyzed. The initiatives and decisions of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the First convocation in the field of foreign policy and international relations have been assessed. It is shown that these were due to the specifics of its personal composition, where there was no strict factional discipline and a clear advantage of any political force, which determined the need for situational interaction. The normal work of the lower house of parliament became possible largely due to the efforts of its Chairman, who took a centrist position. It is substantiated that the State Duma, operating in conditions of complex socio-economic problems and the colossal weakening of Russia’s international political positions, demonstrated significant activity in international political initiatives that covered a wide range of topical issues with an emphasis on the situation in the states of the post-Soviet space. These decisions were relatively balanced, which was explained by the approximately equal distribution of resources between the so-called “left”, “right”, “centrists” and “national patriots”, as well as the presence of “common bloc” issues, positions on which coincided or did not cause obvious contradictions. The international political initiatives of the State Duma of the First convocation were distinguished by greater realism and emphasis on the protection of national interests than the content of conceptual documents and the foreign policy course pursued by the state. This happened against the background and simultaneously with the beginning of the process of rethinking the foreign policy approaches of the Russian Federation, which had a significant influence on it.

Malaysia's Diplomatic Choices, Dynamics and Mechanisms Towards Northeast Asia - An Explanation Based on Neoclassical Realism

Regional diplomacy serves as a foreign policy tool utilized by states towards specific regions. However, the regional diplomacy of small states within a particular region in International Relations (IR) has often received less attention and scholarly scrutiny. Drawing from neoclassical realism, this paper introduces "security needs" at the systemic level and "interest preferences" at the unitary level as primary explanatory variables. The findings reveal three main models of regional diplomacy for small states: "active regional diplomacy," "preventive regional diplomacy," and "composite regional diplomacy." Small states employ various modes of regional diplomacy to attain diverse objectives in foreign development. Analysis of the 1.0 and 2.0 periods of Mahathir's administration illustrates Malaysia's adoption of "active regional diplomacy" and "composite regional diplomacy" in cultivating relations with Northeast Asian countries. This foreign policy implementation not only fosters Malaysia's effective cooperation with nations like Japan and South Korea but also maximizes the advantageous resources of Northeast Asian countries to bolster its own development. Additionally, it steers Malaysia clear of taking sides in the intense competition among major powers, expands diplomatic avenues, and bolsters its diplomatic initiative. However, in the post-Mahathir era, the deterioration of Malaysia's relations with North Korea and tensions with China have somewhat impacted the overall stability and harmony of Malaysia's relations with Northeast Asian countries.

Can a feminist foreign policy be undone? Reflections from Sweden

Abstract In 2022, Sweden retracted its feminist foreign policy (FFP). What are the consequences for Swedish foreign policy and for FFPs elsewhere? We published an extensive report on the Swedish FFP in 2023, based on a survey that went out to all Swedish diplomats, interviews with more than 30 key foreign policy officials, and hundreds of steering documents from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The article draws out new insights from the report. The retraction is likely to result in a deprioritization of gender equality in Swedish foreign policy. Sweden will likely lose its international leadership role on gender issues. However, FFPs may be more resilient than anticipated because of how foreign policy is governed. Governments that wish to retract FFPs are constrained by three key governance features: First, international agreements and soft law on women's rights place demands on policy content. Second, the decentralized nature of foreign policy implementation allows considerable autonomy on the ground, so that implementors may continue to work with gender equality. Third, longstanding international expectations for Sweden as a gender equality champion create a role-based constraint. These factors contribute to the ‘stickiness’ of FFPs, suggesting that a retraction is unlikely to result in a wholesale abandonment of gender equality activities. The article also examines the enduring legacy of the Swedish FFP beyond its formal retraction, highlighting adoption of FFPs by a growing number of states in different parts of the world.

The foreign policy of the United States of America towards Iran in the period from 1953 to 1974.

The article examines the foreign policy of the United States of America in the Greater Middle East region, which acquired strategic importance after the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The subject of the study is the American-Iranian relations of 1953-1974, within the framework of which the Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi consistently built cooperation with D. Eisenhower, J. Kennedy, L. Johnson and R. Nikson. Despite the fact that their approaches to the implementation of American foreign policy in the Greater Middle East underwent significant changes, the desire to maintain influence in the country, consolidate control over cheap Iranian energy resources and prevent the return of Soviet influence on Iran remained the main directions of American activity. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The following methods were used in the work: historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-systemic methods. The reviewed diplomatic documents of the United States of America "Foreign Relations of the United States" allow us to establish that the influence of the oil factor on American-Iranian relations in 1953-1974 remained high, despite changes in the approaches of the presidents to the implementation of foreign policy in the region. The return of Iranian oil to the global market allowed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to initiate the start of the "white revolution", supported by the United States, among others. Huge oil revenues allowed Iran in a short time not only to realize its claims in the region, but also to become an important ally of the United States, responsible for regional security during the presidency of R. Nixon. The work illustrates the changing role of the United States of America and Iran in the Greater Middle East, due, among other things, to the influence of the oil factor.

Evolution of Kenya’s Foreign Policy During the Cold War

This study critically outlines Kenya’s Foreign Policy as it evolved during the cold war under Moi’s era toward the Middle East. The study exemplifies the underlying strategies, sources, national and personal interests, objectives, priorities, and implementation of Kenya's foreign policy. The study is premised on the need to elucidate if Kenya’s belief in regional peace and security was the cornerstone under which Kenya’s foreign was formulated and implemented. It was believed that any inconsistencies in Kenya’s foreign policy were based on rational and emerging trends in international affairs such as security threats to regional and global peace and stability. The study aims to ascertain how, Kenya’s recognition policy, was formulated, articulated, and exercised during Moi’s era toward the Middle East (1978-1990). The central question of this study is this: What influenced Kenya’s recognition policy towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Israel, and Palestine during the Cold War under Moi’s administration (1978-1990)?

Karakter Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia

This paper describes the background of the foreign policy used by Indonesia during the Soekarno era as a new country in the international world. Where this matter is also a factor that affects how the implementation of Indonesia's foreign policy in the future. As for the matter in this case, namely, when Sukarno and Hatta were proclaimed Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, which was considered to be the beginning of the Indonesian revolution. After independence, various kinds of implementation of Indonesia's foreign policy were welcomed and fully supported by its people. However, in the course of history, due to the elitism of the Soeharto era, Indonesia's foreign policy has also been elitism. Almost all policies were carried out and centralized by Suharto, so that Indonesia's foreign policy was unstructured and not well distributed among related institutions. Changes in the political system in the reform era since the fall of President Soeharto created opportunities to reform Indonesia's foreign policy. This paper is intended to examine the crises and challenges of Indonesia's foreign policy before and after Soeharto's New Order. This paper will also explain that since the fall of Soeharto, Indonesian diplomacy has played a substantive role in facing challenges in the social, economic and political fields that threaten the

ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПРЕДСТАВНИКА УСРР У ПОСОЛЬСТВО СРСР В КАНАДІ НА ПОЧАТКУ 1920-Х РОКІВ (У СВІТЛІ АРХІВНИХ ДОКУМЕНТІВ)

Being involved in the implementation of Soviet foreign policy, Soviet Ukraine achieved international recognition in the early 1920s and established relations with neighboring countries and leading European states. Canada, where a large Ukrainian community had already lived, became a separate direction of foreign policy activity in Soviet Ukraine. Therefore, the aim of the article is to highlight the participation of the USSR in organizing the implementation of the Soviet policy towards Canada in the early 1920s through the prism of archival documents. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time archival documents related to the appointment of Ukrainian SSR’s representative to the USSR’s Embassy in Canada, as well as the preparation of the «Regulations on the Counselor for Ukrainian Affairs of the USSR’s Embassy in Canada» have been introduced into the scientific circulation. The methodological basis of the research was the methods of historical and source research. The conclusions. In the article, through the prism of documents of the Central State Archive of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine and Central State Archives of Foreign Archival Ucrainica, the issue of the appointment of a representative of Soviet Ukraine SSR to the Embassy of the USSR in Canada in the early 1920s is highlighted. It is rightly stated that the Kremlin’s strategic goal was the creation of a «World socialist republic». Export to foreign countries of the Bolshevik revolution became the means of its implementation. Soviet Ukraine then played a major role in attempts to establish Soviet power in neighboring Poland and Romania. However, the million-strong Ukrainian community in Canada conditioned the involvement of Soviet Ukraine in the implementation of Soviet foreign policy on the territory of this country. Thanks to these documents, it became clear that the Ukrainian Council of People’s Commissars understood the importance of appointing a representative of Soviet Ukraine to the USSR’s Embassy in Canada. In the end, Ivan Kulyk was appointed.

The Role of Non-Political Influences on U.S. Foreign Policy Implementation in the Post-9/11 Era

The Role of Non-Political Influences on U.S. Foreign Policy Implementation in the Post-9/11 Era

Modernization of state regulation of international trade within the context of Russia’s foreign policy implementation

Modernization of state regulation of international trade within the context of Russia’s foreign policy implementation

НАДНАЦІОНАЛЬНІ МЕХАНІЗМИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДИПЛОМАТІЇ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article defines the essence of economic diplomacy, as a system of instruments for the implementation of foreign economic policy based on peaceful methods, which includes economic content and diplomatic form. The properties and features of economic diplomacy are outlined, including systemic character, direct and direct connection with foreign economic policy, peaceful and peace-making nature. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the construction of economic diplomacy in the European Union, macro-indicators of its economic development are determined, which reflect a powerful economic system that is constantly growing and ranks third in the world. It was concluded that the European Union does not provide direct and targeted diplomatic support to business entities of member countries. Measures to promote the commercial interests of the countries themselves belong to the sphere of national competences. Commercial and microeconomic diplomacy are actually not used in EU practice. Its only dimension is the macro level. It is noted that EU economic diplomacy can meaningfully be defined as a framework procedural simplification of trade and financial transactions. In terms of form, this is manifested in the participation of a supranational association in international negotiations on trade, cross-border movement of factors of production, regulation of financial markets, protection of intellectual property rights in the international exchange of knowledge, etc. It was found that the most widely supranational mechanisms of economic diplomacy are implemented in the union in the field of international trade, in relation to direct investments, supranational bodies have not yet created mechanisms for implementing their exclusive powers. It is noted that the process of applying mechanisms of economic diplomacy in the EU is reinforced by its own diplomatic service – the European Service of Foreign Affairs. It is emphasized that EU supranational bodies take part in relevant processes along with national agents of economic diplomacy, but in practice the role of Brussels is reduced to restraining the initiatives of EU member states. In order to form a coherent system of European economic diplomacy and increase the effectiveness of supranational mechanisms of the EU, a number of measures have been proposed.

Evaluative representation of China's political image in modern Russian Media

The object of the study is the evaluative characteristics of the image of China presented in modern Russian media. The subject of the study is the content and language features of the estimated representation of the political image of China as one of the leading geopolitical forces in the world. The material of the work was published by Russian Internet media (2020-2023). The author examines in detail the features of the evaluation of the image of the head of state, Xi Jinping, as well as the implementation of China's domestic and foreign policy. The positive and negative evaluative characteristics of China's political image are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the formation of private values. The linguistic means of expressing evaluation used in the texts of modern Russian mass media are characterized. The conducted research allows us to conclude that a generally positive political image of China is being formed in modern Russian Internet media (81% of positive ratings). On the positive side, the personal qualities of the head of state, which are manifested in the implementation of his political activities, are evaluated. The economic situation in the country, the nature of foreign policy towards the United States, and participation in resolving the conflict between Russia and Ukraine are also generally positively assessed. A negative assessment is present only when describing the aggressive strategies in Xi Jinping's policy. In most cases, a positive absolute assessment of China's policy is designed to form the image of a stable state and a strong "player" in the political arena. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the appeal to the study of the information field relevant to the Russian public in connection with the high dynamics of the development of international Russian-Chinese relations. The peculiarities of the evaluative representation of the image of the state and the policy implemented by it in the media allow us to draw conclusions about the mechanisms of formation of evaluative meanings and impact on the mass audience in the modern information space.

Soft power and foreign policy of the Russian Federation: some aspects of the present

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development and transformations of the Russian Federation foreign policy. Since the beginning of hostilities in Ukraine, the policy of Russia is undoubtedly one of the most researching areas in modern political science these days due to many practical aspects. It objectively dynamically develops and transforms in accordance with the promising new role of this state on the world stage. The purpose of the article is to determine the involvement of Soft power elements in their modernization and transformation in the further implementation of Russian foreign policy in the world space in the short and medium term. As a result, the article attempts to determine the main conceptual changes in Russian foreign policy and certain forecasts about the directions of possible upgrades and improvements in the translation and promotion of Soft power by the Russian side in the foreign policy space. In the course of the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that the main participants in the political confrontation on the world stage in the near future will actively develop and improve the Soft power technology in their foreign policy. Objectively, they will also receive a new impetus to the development of methods and technologies for counteraction, strengthening their constant application in practice. Thus, the leading countries, including Russia, are drawn into a kind of "arms race" in the format of the unarmed advancement of their foreign policy interests.

Corruption and Foreign Policy Formulation and Implementation in Nigeria: An Overview

This paper examines the nexus of corruption and foreign policy formulation and implementation vis-avis the impacts on politics and governance in Nigeria. Using liberalism as a theoretical approach to capture the discourse, the paper relies on qualitative data collected from secondary sources. The study argues that political leadership and corruption are interwoven, with far-reaching implications for socio-economic development. The paper concludes that for Nigeria to experience political and socio-economic development, responsible and credible leaders must emerge to implant the act of good and selfless governance in the country through policy formulation and implementation. The study reveals that Nigeria has yet to benefit fully from the conduct of external relations since independence in 1960. This is because some of the domestic factors that determine Nigeria’s image (economy, military, demography, leadership, constitution, etc.) are not fully developed to give the nation the leverage to assert its influence at the regional level and on the global scene. It is, therefore, recommended that these factors that impede the formulation and implementation of Nigeria’s foreign policy should be looked into and resolved so that the country can benefit both from its domestic policy and foreign relations and maximize fully her potential rather than people turning the table for their benefit.

Water Wars on South America’s Pacific Coast

Abstract: After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), the Silala Basin, arguably one of the most hydropolitically vulnerable basins in the world, became a shared resource of Bolivia and Chile. A related issue involved the shared resources of the Lauca River, which rises in Chile before emptying into a salty basin in Bolivia. Over the decades, Bolivia and Chile unsuccessfully explored tying the Lauca and Silala disputes to Bolivia’s quest for a sovereign Pacific port. The Mauri River dispute between Bolivia and Peru is a third unresolved issue involving shared water resources in South America. All three disputes have impacted the creation and implementation of foreign policy in Bolivia, Chile, and Peru for more than a century. Despite the International Court of Justice’s rulings on two of these disputes, they continue to impact domestic and foreign policies in the region.

Strategic Foresight as a Mechanism for Implementing International Forecasting

The article offers the insight to determining the place of strategic prognostication in international relations and creating mechanisms for the successful implementation of foreign policy. Determined state policy with clearly defined goals in international relations is much more influential than pragmatic policy that does not have a clear strategy and does not offer its own mechanism for achieving defined goals and goes from one perspective to another. A strategic prognostication in international prognostication system creates conditions for a holistic approach to the formulation of a scientific problem and its solution, combines theoretical, conceptual and applied goals and objectives, provides an opportunity to arrive at precise positions, gene-ralizations and conclusions by checking its implementation in specific foreign policy actions of the state. The mechanism of strategic prognostication affects the formation of a stable and multifactorial foreign policy, and therefore, as close as possible to effective, aimed at realizing the national interest.

National Interest and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: Discourse of Rethink

The paper examined the symbiotic relationship between the concepts of national interest and foreign policy, stressing that a well grafted foreign policy is dependent on a well thought-out national interest which remains a guide to a nation’s foreign policy formulation and implementation. Nigeria’s foreign policy over the years has been touted to be guided by the country’s national interest which studies in the past revealed is obfuscating. Nigeria’s national interest and her foreign policy in the past and the present, which is said to be at variance with what is obtained in other climes. In order to achieve the objective of this study, the paper adopted the theory of state capture as our guide. The paper employs the qualitative content analysis approach and relies mainly on secondary sources of data such as textbooks, journal articles, periodicals, conferences papers and the internet, etc. The study finds that there is disconnect between Nigeria’s national interest and her foreign policy objectives. Previous studies had been on Nigeria’s foreign policy and national interest without corresponding benefits to her development, but rather predicated on parochial and jaundiced sentiments. It is within this gap in foreign policy analysis literaturethat this paper investigates the need for a rethink on a well thought-out and robust national interest as a sine-qua-non for a nation’s foreign policy formulation and implementation. In addition, instead of addressing issues raised by various studies on the unmitigated asymmetry between national interest and foreign policy objective, government are always adamant and chose to maintain the status quo. The study recommends that there is urgent need for reforms that will ensure a well defined and structured policy, for effectiveness, efficiency and transparency.

A Causal Analysis of the Promotion of Abstract Expressionism: On the Foreign Policy of the United States

It is well known that during the Cold War the United States focused on the promotion of Abstract Expressionism and regarded it as a powerful weapon for the improvement of its cultural status and capacity to compete with the USSR. An analysis of this phenomenon – its causes, characteristics, and effects – would be incomplete without studying the foreign policy efforts of that time and the special traits of Abstract Expressionism’s artistic influence. It can be concluded that the rise of Abstract Expressionism after the Second World War was aligned with the goals of American policy instructions and outward cultural promotion during the Cold War. In turn, the powerful implementation of foreign policy actively enhanced the international influence of American Abstract Expressionism during that historical period. This paper undertakes an analysis of the causes for Abstract Expressionism’s successful promotion, through the study of abundant first-hand literature and documents, historical analysis as well as complex analysis. The use of case studies is also applied to further explain the phenomenon from the perspective of American foreign policy in the Cold War.

Ukraine foreign exchange policy implementation: principles of building state bodies system in sphere regulating currency relations

Ukraine foreign exchange policy implementation: principles of building state bodies system in sphere regulating currency relations

Гадаад хэлний бодлого, стандарт, хэрэгжилтийн асуудалд

Knowledge and competence of foreign languages has become one of the requirements for professionals and labor forces in various fields not only in Mongolia but also in many countries around the world. In this regard, each country has developed and successfully implemented foreign languages policies and standards. Therefore, in this study, we aim to analyze the current state of language policy implemented by European countries, foreign language policy of the USA, and the implementation of foreign language policy and standard in our country.