Implementation Of Evidence-based Approaches Research Articles

A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Study on Clinical Toxicology among Internees and Registered Medical Practitioners at a Tertiary Care Hospital

The present KAP study aimed to ascertain the knowledge, attitudes, and practices on clinical toxicology amonginternees and medical doctors at ACSR Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, in thelight of implementing new National Medical Commission curriculum (Graduate Medical Regulations 2019). Thestudy also aimed at understanding the knowledge and training gaps pertaining to clinical toxicology in the targetpopulation and thereby propose interventions for proper delivery of toxicology curriculum.A semi structured questionnaire was used to elicit information wherein 120 health care providers voluntarilyparticipated in the study. The results detected significant deficits towards understanding concepts in clinicaltoxicology and implementation of evidence-based approach in providing care. Our study identified the need tostress on toxidrome based approach, use of evidence-based decontamination methods, the necessity to stabilise the patientmore than being enthusiastic in diagnosing the poisoning, increased use of multidose activated charcoal as a primary antidote,use of poison control centre helpline, material safety data sheet & toxicology databases when in doubt, employing holistic caremodels, providing education on social & preventive toxicology and role of screening in chronic paediatric poisonings.

Harm reduction implementation among HIV service organizations (HSOs) in the U.S. south: a policy context analysis and results from a survey of HSOs

BackgroundHIV service organizations are integral to serving communities disproportionately impacted by the HIV and opioid epidemics in the U.S. South. Addressing these intersecting epidemics requires implementation of evidence-based approaches, such as harm reduction. However, little is known about the extent to which Southern HIV service organizations implement harm reduction. This manuscript examines: 1) the implementation context of harm reduction in the South, 2) Southern HIV service organization implementation of harm reduction, and 3) the impact of different contexts within the South on HIV service organization implementation of harm reduction.MethodsTo examine implementation context, authors analyzed nation-wide harm reduction policy and drug-related mortality data. To examine HIV service organization implementation of harm reduction, authors performed frequency distributions on survey data (n = 207 organizations). Authors then constructed logistic regressions, using state mortality data and policy context as predictors, to determine what contextual factors predicted HIV service organization implementation of harm reduction.ResultsDrug-related mortality data revealed an increased need for harm reduction, and harm reduction policy data revealed an increased political openness to harm reduction. Frequency distributions revealed that approximately half of the HIV service organizations surveyed reported that their organizations reflect a harm reduction orientation, and only 26% reported providing harm reduction services. Despite low utilization rates, HIV service organizations indicated a strong interest in harm reduction. Logistic regressions revealed that while increased mortality rates do not predict HIV service organization implementation of harm reduction, a harm reduction-friendly policy context does.DiscussionThis study highlights how regions within a high-income country can face unique barriers to healthcare and therefore require a unique understanding of implementation context. Study findings indicate a rapidly changing implementation context where increased need meets increased political opportunity to implement harm reduction, however there is a lag in HIV service organization adoption of harm reduction. Financial resources, capacity building, and continued policy advocacy are required for increased HIV service organization adoption of harm reduction.

Transdisciplinary research in energetics and cancer (TREC) training program for early career investigators.

11031 Background: Given the rising prevalence of obesity, poor diet and physical inactivity, known in combination as “energy balance” or “energetics”, as well as their associations with cancer incidence and mortality, innovative research, clinical care and training of scientists are needed to lower the prevalence of these risk factors and in turn, lower cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods: With NCI support (R25CA203650) from 2016-2021, we developed and offered an annual one-week, in-residence Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Training workshop, followed by a yearlong mentoring program, that focused on energy balance and cancer research across the cancer control continuum. Results: We recruited, educated, trained and mentored 123 early career investigators (TREC Fellows) from 64 different institutions and from diverse academic backgrounds (i.e., 20% basic, 33% clinical and 47% population sciences) in transdisciplinary research in energetics and cancer. Fellows accepted to the TREC Training Program worked with more than 20 expert international TREC Faculty on developing grant applications and original research toward key gaps in energy balance and cancer research. TREC Fellows have published over 270 manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals, with at least 62 published manuscripts including the TREC Fellow as first or senior author and including a TREC Faculty and/or Fellow as co-author. Since completing the Program, TREC Fellows have received at least 31 extramural grants, as principal investigator. Building upon the strengths of the previous five years, we were awarded a competitive renewal to continue the TREC Training Program through 2026. TREC Training program goals are: (1) to continue to offer a TREC Training Program for ̃100 academically diverse early career investigators including a 5-day in-residence workshop focused on the Fellows research, networking, mentoring and professional development; (2) to evaluate the TREC Training Program and track TREC Fellows career development; and (3) to disseminate the TREC Training sessions, webinars and newsletter to the broader community of investigators. Conclusions: To our knowledge, no other in-residence training program exists that focuses on energetics and cancer research. Our vision is to continue the TREC mission of training scientists and clinicians to develop a cadre of well-trained, diverse researchers. The overall impact of this transdisciplinary training course will be defined by the degree to which TREC Fellows produce innovative research approaches and discoveries, thereby accelerating the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based approaches into everyday practice and patient care and improving the health of the population at risk for cancer as well as cancer survivors.

Introducing an interactional approach to exploring facilitation as an implementation intervention: examining the utility of Conversation Analysis

BackgroundThe widely adopted integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework identifies facilitation as a ‘core ingredient’ for successful implementation. Indeed, most implementation scientists agree that a certain degree of facilitation is required to translate research into clinical practice; that is, there must be some intentional effort to assist the implementation of evidence-based approaches and practices into healthcare. Yet understandings of what constitutes facilitation and how to facilitate effectively remain largely theoretical and, therefore, provide scant practical guidance to ensure facilitator success. Implementation Science theories and frameworks often describe facilitation as an activity accomplished in, and through, formal and informal communication amongst facilitators and those involved in the implementation process (i.e. ‘recipients’). However, the specific communication practices that constitute and enable effective facilitation are currently inadequately understood.AimIn this debate article, we argue that without effective facilitation—a practice requiring significant interactional and interpersonal skills—many implementation projects encounter difficulties. Therefore, we explore whether and how the application of Conversation Analysis, a rigorous research methodology for researching patterns of interaction, could expand existing understandings of facilitation within the Implementation Science field. First, we illustrate how Conversation Analysis methods can be applied to identifying what facilitation looks like in interaction. Second, we draw from existing conversation analytic research into facilitation outside of Implementation Science to expand current understandings of how facilitation might be achieved within implementation.ConclusionIn this paper, we argue that conversation analytic methods show potential to understand and refine facilitation as a critical, and inherently interactional, component of implementation efforts. Conversation analytic investigations of facilitation as it occurs in real-time between participants could inform mechanisms to (1) improve understandings of how to achieve successful implementation through facilitation, (2) overcome difficulties and challenges in implementation related to interpersonal communication and interaction, (3) inform future facilitator training and (4) inform refinement of existing facilitation theories and frameworks (e.g. i-PARIHS) currently used in implementation interventions.

Protecting the future: Fatal incidents on Australian farms involving children (2001-2019).

To assess the demographic and causal factors, plus trends in rates of fatal farm incidents involving children (<15 years) in Australia over the 2001-2019 period. A descriptive retrospective epidemiological study of the National Coronial Information System. Australia. Cases involving children (<15 years), where incidents have occurred on a farm (1 January 2001-31 December 2019). There has been essentially no change in the fatality rate for farm-related child injury deaths across Australia in the 2001-2019 period (-0.009/year). Men and children aged 0-4 years were significantly more likely to be involved in these incidents. Most cases were recreational in nature (81%), with seven agents (water bodies, quads [all-terrain vehicles], tractors, utes, cars, motorbikes and horses), accounting for 75% of cases. Water bodies were responsible for over 31% of deaths. The lack of progress addressing child farm injury mortality requires urgent attention. The overall rates and pattern of injury-related deaths have stagnated, necessitating new and innovative approaches to address the issue. The emerging National Injury Prevention Plan might provide scope to improve the focus on and implementation of evidence-based approaches.

Future directions for implementation science at the National Cancer Institute: Implementation Science Centers in Cancer Control.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Moonshot initiative seeks to accelerate cancer research for the USA. One of the scientific priorities identified by the Moonshot's Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP) of scientific experts was the implementation of evidence-based approaches. In September 2019, the NCI launched the Implementation Science Centers in Cancer Control (ISC3 or "Centers") initiative to advance this Moonshot priority. The vision of the ISC3 is to promote the development of research centers to build capacity and research in high-priority areas of cancer control implementation science (e.g., scale-up and spread, sustainability and adaptation, and precision implementation), build implementation laboratories within community and clinical settings, improve the state of measurement and methods, and improve the adoption, implementation, and sustainment of evidence-based cancer control interventions. This paper highlights the research agenda, vision, and strategic direction for these Centers and encourages transdisciplinary scientists to learn more about opportunities to collaborate with these Centers.

Assessing Levels and Correlates of Implementation of Evidence-Based Approaches for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Cross-Sectional Study With Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Multiple evidence-based approaches (EBAs) exist to improve colorectal cancer screening in health clinics. The success of these approaches is tied to effective implementation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of EBAs for colorectal cancer screening and clinic-level correlates of implementation in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). We conducted descriptive and cross-sectional analyses using data collected from FQHC clinics across seven states ( n = 51). A clinic representative completed electronic surveys about clinic characteristics (e.g., size, patient characteristics, and medical record system characteristics) and the implementation of Community Guide recommended EBAs (e.g., client reminders, small media, and provider assessment and feedback). We used bivariate Spearman correlations to assess clinic-level correlates with implementation outcomes. Most clinics were planning to implement, in the early implementation stages, or inconsistently implementing EBAs. No EBA was fully implemented by more than nine (17.6%) clinics. Clinic size variables were inversely related to implementation levels of one-on-one education; medical record variables were directly related to implementation levels of client and provider reminders as well as provider assessment and feedback; and rapid and timely feedback from clinic leaders was directly associated with implementation levels of four out of six EBAs. Given the varying levels of implementation, clinics need to assess current use of implementation strategies and improve effective program delivery to increase colorectal cancer screening among their patients. In addition, clinics should also consider how their characteristics may support or serve as a barrier to implementation in their respective settings.

Reductions in experiential avoidance as a mediator of change in symptom outcome and quality of life in acceptance-based behavior therapy and applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder

As a field, we lack information about specific mechanisms that are responsible for changes that occur over the course of treatments for anxiety disorders (Kazdin, 2007). Identifying these mechanisms would help streamline evidence-based approaches, increase treatment response rates, and aid in the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based approaches in diverse contexts. The current study examined reductions in experiential avoidance (EA; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996), attempts to control or eliminate distressing internal experiences, regardless of behavioral consequences, as a potential mechanism of change in participants with a principal diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) receiving either acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) or applied relaxation (AR). Participants' EA scores across treatment on the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) were used to calculate slopes, which were used as predictors in a series of linear regressions. Greater change in EA across treatment significantly predicted change in worry (PSWQ) and quality of life (QOLI) across both treatments. These results contribute to the body of literature on common mechanisms of change across traditional CBTs and mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches.

Public health in a rapidly changing world

Public health in a rapidly changing world

Substance use in inpatients with severe mental-health problems: challenges and missed opportunities? 1st Prize mental-health and substance-use essay competition 2012

The current literature acknowledges that substance use amongst those with severe mental health problems is common, and recent prevalence estimates suggest that up to 56% of psychiatric inpatients are using alcohol or drugs problematically. It has also been shown that substance use can play a significant role in leading to an acute admission, and that inpatients who use substances have poorer hospital-related outcomes than non-users. Despite this knowledge, there appears to be a level of uncertainty amongst academics, clinicians and policy-makers alike with regards to what works for this client group. The research in this field is limited and often reports mixed or inconclusive findings, which in turn leads to guidelines that fail to recommend any specific interventions or combination of interventions for inpatients who are using substances. Furthermore, the common existing barriers to implementation of evidence-based approaches into routine care make the challenge even more difficult, with the day-to-day ...

Prevention Research and Reality: Narrowing the Quality Chasm

The discovery-to-delivery gap in medical and public health services is receiving growing attention, and many observations have been made about the importance of closing the gap as well as about the challenges faced in promoting acceptance and implementation of evidence-based approaches into routine clinical practice. 1,2 Concurrently, the importance of primary care clinician intervention and patient-centered counseling has been researched and promulgated as an important factor in patient adoption of healthy lifestyle and adherence to cancer prevention and control

Transatlantic Convergence with Respect to the Fourth Hurdle?

There appears to be movement towards convergence between the US and Europe in terms of the objectives of prescription drug cost containment, improvement in and more equitable access to pharmaceuticals, and minimisation of variation in clinical practice. In addition, policymakers in the US and Europe are resorting to the use of similar evidence-based approaches to achieve these policy objectives. However, using the examples of clinical practice guidelines, new drug appraisals for reimbursement, reference pricing and prescription to over-the-counter switching, I illustrate how the development and implementation of such approaches are a function not only of evidence but also of politics. Because all politics is local and differs across countries, and settings within countries, this logically has resulted in instances of divergence in the development and implementation of evidence-based approaches. Evidence improves policy decisions by offering quantitative insight into how well new technologies work, and for whom, but such data do not eliminate vexing trade-offs between the benefits provided and the acceptability of risks and costs incurred to achieve those benefits. Judgments on trade-offs depend in part on the interests and values of stakeholders. And these interests and values help shape how policy makers responsible for drug reimbursement in the US and Europe develop and apply the same types of evidence-based approaches differently.

Cocaine and crack use and dependence in Europe – experts view on an increasing public health problem

Background: The spread of cocaine and crack use in Europe poses a challenge to the European health-care systems. The assessment of the extent of the problem as well as the support needs of the users require involving all relevant parties in research and future planning.Method: Within the framework of a European multi-center and multi-modal research project, experts of nine European cities were interviewed according to a standardised structural interview protocol.Results: Cocaine use is considered to be on the increase in Europe. The prevalence rates vary substantially between countries and the problem emerges in different target groups in distinct patterns of use. Although cocaine and crack specific risks can be diagnosed, health risks follow basically the general risks of illicit drug use. Proposals for future planning include the broadening of the existing services and the implementation of evidence-based approaches to the problem.Conclusion: In dealing with the cocaine problem in Europe, a comprehensive public health approach is appropriate. An overall strategy should include preventive, harm reductive as well as rehabilitative measures. Consequently, cross-national guidelines should be established and their implementation as well as evaluation should be monitored.

Evidence-Based Social Care: Wheels off the Runway?

British social services departments are a beleaguered species. Political ideology continues to play a major role in shaping policy and practice, despite a change of government. Sheltering beneath the ideological umbrella are more considered views of the need to rethink structures developed as a means of solving social problems and delivering services, some of which have themselves become problematic, some of which are simply too expensive. These influences have combined radically to reframe the roles and responsibilities of many who work face-to-face with service users and carers. It is in this context of change and threat to professional identity that the implementation of evidence-based approaches to policy and practice within social work has to be considered.