Implementation Of Environmental Management System Research Articles

Greening the hospitality industry: examining institutional influences and perceived benefits of EMS in Malaysian SME hotels

PurposeThe majority of Malaysian firms are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the hospitality industry is no exception. However, a study on environmental management systems (EMS) reveals that relatively few studies have observed EMS implementation in small and medium-sized enterprises hotels (SMEHs). Hence, this study aims to determine the link between institutional influences and mediating effects of top managers' perceived benefits toward EMS implementation by Malaysian SMEHs.Design/methodology/approachThe results of a questionnaire survey of 252 SMEHs managerial-level professionals using Smart-PLS software provide some explanation for the marginal action taken by these SMEHs to improve their environmental performance.FindingsBased on the findings, five variables might stimulate the implementation of an EMS: regulatory influences, customer influences, competitor influences, employee influences and manager attributes influences.Research limitations/implicationsThis study significantly advances understanding of EMS and SMEHs, offering a replicable research framework applicable across industries and countries. Scholars can leverage the framework for further exploration, while managers should recognize institutional influences on EMS implementation.Originality/valueGiven that this study is one of the few that investigates the institutional influences and perceived benefits of EMS implementation, it may provide valuable information for future research on the hospitality industry and the SMEHs among researchers and practitioners.

Evaluation of Environmental Management System for Small and Medium Enterprises in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

A system that manages environmental issues of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from the time of acquisition of raw materials up to disposal of the product is not well clear, especially in Tanzania. Most of the studies have been conducted in the field of environment management but few of them address the evaluation of the management of SMEs activities with respect to the environment. Although the nature of activities of SMEs has little noticeable environmental implications at the individual level but the impact is large due to diversification and labour intensity of these SMEs. SMEs employ about 20% of the total labour force in Tanzania. Thus, the consequences on the environment are therefore very high. In this study both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used to evaluate the awareness on Environmental Management Systems (EMS), the extent of implementation of EMS, tools used in EMS and Factors that hinder effective EMS. Descriptive and Factor analysis have been used as techniques for analyzing data. The study found a low level of awareness, whereby about 59% of respondents were slightly aware, on EMS, tools used for EMS were found to be more reactive tools than proactive tools. Whereas about 60% of SMEs are inappropriately and inadequately implementing elements of EMS according to ISO 14001. The study found critical factors with high influence on hindering the implementation of EMS including inadequate environmental consciousness of top leaders. It is recommended that more efforts should be invested in creating awareness, impacting the knowledge and skills of implementing the EMS as per ISO 14001 requirements at all levels of SMEs.

The Impact of Cost Accounting on the Adoption of Environmental Management Systems in the Tourism Industry

Environmental issues often receive attention in Malaysia in parallel with the rapid development of the tourism industry which has contributed to environmental pollution. In connection with that, various efforts have been made to prevent and reduce the effects of pollution on the environment, including the Environmental Management System (EMS). By implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS), the effects of unwanted pollution on the environment will be reduced. The purpose of this study is to expand the understanding of how cost accounting factors affect the application of EMS among hotels in Malaysia. The sample of this study is based on a questionnaire collected from 56 4 and 5 star hotels in the Central Region of Malaysia including Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. This study uses Semi-Structured Least Squares Equation Modeling and Institutional Theory as supporting theory. The study found that cost savings do affect the use of EMS among hotels in Malaysia. Further analysis shows that different hotel sizes do not affect the adoption of EMS. This study expands knowledge on how cost accounting simultaneously influence the adoption of EMS in a tourism industry in Malaysia. Next, this study also provides new evidence that the size of the hotel does not influence the effect of cost accounting factors on the implementation of EMS.

Evaluation of Occupational Health Safety Management System in Hospitals in Banda Aceh City

The most dominant hospital activity actors at risk of occupational safety accidents (SMK3) are hospital employees such as nurses, cleaning services, patients and visitors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application and factors affecting the implementation of occupational health and environmental safety management systems at dr. Zainal Abidin Regional General Hospital, Meuraxa Hospital and Banda Aceh Mother and Child Hospital. The data collection technique uses a mix method that combines quantitative and qualitative data with sequential explanatory strategies. The legal basis is Permenkes No. 66 of 2016, and the data was analyzed using the Likert scale method points 1-5 through SPSS version 26. The results of research at RSUDZA, RSIA, and RSUDM Banda Aceh show that the application of SMK3 is good to very good. However, there are several inhibiting factors that need to be considered by the hospital in order to improve the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) at RSUDZA, RSIA, and RSUDM Banda Aceh, some improvements can be recommended. First, RSUDZA needs to ensure the stability of K3 field officers and improve the marking of K3 signs. In addition, the unification of the drug room with pharmacy employees must be separated to be more effective. RSIA needs to obtain budget for ceiling repairs so as to block various small dirt falling from roof gaps, avoid splashing rainwater falling through the roof insulators or regulators of heat and cold coming from the roof, roof frame covers to make the space neater and cleaner, sound dampers, both generated by rainwater and other sounds and rearrange the right material placement. RSUDM needs to overcome solid waste piles, improve the marking of K3 rooms, and improve the arrangement of parking areas. In addition, it is important to hire additional security personnel in the ER. All these improvements are expected to improve occupational safety and health conditions in hospitals.

The Role of Environmental Management Systems and Energy Management Systems in the Adoption of Energy Recuperation Technologies in Central European Manufacturing Companies

The diffusion of technologies within an economic system is an intricate process, influenced by a variety of factors, including governmental policies, the characteristics of adopting companies, and the technologies that can be adopted. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the implementation of environmental management systems (EMSs), such as ISO 14001, or energy management systems (EnMSs), such as ISO 50001, and the adoption of energy recuperation technologies (ERTs), which are a subset of energy efficient technologies (EETs). To achieve this, our research leveraged data from the 2018 European Manufacturing Survey, specifically a subsample of 798 companies across five European countries: Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia, and Lithuania. Due to the investigation of relationships and the type of variables used, we employed a two-step ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis. Our analysis uncovered that the current utilization of EMSs and EnMSs within companies is significantly linked to the current use of ERTs. However, upon further examination of the implementation timeline, it became improbable that EMSs or EnMSs have a substantial impact on enhancing the adoption of these technologies in the short term. Moreover, our results show that technological intensity and product complexity does not play a determining role in the adoption of ERTs, but they did show that larger companies tend to invest more in ERTs, which is in line with the findings of previous studies.

Kajian Lingkungan Pembangunan Gedung Bertingkat di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta Special Region is widely known as a student, tourist, and cultural city. These conditions triggered Yogyakarta's development and growth to be very rapid. So environmental problems arise, which, if not immediately addressed, will worsen environmental conditions. The type of research carried out was descriptive-qualitative through observation and interviews. The research results showed that many developments violated legal and environmental rules. The environmental impacts that occur include a reduction in the amount of green open land, a reduction in water catchment areas, sanitation problems, groundwater availability, and river pollution. Disaster risks arising from development include landslides on river borders due to development, flooding, and land shifts. Efforts that need to be implemented to manage and prevent environmental damage include the implementation of environmental and social management systems, the implementation of institutional functions, and efforts to develop community capacity through training and community education. Meanwhile, efforts are being made to reduce disaster risk through physical mitigation, biological mitigation, and the mitigation of social, economic, and cultural impacts.

Croatian hotel managers’ attitudes towards environmental management systems: perceived benefits and barriers

Researchers have pointed out significant adverse environmental impacts of the hotels and suggested environmental management systems (EMS) as a solution for identifying, managing and mitigating those impacts. EMS are adopted by the top management members based on perceived benefits and implementation barriers. The purpose of this study is to explore the attitudes of general managers from Croatian hotels about perceived benefits of and barriers to EMS implementation. Data was collected with online questionnaires from April to June 2021. Sample included 32 general managers, representing hotels from Istria, Kvarner, North, Central and South Dalmatia. Collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Croatian hotel managers perceive improved reputation and sustainable resource governance, followed by cost reductions as the main benefits of EMS. Administrative burden, lack of human resources and lack of knowledge are perceived as the most significant barriers for managers of hotels with implemented EMS, while implementation costs, lack of human resources and infrastructure changes are perceived as considerable barriers by managers from hotels without EMS. The results of this study provide an insight about the perceived benefits and barriers of EMS in Croatian hospitality sector contributing to the field by testing the findings of previous research in different context.

Determination of risks for business entities in the sphere of manufacturing medicines in military conditions in Ukraine

The aim: determination of risks for business entities in the field of production of medicinal products under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine.
 Materials and methods. The research materials are the results of a sociological survey in the form of a questionnaire among representatives of the senior management heads of structural units related to the environmental component of business entities' activities in the pharmaceutical production field. Method of sociological survey was used to collect primary information. A questionnaire was conducted, and respondent’s answers were registered using google-forms. The method of comparative analysis and generalization of statistical data was used to process the results.
 Results. The study identified, analyzed, and assessed risks for business entities in producing medicinal products under martial law in Ukraine. 
 Significant risks of the destruction of infrastructure and the occurrence of man-made disasters have been identified. Thus, 10 % of pharmaceutical enterprises received critical damage, which makes it impossible to operate the enterprise until the destructive consequences are eliminated; another 15 % received some damage, but the company's activities are carried out. More than 75 % of enterprises can fully comply with the current licensing conditions (LC) for producing and selling medicinal products under martial law.
 How critical risks were assessed: supply of raw materials and materials (logistics problems) (60 %); decrease in demand for the company's products (45 %); termination of gas supply (45 %); power outage (40 %); inflation, rising prices of raw materials and energy resources (35 %); termination of communications (35 %); difficulties in purchasing equipment, consumables, devices (30 %); termination of water supply (30 %); lack of competent personnel (30 %).
 In the zone of critical risk at this stage remains the ability and willingness of enterprises to work following the plans of the state environmental policy following the Association Agreement between the EU countries and Ukraine. Respondents admit that the company lacks resources to comply with all requirements (20 %), that environmental aspects of activity are currently irrelevant (25 %), and that there are not enough competent specialists to implement the environmental policy and support the relevant procedures (25 %); that there is not enough informational support from the State (30 %).
 Conclusions. In fact, 30 % of pharmaceutical enterprises are located in regions that are currently included in the List of territories where hostilities are (were) being waged or temporarily occupied. In general, Ukrainian business entities in the field of pharmaceutical production remain in the zone of uncertainty and significant risk of man-made disasters, non-fulfilment of requirements regarding production conditions, technological processes and constant quality control of production, non-fulfilment of environmental safety of production due to the direct threat of destruction of infrastructure and supply chains, due to the threat of termination of reliable supply of electricity, gas, water, resources, as well as due to high migration of qualified personnel.
 Considering the current state of the economy and the environmental consequences of the war, particularly man-made disasters, the implementation of plans to comply with the state environmental policy and the fulfilment of some requirements of the Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine is at risk.
 In the long term, careful scientifically based planning of the rehabilitation program of the pharmaceutical sector is needed, taking into account the risks of pharmaceutical pollution and the adverse impact of the pharmaceutical industry on the natural environment, in particular through the implementation of environmental management systems (EMS) as part of the overall management system of the enterprise to manage environmental aspects; fulfilment of mandatory legal requirements and voluntary obligations following the goals and environmental policy of the enterprise; and to address issues related to risks and opportunities, especially concerning emergency preparedness and emergency response.

Design and implementation of an indoor environment management system using a deep reinforcement learning approach

The Indoor Household Environment (IHE) has caught the attention of industry and academia due to the substantial amount of time that families spend indoors. Domestic air pollution imposes significant burdens on communities, although both indoor and outdoor sources of air pollution contribute to outdoor pollution. This article presents a precise approach for an Intelligent Home Energy Management System (IHEMS) that integrates Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Demand Response (DR) techniques. IHEMS employs Markov decision processes to handle problems and concerns efficiently. A novel approach has been developed to enhance the efficiency of deep reinforcement learning control, utilizing a double deep Q network and a restart strategy during a priority event. Unlike the HEMS technique, which uses a predictive control model, the optimal strategy resulted in a 20% decrease in monthly power consumption.

Benefit analysis of the implementation of Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001:2015 in a tyres industry

Environmental management has an important role in PT. Elang Perdana Tyres Industry (PT. EPTI). The company has been implementing a standard of ISO 14001:2015 to implement its environmental management. Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001:2015 implemented consistently and effectively, provides several benefits that can enhance environmental performance in the company. The objectives of this research are 1) to identify the benefits of the implementation of EMS ISO 14001:2015, and 2) to analyze the relationship between the benefits of the implementation of EMS ISO 14001:2015 and the environmental performance of EMS. Primary data was collected from field observations, interviews with respondents, and questionnaire surveys. Secondary data was obtained from company profile, and organizational structure, as well as documents of ISO 14001:2015. This research explained that the benefits of the implementation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001:2015 are enhancing company reputation, enhancing customer satisfaction, enhancing employee motivation, and reducing production costs. The main benefit for the company, based on the questionnaire result of 100 respondents determined from the Slovin formula, is enhancing the company's reputation (93 respondents). Besides, this research also explains that the implementation of EMS ISO 14001:2015 has a strong relationship with the environmental performance of EMS ISO 14001:2015 (coefficient of regression 0,717). Therefore, the benefits of the implementation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001:2015 are enhancing company reputation, enhancing customer satisfaction, enhancing employee motivation, and decreasing production costs have a strong relationship with environmental performance EMS ISO 14001:2015 in PT. EPTI. Benefit analysis of the implementation of EMS ISO 14001:2015 is needed to inform the company about the importance of benefits that can be obtained for improving the implementation of EMS ISO 14001:2015. The benefits obtained by the company will attract and motivate the company to improve the performance of EMS ISO 14001:2015. Even these benefits will further motivate continuous improvement that has an impact on effective environmental management in reducing negative environmental impacts and supporting sustainable development as a whole.

Increasing front office employee awareness of the environmental management system at four points by Sheraton Bali Kuta

This study aims to determine employee awareness about EMS in the front office department at Four Points by Sheraton Bali Kuta. The research data collection method was done through observation and questionnaires. The sample-style technique in this study used a saturated sampling technique with a total sample of 30 respondents. Data collection used an online questionnaire distributed to respondents using QR barcodes and links. The data from the questionnaire were processed with the help of SPSS 26 for Windows. Data analysis techniques use descriptive statistical analysis to determine the implementation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) in the front office department at Four Points by Sheraton Bali Kuta, and correlation analysis techniques are used to determine the extent of awareness of front office employees at Four Points by Sheraton Bali Kuta regarding the implementation of EMS. The results of the correlation analysis test show that employee awareness of EMS implementation in the front office department at Four Points by Sheraton Bali Kuta has a medium relationship with a correlation coefficient value of 0.585. The front office employees’ awareness of EMS at Four Points by Sheraton Bali Kuta needs to be improved. It is advised that Four Points by Sheraton Bali Kuta offer employee training related to the application of EMS, so they consistently remember the importance of implementing EMS and its impact on hotels and the environment. To make it a habit, you need still make an effort or remind each other. Furthermore, to make the waste processing process easier, it is required to separate organic and non organic trash.

Overview of quality health safety and environmental management systems implementation in Zimbabwe

Overview of quality health safety and environmental management systems implementation in Zimbabwe

Achieving Sustainable Performance in the Hospitality Industry based on Environmental Management, Pro-Environmental Behavior and Green Marketing Mix 7P

Tourism is undeniable can grow the economy of a country. However, if not managed properly, tourism also has negative impacts that must be watched out for. The object of this study was General Managers or Hotel Managers in East Java Province, Indonesia with 228 respondents. This research is important because the tourism sector is an effective sector to increase foreign exchange for the province of East Java. This study aims to develop a relationship model between the Environmental Management System (EMS), Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB), and the Green Marketing Mix 7 P’s (GMM 7P’s) as a mediator to achieve Sustainable Industrial Performance (SIP) with 17 hypotheses. The research uses quantitative methods, data collection through surveys and processing using SmartPLS 3. The results of the study found 14 hypotheses were accepted, while three hypotheses were rejected. The results of the study show that EMS implementation has a significant relationship with economic and social performance but has no relationship with environmental performance. PEB directly has a significant relationship with environmental performance but not with economic and social. GMM has a significant relationship with the three SIP elements. GMM is also a suitable partial mediator for EMS and PEB to achieve SIP.

Interconnected pathways: The role of integrated programs, safety climate, and safety professional engagement in safety and other organizational outcomes

Background: This study evaluated interconnected pathways of the use of safety management systems (SMS), environmental management systems (EMS), Lean, participatory programs, and integrated systems and their effect on safety management and other organizational outcomes from the perspective of safety professionals working within complex work systems. Method: Data were collected from 136 safety professionals. A structural path analysis assessed direct and indirect effects within the model and a confirmatory factor analysis evaluated high impact risk management practices and safety incidents as a model to assess safety management outcomes. Results: SMS implementation had significant direct effects on safety climate and high impact risk management practices. EMS implementation had significant direct effects on environmental management outcomes. Integration of SMS and EMS with Lean had significant direct effects on safety climate and safety professional engagement. Participatory programs had significant direct effects on high impact risk management practices and safety incidents. Safety professional engagement and safety climate had significant mediating effects on safety and organizational outcomes as did the use of high impact risk management practices. Conclusion: Results of this study present a case for the use of high impact risk management practices and safety incidents as a measurement of safety management outcomes and the use of participatory programs, SMS, and integrated systems, driven by highly engaged individuals to influence safety and organizational outcomes.

Environmental Management System (EMS) in Hotel Industry: Government Incentives & Customer Demand.

The tourism industry in Malaysia has been a significant contributor to pollution, necessitating the implementation of environmental management systems (EMS) to address the negative impact of environmental degradation. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of government incentives and customer demand on the adoption of EMS in Malaysian hotels. The research was based on questionnaires collected from 4- and 5-star hotels in the Central Region of Malaysia, and the data were analyzed using Least Square Partial Structural Equation Modeling. Contrary to expectations, the study found that neither government incentives nor customer demand had an impact on EMS adoption. However, the size of the hotel was found to be a significant factor affecting the adoption of EMS. This study contributes to the literature on motivational factors and EMS adoption in emerging markets like Malaysia and highlights the importance of considering the size of the hotel when designing policies to promote EMS adoption.

Risk-Based Approach in the Implementation of Integrated Management Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

The risk-based approach is one of the keys used in the implementation of management systems using requirements from the management standards. If the management systems are implemented separately, the risks are evaluated from only one perspective, but when two or more systems are integrated, the approach must take into account the synergetic effects of the risks due to system integration. The paper aims to highlight the specific risks encountered when implementing management systems in organizations, underlining the risks associated with systems management and integrated management systems. In this work, a synthesis was presented including an analysis of the risks that occurred during the implementation of management systems and those that occurred during their integration, the need and opportunity of risk management, the advantages, and barriers in the approach of risk management in the industrial sector. The review of the literature comprises the assessment of 190 papers, 11 books, and 5 standards. The content of the paper highlights a synthesis of risk-based thinking and the risks that can manifest in the implementation of quality, environmental, and occupational safety and health management systems in industrial organizations, as well as those which can manifest in the implementation of integrated management systems. In addition, the benefits and barriers in risk management and risk management strategies, with an emphasis on the presentation of the Deming approach to risk management, were evidenced. Some recommendations and proposals for future research were made.

Stakeholder Opinions of Implementing Environmental Management Systems in the Construction Sector of the U.S.

Environmental concerns over the effects of construction sector activities necessitate meaningful measures to be taken. Despite worldwide increases in the uptake of environmental management systems (EMS), implementation of EMS across the construction sector of the U.S. remains slow. To date, stakeholder opinions about the uptake of EMS in the construction sector of the U.S. remain unexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the views of U.S. stakeholders towards the benefits and barriers of implementing EMS, and how these compare internationally. Underpinned by a positivism philosophy, an online questionnaire survey was used to collect the views of construction professionals (n = 50). Weighted average analysis scores reveal that the benefits of EMS are seen to improve the public perception and credibility of an organization/company and reduce waste levels and are a tool to improve the environmental standards of the U.S.’s construction sector; in contrast, the barriers of EMS are an absence of sub-contractor cooperation and resistance to change in existing company structure and policy, plus the requirement for additional employee training. The potential impact of this work demonstrates not only the role that the U.S. construction sector can play in advancing environmental and sustainability matters using EMS but also the obstacles that need to be addressed to enable their success. Understanding these benefits and barriers at an organizational level could enable them to devise more effective business strategies/policies, where evidence-based practices could be used to support EMS implementation.

The implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) and environmental management system (EMS) practices and its impact on market competitiveness during COVID-19.

Despite great academic interest in global green supply chain management (GSCM) practices, its effectiveness for environmental management systems (EMS) and market competitiveness during COVID-19 remains untapped. Existing literature suggests that a fundamental link between GSCM, EMS, and market competitiveness is missing, as supply management is critical to maintain market competitiveness. To fill this gap in the literature, this study examines whether environmental management systems influence the link between GSCM practice and market competitiveness in China. We also propose the articulating role of big data analytics and artificial intelligence (BDA-AI) and environmental visibility toward these associations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the proposed model using regression-based structural equation modeling (SEM) with primary data (n = 330). This result provides empirical evidence of the impact of GSCM on EMS and market competitiveness. Moreover, the results show that the BDA-AI and the environmental visibility enhanced the positive relationship between GSCM-EMS and EMS and market competitiveness in China. Recent research shows that supply chain professionals, policymakers, managers, and researchers are turning to formal EMS, BDA-AI, and environmental visibility to help their organizations achieve the competitiveness that the market indicates they need.

Drivers, Challenges and Outcomes of Environmental Management System Implementation in Public Sector Organizations: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence

Our research objectives were to conduct a systematic literature review of the empirical articles on the drivers, challenges and outcomes of environmental management system (EMS) implementation in public sector organizations (PSOs) in the Scopus database, published in English. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we identified, reviewed and analyzed 11 selected articles. We used content analysis to identify important themes and concepts. First, we mapped the selected literature. We then identified four main categories of drivers (environmentally strategic, social/stakeholders, regulatory and organizational efficiency), five categories of challenges (budgetary, human resource, technical, managerial and regulatory) and five categories of outcomes (improvement in environmental management practices, environmental performance, awareness of environmental issues, image and organizational efficiency). Finally, we identified important avenues for future research that should be explored further. This article synthesizes the knowledge on EMS implementation in PSOs and offers new insights. It will help EMS scholars and practitioners develop a broader and more critical understanding of the issues specific to EMS implementation in PSOs.

Expectations of industrial enterprises towards suppliers related to management of quality, environment and occupational health and safety systems

The aim of the article is to present the expectations of industrial enterprises towards suppliers related to quality, envi-ronment, occupational health and safety management systems (QEOH &SMS). The article presents the results of empiri-cal research conducted in 151 companies operating on the Polish B2B market. The study was commissioned to a spe-cialised research agency that conducted a targeted selection of companies registered in the Bisnode database, which is a business directory search platform. The expectations of production companies towards their suppliers regarding the implementation of QEOH&SMS were assigned a rank on a scale from one (the least important criterion) to five (the most significant). The methodological apparatus in this study was set so that it was possible to fulfil the research goal based on empirical data. A questionnaire was used to verify the characteristics of the operational process after the implementation of particular managerial systems. This article examines the relationship between the requirements for suppliers and the implementation of management systems by manufacturing companies. The results of the conducted research indicate that expectations of industrial enterprises towards suppliers related to QEOH&SMS are strongly focused on their development. Research shows that companies that adhere to the requirements of standardised man-agement systems have a greater requirement for suppliers than companies that do not implement QEOH & SM require-ments. In particular, the implementation of quality and environmental management systems by the surveyed organisa-tions translates into increased requirements for suppliers. The article contributes to the existing scientific literature by analysing the impact of the implementation of individual management systems on the expectations towards suppliers. This study shows which of the 18 examined aspects are particularly important for manufacturing companies. Addition-ally, the expectations towards suppliers were classified into four groups (Corrective, Preventive, Improvement, Innova-tion).