Implementation Of Federal Programs Research Articles

Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health.

Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health.

Review of “Thinking like an Economist: How Efficiency Replaced Equality in U.S. Public Policy”

For scholars interested in American policymaking during the last half century, Elizabeth Popp Berman’s important book will be an indispensable resource. In it, Berman puts forth the thesis that the “style of reasoning” that economists adopted, both explicitly and tacitly, in the period from the 1960s to the 1980s, heavily influenced the design and implementation of federal programs in areas ranging from healthcare, transportation, and housing, to environmental and antitrust regulation and other forms of market governance. This influence came at the expense of policies to promote social equality. Berman’s narrative traces the main antecedents of the economic style of reasoning to two groups: systems analysists at the Rand Cooperation in the postwar period, who advocated a “cost-effectiveness, choice-among-alternatives approach” (p. 59) to government policy planning and decision-making; and academic economists at elite universities in the two decades that followed. In particular, she singles out the role of industrial organization economists at Harvard University in upending accepted views of market regulation, and the role of microeconomic theorists at the University of Chicago, who reformulated price theory in ways that favored free markets over any kind of market regulation.

Disparities in food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic: A two-year analysis

While the overall level of food insecurity in the United States has remained stable during the COVID-19 pandemic, certain individuals and regions have fared worse than others. This study examines state-level variables affecting individual- and household-level food insecurity during the recent two years of the pandemic beginning in 2020 by utilizing the Household Pulse Survey, a new nationally representative dataset developed by the United States Census Bureau. The results of this study suggest a set of statewide factors, such as pandemic-driven market conditions, COVID-19 prevalence, and the implementation of federal programs, are associated with the level of food insecurity that individuals have experienced during the pandemic over the past two years. The associations varied by household income levels, indicating a strong relationship between higher-income households and market conditions, as well as the importance of federal programs and state policies in alleviating food insecurity among lower-income households. The food insecurity indices also overlapped with different socioeconomic and health hardships caused by the pandemic, such as employment income loss, housing instability, and mental health problems. The findings of this study highlight state-level contexts, particularly the role of state governments, in responding to pandemic-related food insecurity.

Социально-диспетчерская деятельность специалистов школьного психолого-педагогического консилиума в современных условиях развития инклюзивного образовательного процесса

The state policy in the field of education poses new practical tasks, in particular, to learn how to include students with conditions that differ from the norm of health in an inclusive educational space, preserving and strengthening their health. The socio-dispatching activity of the school concilium is considered in the article as a key mechanism that ensures a decent quality of life for schoolchildren in the conditions of a protective clinical and pedagogical regime and an individual educational route. It has been practically established that teaching staff can competently navigate medical issues, take into account the special educational needs of students. Research methods. 68 referrals of students to medical specialists subscribed by the school concilium of the Moscow State Educational Institution «Secondary School No. 25 of Nizhneudinsk», whose professional work was seen to be of high importance for the educational process, were studied. The conducted research allowed us to draw the following conclusions: the effectiveness of providing social and pedagogical assistance from the school concilium specialists can reach 89.7% success rate and contribute to the formulation of new diagnoses, clarification or modification of previously given medical recommendations to students; 94.1% of constructive appeals to the health care system can subsequently have a qualitative impact on the special conditions of teaching schoolchildren. The analysis of social dispatching activities is carried out, problematic issues are raised, possible solutions are outlined. Therefore, the results of the study may be of interest to medical specialists; teachers working in the modern conditions of the implementation of Federal programs in the system of central and territorial PPCs, school conciliums, higher educational institutions; representatives of the legislature.

Анализ системы фармацевтической помощи населению Новосибирской области

Introduction. Uneven placement of pharmacy organizations on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, want of pharmaceutical staff, especially in remote areas, falling living standards, an increase in general morbidity of the population, limited material and financial health care resources in the Novosibirsk region necessitated an assessment of the pharmaceutical care system in order to develop measures to improve it, preserve constitutional rights and guarantees for residents. Aim. Development and testing of a methodology for analyzing the system of pharmaceutical care for the population of the Novosibirsk region. Materials and methods. SWOT analysis was used for the assessment. Based on the content analysis of scientific medical and pharmaceutical literature, regulatory documents of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministries of Health of the Russian Federation and the Novosibirsk region, a questionnaire was compiled in which various aspects of the pharmaceutical care to the population of the Novosibirsk region were characterized. A group of experts (heads of pharmacy chains, heads of pharmacies, chiefs or deputies, specialists of the Department of Drug Provision of the Population of the Ministry of Health of the Novosibirsk region – a total of 35 people) were asked to evaluate (rank) the proposed characteristics in a SWOT matrix. Results. It has been established that the strengths of pharmaceutical care to the population of the Novosibirsk region (the top among them are the developed infrastructure for providing the population with pharmaceutical care; the approval and implementation of federal programs on the strategy of drug provision to the population and the development of healthcare in the Russian Federation and the Novosibirsk region) exceed by 1.26 times the weaknesses of the system (insufficient financing of drug provision to the population of the region; insufficient provision of the population with pharmacy organizations and medical and obstetric stations in rural settlements of the Novosibirsk region, etc.). Possibilities of the pharmaceutical care system in the Novosibirsk region (organization of dispensing medicines by medical staff through out-patient clinics in rural settlements of the Novosibirsk region, in which there are no pharmacy organizations; an increase in the proportion of municipal and urban districts provided with medicines dispensing outlets in relation to all municipal and urban entities of the Novosibirsk region to 100%, etc.) by 1.13 times prevails over threats (an increasing staff shortage in the pharmaceutical industry, a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, etc.). Conclusion. Pharmaceutical care for the population of the Novosibirsk region is characterized by the predominance of strengths over weaknesses, while potential opportunities exceed threats. This imples the necessity to further improve pharmaceutical care, use its resource capabilities and enhance its strengths.

Institutional Variation, Professionalization, and State Implementation Choices: An Examination of Investment in Water Quality Across the 50 States

The question of the effect of administrative arrangements on program administration and program outcomes is a central question for those interested in policy implementation. In the implementation of federal programs, the specific state-level administrative arrangements can have a significant impact not only on resource distribution patterns, but also on the ability of involved agencies to secure adequate state resources for the program. This paper addresses this question through the lens of the Clean Water State Revolving Loan Fund program designed to fund water quality infrastructure. Employing a dataset covering nearly thirty years of state-level data, we find that measures of administrative structure and state capability are more powerful explanators of state resource decisions than are more standard explanations of politics, needs, and ideology.

Формирование условий функционирования управляющих компаний мелиоративных парков высокой конкурентной экономической эффективности

The aim of the study is to find solutions aimed at the formation of optimal conditions for the creation and functioning of reclamation parks on the territory of existing institutions for reclamation subordinated to the Ministry of agriculture of Russia, through the establishment and justification of the necessary list of functions and powers of their management companies. The comparative analysis of the concept of creation of agricultural parks and the documents regulating functioning of agro-industrial parks is carried out. In addition, the studies were conducted in the context of Federal programs and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The analysis of regulatory documentation and scientific developments in the field of agro-industrial sector allowed to compare and make informed decisions on the formation of functions and powers of the management companies of reclamation parks. The formed materials will allow to organize highly effective work of the management companies of recreational parks, by endowing the latter with the necessary functions and powers, without burdening them with unnecessary functions that are not within their competence. Thus formation of functions and powers providing competitive level of activity of reclamation parks needs to be carried out on the basis of functions and powers of the industrial and agroindustrial parks regulated by the current legislation. The formed substantiations will allow to accelerate decision-making processes in the field of powers and functions of managing companies of reclamation parks by legislative and Executive authorities, and thus will contribute to more rapid development of the reclamation complex of the Russian Federation, and as a consequence of the implementation of Federal programs and other legislative acts aimed at the development of agriculture and import substitution in this area.

Creating comity amidst gridlock: a corporatist repair for a broken congress

With partisanship and gridlock at record levels in the US Congress, there is a need for institutional reforms that can encourage greater cooperation and productivity. We explore forms of deliberative democracy to help overcome the problem. Deliberative democracy holds that for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation; that is, voting alone is not sufficient to establish legitimacy and public buy-in. We examine institutions of deliberative democracy that might be applied to the Congress. We first examine the federal advisory committees used to inform and counsel government agencies in the implementation of federal programs. These standing advisory committees, with members taken from the relevant stakeholder groups, provide an opportunity for antagonistic interests to build relationships over an extended period. We then look at democratic neo-corporatism, in which certain community or interest groups are privileged participants in the national policy formulation and implementation. We then apply these approaches to Congress, assessing whether advisory committees made up of interest group representatives could help establish genuine deliberation, potentially enhancing communication and compromise. We analyze what such a Congressional advisory system would look like and how it could be designed.

Federalism Under Obama

This article, prepared for a symposium at the William and Mary Law School on Constitutional Transformations to be published this fall in the William and Mary Law Review, analyzes the status of federalism under the Obama Administration. At first glance, federalism would seem to have fared poorly under the Obama Administration, given that the Administration’s signature achievements to date involve substantial expansions of the federal government’s role. But a careful examination of major measures such as health insurance and financial regulation reform, the stimulus, and preemption initiatives demonstrates that the story of federalism’s fate under the Obama Administration is not so simple. To be sure, these measures entail some preemption and new, sometimes substantial, state burdens. But each also has brought with it significant regulatory and financial opportunities for the states. Rather than assertions of federal power at the expense of the states, the central dynamic evident under the Obama Administration to date is a move towards more active government, at both the national and state level. States are given significant room to shape their participation in the new federal initiatives, as well as enhanced regulatory authority and expanded resources to do so. States that are eager to play a greater regulatory role and support the new federal policies therefore have much to gain. But states that choose to stay on the sidelines face the prospect of direct federal intervention or loss of access to substantial federal funds, and their ability to pursue their preferred regulatory (or deregulatory) strategies may be curtailed. Put differently, federalism under the Obama Administration is federalism in service of progressive policy, not a general devolution of power and resources to the states – but it can be an important form of federalism nonetheless. Equally significant, the experience so far under the Obama Administration highlights the central importance of the administrative sphere to modern day federalism. Moreover, a particularly interesting feature of the Obama Administration initiatives is their use of administrative structures that not only deeply embed the states in federal program implementation, but also give the states a role in setting the content of federal regulatory standards and even overseeing federal agency performance.

Are Older Adults Satisfied With the Implementation of Federal Programs to Serve Aging Populations? A Case Study Policy Implementation

This study analyzes the findings of a fieldwork study conducted between two distinct cultural traditions: Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory with a predominantly Hispanic population, and Indiana, a predominantly Anglo Midwestern state. Specifically, the study compares the satisfaction of older adults with the implementation of the home health care policy sponsored by Medicare in both settings. The study focuses on older adults’ attitudes toward the qualities and performance of home health aides. Due to cultural differences in both settings, the thesis statement was that older adults in Indiana and Puerto Rico are likely to be satisfied with different qualities of home health aides. The results of the data, however, do not support this hypothesis, as older adults in both settings demonstrate satisfaction with similar qualities in their home health aides, although the Puerto Rican sample shows higher levels of satisfaction.

Street-level Bureaucrats, Administrative Power and the Manipulation of Federal Social Security Disability Programs

AbstractThe implementation of federal programs provides an opportunity for state officials to impose their own interests on the policy process. The federal government delegates administrative power to the states to implement federal programs. Because elected state officials serve as one of the principals to street-level bureaucrats, these officials should be able to influence these street-level agents to implement policy to further state needs. However, very little research has examined whether street-level bureaucrats act strategically to benefit state interests as they implement policy. In this article, I use Seemingly Unrelated Regression analysis to examine variation in award rates across the 50 states in two federal disability programs, SSI and SSDI. My findings reveal that program incentives lead state street-level bureaucrats to act strategically in implementing these programs. State bureaucrats reduce access to federal programs when state governments incur costs associated with those programs, especially under conditions of fiscal stress.

What Do We Know about Enterprise Zones?

In the last decade, most states have targeted certain depressed areas for revitalization by providing a combination of labor and capital tax incentives to firms operating in an "enterprise zone" (EZ). Britain is also completing a federal program that designated zones for a ten-year period. These zone experiments can add to our understanding of the influence of tax policy on business investment, and provide insights into the design and implementation of federal programs with similar objectives. This paper summarizes the theory and empirical evidence on the operational success of these EZ programs. The experience and appraisal of EZs are the subject of this paper. The next section outlines a conceptual framework for analyzing the effects of an EZ program inside and outside zone boundaries. I present estimates of the percentage change in zone wages under several incentive scenarios. In section II, I discuss some methodological issues involved in measuring the success of an EZ program. The British EZ experiment is described in section III, and section IV surveys the state EZ programs in the United States. Section V focuses on the EZ program in Indiana. It is one of the oldest state programs and has been evaluated with a variety of types of data. New evidence is presented on the well-being of Indiana zone residents using 1980 and 1990 Census data. I briefly discuss the difficult issue of program cost effectiveness in section VI and conclude in section 7 with observations about a proposed federal program and some unresolved issues.

Does Citizen Participation Matter?: Toward the Development of Theory

Requirements for private citizen involvement in the local implementation of federal programs have existed for a number of years now. In urban planning programs, a role for "citizen participation" has been formalized since the "workable program" of the Housing Act of 1954. During the three decades since 1954, requirements for citizen participation have been incorporated in programs of a number of other fed eral agencies as well. As a result, a number of scholars have focused their attention on a variety of aspects of citizen participation and an impressive body of literature has been developed. There is, however, little in that literature that focuses upon the effect of "required" citizen participation on decision outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to add an additional dimension to the existing literature by proposing a conceptual framework for examining the impact of mandated citizen participation on planning decisions. Based on the assumptions that (1) mandated citizen participation groups can be regarded as interest groups, and (2) that the nature of the administrative and deci sion making processes to which mandated citizen participation committees are as cribed are political rather than technical, the paper suggests the uttlity of a decision making framework for the analysis of the impact of citizen participation efforts. A model of the decision making process based upon reference group theory is proposed for examining the role of mandated citizen participation in the decision making pro cess. While the proposed model explicitly addresses mandated citizen participation in the role of contributor to a planning decision, the conceptual framework should be applicable to other organized efforts to "participate" in public policy decisions.

LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY

This article is an examination of failures in implementing intergovernmental programs. The programs were failures in the sense that actions to implement programs were delayed far beyond the expected dates of completion. Two such failures in cities implementing two different programs (wastewater management and Section 8 housing programs) are contrasted with one instance of success (in Section 8 housing). If a Sharkansky's discussion of political and policy routines is found to be a useful explanation of the different results. When local government routines must be broken to comply with the goals and objectives of federal programs, local actors will do all they can to resist the federal program. This finding demonstrates the importance of varying local political environments in explaining varying patterns of implementation of federal programs.