Effective Policy Implementation Research Articles

Learning Health System to rapidly improve the implementation of a school physical activity policy

BackgroundLearning Health Systems (LHS) – characterised by cycles of evidence generation and application – are increasingly recognised for their potential to improve public health interventions and optimise health impacts; however there is little evidence of their application in the context of public health practice. Here, we describe how an Australian public health unit applied a LHS approach to successfully improve a model of support for implementation of a school-based physical activity policy.MethodsThis body of work was undertaken in the context of a strong research-practice partnership. Core LHS capabilities included: i) partnerships and stakeholder engagement; ii) workforce development and learning health communities; iii) multi-disciplinary scientific expertise; iv) practice data collection and management system; v) evidence surveillance and synthesis; and vi) governance and organisational processes of decision making. Three cycles of data generation and application were used. Within each cycle, randomised controlled trials conducted in NSW primary schools were used to generate data on the support model’s effectiveness for improving schools’ implementation of a government physical activity policy, its delivery costs, and process measures such as adoption and acceptability. Each type of data were analysed independently, synthesised, and then presented to a multi-disciplinary team of researchers and practitioners, in consult with stakeholders, leading to collaborative decisions for incremental improvements to the support model.ResultsCycle 1 tested the first version of the support model (composed of five implementation strategies targeting identified barriers of policy implementation) and showed the model’s feasibility and efficacy for improving schools’ policy implementation. Data-informed changes were made to enhance impact, including the addition of three implementation strategies to address outstanding barriers. Cycle 2 (now, testing a package of eight implementation strategies) established the model’s effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for improving school's policy implementation. Data-informed changes were made to reduce delivery costs, specifically adapting the costliest strategies to reduce in-person contact from external support personnel. Cycle 3 showed that the adaptations minimised the relative cost of delivery without adversely impacting on the effect.ConclusionsThrough this process, we identified an effective, cost-effective, acceptable and scalable policy implementation support model for service delivery. This provides important information to inform or support LHS approaches for other agencies seeking to optimise the health impact of evidence-based interventions.

Impact of the comprehensive agricultural water use reform policy on food production: Quasinatural experimental evidence from China

In 2014, the Chinese government launched a comprehensive agricultural water use reform policy (CAWURP) for the conservation of agricultural water. Thus, the question as of as to how the implementation of this policy affects food production has arisen. To answer this question, we use Chinese provincial data from 2004 to 2021 and apply the difference-in-differences (DID) method to explore the relationship between the CAWURP and food production. The results show that the CAWURP can significantly improve food production, which means that water conservation and food production growth can be achieved simultaneously. Moreover, the CAWURP can enhance technological innovation and promote large-scale crop cultivation, which is conducive to enhancing food production. Regional division based on the CAWURP, economic development level, and food production area type significantly impacts the effect of the CAWURP. For example, policy reforms have been more effective at increasing food production capacity in the northeastern and eastern regions. However, such policy reforms have been less effective in the more water-poor northwestern region and in the major food-producing regions. Based on these conclusions, this study suggests that the Chinese government should differentially implement the CAWURP by, for example, strengthening the level of policy implementation in Northwest China and adjusting policy implementation projects in not only the major food-producing regions of the country but also Central China to enhance the effectiveness of policy implementation. This study provides a useful reference for other countries aiming to conduct agricultural water reforms and enhance food security.

Female firefighters' experiences of discrimination and harassment: Implications for institutional gender policy

Women in uniformed professions, including firefighters, are at high risk of being victims of institutional discrimination and sexual harassment. The aim is to describe the occupational, social, and psycho-emotional experience of female firefighters in Chile in situations of discrimination and harassment in the organization and formulate guidelines for creating institutional gender policies. Data collection was carried out through three focus groups. Eleven female firefighters participated. The information obtained was analyzed through content analysis, forming four themes. Difficulties were identified in women doing their jobs as firefighters. Simultaneously, the presence of situations of gender discrimination and institutional sexual harassment were identified, which causes emotional exhaustion in female firefighters. Our results highlight the need for effective implementation and dissemination of institutional policies that protect female workers from abusive situations. Guidelines are proposed for the development of such institutional policies.

Progress in Ecosystem Services Research Under the Evolution of Land Use Landscape Patterns

Land use change (LUUC) is the most intuitive reflection of human activities and a key driver causing changes in ecosystem types and landscape pattern evolution [162]. Changes in land use patterns, structure, composition, intensity, and spatial patterns due to natural and anthropogenic factors affect ecosystem processes such as species movement, soil erosion, and patterns of biodiversity distribution, which in turn affect a wide range of ecosystem services, such as food provisioning, flood storage, soil retention, and soil and water conservation, and ultimately affect human well-being. Most studies have shown that changes in land use landscape patterns affect ecosystem services through multiple pathways, including changes in biodiversity, ecosystem processes and habitats. Land use change and ecosystem services have a reciprocal relationship, and the evolution of land use landscape pattern will directly affect or change the structure and function of ecosystems, which ultimately affects ecosystem services, while the results of the ecosystem services assessment can also provide a scientific basis for the formulation of relevant policies. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the evolution of land-use landscape patterns and the response of ecosystem services can not only clearly reveal the process of land-use landscape evolution, but also more accurately assess the function of ecosystem services, which can promote the scientific formulation and effective implementation of relevant planning and protection policies.

Cameroon and its 21st Century Challenges towards Achieving Sustainable Development: Appraisals and Proposals

Purpose: This study presents an appraisal of some of the dynamics which Cameroon continues to face in the 21st Century in its quest to achieve sustainable. Using various indicia, the study identifies and proffers explanation why the country continues to face surmountable challenges in its pursuit towards achieving sustainable development. To attain this objective, a broad review of published literature was employed using various journal articles, textbooks, internet sources, etc. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative research methodology in the interpretation of data. These data are both primary and secondary derived from laws, text books, journal articles, reports, working papers and other internet sources. This study adopts an analytical approach in the interpretation of the available data. Findings: The study observes that irrespective of existence of deterrent penal laws, policy formulations from international organization and support from foreign donor institutions, the country is not yet on the path towards sustainably sound environmental practices. Cameroon is engulf in a number of challenges both internal and external, which has accounted for continuous impoverishment of its population, social progress and economic advancement of the country generally. The Study employs the post-colonial and dependency theories of development to justify some of the key findings. The internal challenges revealed in the study ranges from the continuous prevalence of poverty and hunger, corruption and misappropriation, lack of judicial independence, the prevalence of conflicts, environmental degradation and poor enforcement measures. Similarly, this study also found the underlying external challenges to include the Structural Adjustment Programmes, the influence of Foreign Financial Institutions, and neo-colonialism. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study therefore concludes that strengthening enforcement measures, effective implementation of poverty alleviation policies, fight against corruption and misappropriation, and citizen participation can positive contribute to sustainable development in the Cameroon.

Application of Hedonic Pricing Model and Geographic Information System on Property Valuation in Yogyakarta

This study aims to: 1) identify the differences in housing choices between Generation Z (students) and the previous generation (parents or guardians); 2) determine the factors influencing housing purchase decisions; and 3) map the areas of interest for Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) students based on price. The research employs a combination of the Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) and Geographic Information System (GIS), a method that remains limited in the field of property research. The findings reveal that significant factors affecting property prices are building area and location, with the majority of UGM students choosing to reside in Ngaglik District, Sleman Regency. Sleman Regency is also the predominant area where UGM students purchase housing in Yogyakarta. Key attributes influencing UGM students' housing decisions include a safe neighbourhood, residential environment, and distance from waste centers. This research contributes valuable information to property appraisers regarding property price distribution in Yogyakarta and its influencing factors, and provides crucial insights for effective decision-making and policy implementation in regional economic development planning, especially in less popular areas.

Clear in advance to whom? Exploring ‘transparency’ of assessment practices in UK higher education institution assessment policy

ABSTRACT This study examines transparency in assessment practices within UK higher education institutions (HEIs), addressing a gap in how transparency is framed within policy documents. Employing content analysis on policy documents from 151 HEIs, we explore the multifaceted nature of transparency through techno-rational approaches, socio-cultural practices, and socio-material enactments to offer a nuanced understanding of transparency conceptualization and its intended audience. Findings indicate a predominant focus on techno-rational approaches – emphasizing clear documentation and information dissemination – while often overlooking the socio-cultural and socio-material dimensions crucial for thorough understanding and stakeholder engagement. We propose a nuanced framework integrating these three approaches, urging a shift beyond mere information disclosure to active stakeholder engagement with assessment criteria through dialogue and interaction. This research contributes to the discourse on transparency in assessment by offering theoretical and practical insights. Theoretically, it advances our understanding of transparency as a dynamic and contextually situated practice, challenging static conceptualizations. Practically, it provides a robust basis for refining assessment policies and practices, emphasizing clarity, comprehensibility, and inclusivity. By recognizing the diverse needs of stakeholders – students, educators, and assessors – the study advocates for policy enhancements that promote a deeper, actionable understanding of assessment practices. The findings lay the groundwork for future research on the conceptualization and impact of transparency in higher education, guiding more effective policy development and implementation. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive, well-articulated policies in fostering a shared understanding of transparent assessment practices within HEIs.

Institutional pressure and low carbon innovation policy: the role of EMS, environmental interpretations and governance heterogeneity

As the global community deals with the urgent need for sustainable development, the formulation and implementation of effective low carbon innovation policies have emerged as a critical challenge. However, the extant literature is unclear in examining low carbon innovation policy. Underpinned by institutional theory, the current study addresses the role of institutional pressure in the development of low carbon innovation policies. Additionally, the study examines the role of environmental management systems as a mediation and environmental interpretations and governance heterogeneity as moderators. Methodologically, the data were collected from the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The findings suggest that institutional pressure greatly influences low carbon innovation policies. Furthermore, the findings from environmental management systems strongly suggest that they significantly encourage institutional pressure on low carbon innovation. Additionally, the roles of environmental interpretations and governance heterogeneity have a significant effect on the relationship. We use a non-profitability sampling technique. In October 2023, a total of 432 questionnaires were disseminated to manufacturing firms, yielding 299 valid responses for Time-1 and Time-2, respectively.

IM-based seismic reliability assessment of the pre-code masonry building stock in metropolitan area of Lisbon

Earthquakes have a long history of causing catastrophic damage to communities, resulting in structural collapses, loss of life, and economic turmoil. To enable informed decision-making and reduce the impact of these events in earthquake-prone regions, seismic risk studies provide relevant information to support stakeholders in the implementation of effective risk-based policies. The present work addresses the seismic reliability of the pre-code masonry building stock in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon, which is the region of Portugal that faces the highest seismic risk due to the coexistence of moderate to high seismic hazard and highest demographic-economic exposure. The adopted general framework combines several hazard studies developed for the region under investigation and a synthetic database of masonry buildings representative of the pre-code building stock in Lisbon. Through analytical–numerical probabilistic approaches, new second-order hazard solutions with structural dependency are derived for the mean annual frequency of limit-state exceedance, which can be integrated into national application documents for Eurocode 8. In light of these results, the reliability assessment of the building stock is conducted in several Local Administrative Units by means of an improved SAC/FEMA formulation. The study represents the first comprehensive investigation of its kind in this region, providing essential information to define appropriate target safety level for code calibration and support future risk studies.

Promoting sustainability in the solar industry: bibliometric and systematic analysis of alternatives for the end-of-life of photovoltaic modules

This study conducted bibliometric and systematic analyses of the literature to map the application of life cycle assessment studies on photovoltaic panels, focusing on end-of-life alternatives. Seventy-six articles addressing management strategies, treatment, recycling, and utilization of the panels were examined. The results revealed a significant increase in the number of publications over time, particularly in high-impact journals. Sixteen end-of-life alternatives for the panels were identified, including recycling practices, material recovery, and landfills. All alternatives were analyzed regarding environmental, social, and economic impacts. Understanding the impacts of different end-of-life methods for solar panels is key in supporting government management and the implementation of effective policies and regulations. Additionally, it is necessary to consider the environmental and social effects, as well as ensure the protection of workers involved in related activities and prevent soil, water, and air contamination caused by different types of alternatives, such as dissolution and incineration. To enhance the recycling and recovery of elements from solar panels, scientific advancements and improvements in industrial infrastructure are necessary along with the implementation of a regional logistics approach that minimizes emissions resulting from transportation. The bibliometric analysis indicates that 65% of the studies were published within the last 3 years, and one quarter of the trending keywords of this period is “recycling”. This is particularly relevant to show a major area for research in the solar industry. By means of the systematic analysis, this study compiles and synthetizes the most recent and relevant alternatives for managing end-of-life photovoltaic panels. The comprehensive overview of the impacts associated with these alternatives contributes to the literature and practice of sustainability in the energy sector, providing support for informed decisions directed towards implementation.

Creating a Responsive Society for Effective Implementation of Inclusive Education: The Case for the Adoption of the Socioecological Model

Inclusive education increases human capital such as knowledge, skills, social interactions, and health, which enhance individuals’ chances for higher earnings, social mobility, and sustainable growth within communities and countries. For inclusive education to be successful, a written plan or an individualized education plan has been advocated for. The concept of this plan defines special education programs, accommodations, and services that a school board will provide for students or the practice of helping students meet their educational goals through educational programs that modify certain course requirements to be either above or below age-appropriate, grade-level expectations, and the provision of alternative course or class expectations that help students acquire knowledge and skills that are not part of the curriculum. Therefore, using this plan, the proponents of inclusive education advocate for the inclusion of individuals living with physical and mental impairments, such as sensory or mobility limitations, intellectual disabilities, language disorders, and behavior disorders, to promote education access to marginalized groups in society. On the other hand, the opponents of inclusion education argue that the concept of a written plan, or an individualized education plan, seems ineffective and paradoxical to the general government’s policy on an inclusive classroom. A review of existing literature on inclusive education shows that the inconsistencies in both the concept and implementation of inclusive education are the outcomes of the dichotomy between an unresponsive society, which encourages a stagnant or ill-prepared system, and a rapidly evolving political correctness environment. As a way forward, we recommend the adoption of a social-ecological model for creating a responsive society for the effective development and implementation of inclusive education policies based on the findings of our consolidated literature review. Received: 19 May 2024 / Accepted: 27 June 2024 / Published: 8 July 2024

A comprehensive city-level final energy consumption dataset including renewable energy for China, 2005–2021

The role of China is increasingly pivotal in climate change mitigation, and the formulation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies requires city-level information. The effectiveness of national policy implementation is contingent upon the support and involvement of local governments. Accurate data on final energy consumption is vital to formulate and implement city-level energy transitions and energy conservation and emission reduction policies. However, there is a dearth of data sources pertaining to China’s city-level final energy consumption. To address these gaps, we developed computational modeling techniques along with top-down and downscaling methods to estimate China’s city-level final energy consumption. In this way, we compiled a final energy consumption inventory for 331 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2021, covering seven economic sectors, 30 fossil fuels, and four clean power sources. Moreover, we discussed the validity of the estimation results from multiple perspectives to enhance estimation accuracy. This dataset can be utilized for analysis in various cutting-edge research fields such as energy transition dynamics, transition risk management strategies, and policy formulation processes.

GREEN GOVERNANCE: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INTO PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING

<em>This study delves into the multifaceted domain of Green Governance, aimed at integrating environmental policies into public decision-making processes. Grounded in qualitative research methods utilizing secondary data, the investigation unfolds key insights derived from various thematic domains. The exploration begins by uncovering the foundational elements crucial to Green Governance, unveiling key components and imperatives for effective environmental policy implementation. Stakeholder perspectives emerge as pivotal, shaping policy realities and influencing the trajectory of environmental initiatives. The study navigates through theoretical perspectives, shedding light on the intricacies of policy integration into public decision-making, drawing from diverse lenses such as the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Institutional Theory. Additionally, the research meticulously explores various governance models, dissecting collaborative and network-based approaches and elucidating their distinguishing features and comparative advantages in integrating environmental policies. Findings underscore the significance of collaboration, adaptive structures, stakeholder engagement, and inclusive decision-making in crafting effective green governance frameworks. Ultimately, this research culminates in a comprehensive understanding of Green Governance, providing insights vital for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders.</em>

Topical dynamics of terrorism from a global perspective and a call for action on global risk

Research on terrorism is a sensitive and critical aspect globally from a security perspective that calls for an action policy. Since 9/11, terrorism has been considered a high risk or a disaster for global governance without geographical exceptions. Its association with political and economic and the severity of causalities it causes leaves a worrisome and long-lasting impact on global cohesion and peacefulness, just like a natural disaster would. This study unveils the political and policy measures, public expenditures, and likely external intervention determinants and their association with terrorism in the panel data of 151 countries from 2012 to 2022. The statistics of SGMM say that political stability is the most impactful and significant factor in reducing terrorism globally. External intervention from political agencies and economic forces is the second-most influential factor in mitigating terrorism incidents. The study further observes that the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures and policy implementation has proven less impactful in mitigating terrorism. The innovative findings of this study state that government expenditures toward basic facilities are impactful in deterring terrorism but do not have a significant role in global analysis. The study recommends that the EU and America should collaborate and work on Asian and African regional security, rather than invade state security and sovereignty as part of their collective measures of counter-terrorism. A collaborative effort helps eradicate external evil forces or groups and sustain the state and global peace.

The synergistic impact of incentive and regulatory environmental policies on firms’ environmental performance

The imperative to enhance corporate environmental performance is not only pivotal for a company’s growth but also crucial for fulfilling societal responsibilities and protecting global environmental interests. Recognizing the inadequacies of standalone environmental policies, our study delves into the synergistic effects of incentive-based and regulatory approaches on the environmental performance of listed firms in China. We meticulously examine the interplay between environmental punishment and subsidies over the period of 2015–2019. Our analysis reveals that a strategic combination of punishment and subsidies can substantially improve firms' environmental performance. This effect intensifies with the increasing amounts of fines and subsidies. Additionally, we explore the dynamic effects of policy implementation. Our results indicate that subsidies implemented either a year before or after the imposition of punishment might diminish the effectiveness of standalone environmental penalty policies. Furthermore, our findings suggest that diverse regulatory policies enhance firm environmental performance by promoting investments in environmental protection and fostering green innovation. This discovery highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of policy mixes and their implications for corporate environmental strategies.

Attributes Influencing Willingness to Pay for Overweight and Obesity Interventions in Adults: A Systematic Literature Review.

This review aims to identify the associated attributes of willingness to pay (WTP) for overweight and obesity interventions.A narrative review was conducted by partially adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline.A non-exhaustive search using a pre-defined strategy and keywords was done on three selected literature databases: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria for the review were original studies written in English, published between 2000 and 2022, and focused on WTP for overweight and obesity interventions in adults. The extracted studies were manually screened for their eligibility through three cascading tiers: the title, the abstract, and the full article. Only nine original studies were eligible for review based on the screening procedure of 40 screened articles. There was heterogeneity in the study designs, methods, target populations, study duration, and perspectives across the studies. The majority of the studies showed that higher WTP was associated with younger age, having higher income, being female, having higher body mass index (BMI), having the perception of being overweight, habits, and attitudes. WTP is also attributed to the associated percentage of weight loss, long-term health risk reduction, time to noticeable weight loss, delivery mode, side effects, lifestyle modification, and costs of interventions.The identification of common attributes of the WTP for overweight and obesity intervention can assist in the formulation and implementation of effective evidence-based policies. Specific sub-groups with low WTP could be targeted via unique initiatives to improve their participation in weight-loss interventions.

건강도시 기본 조례 제정 및 운영이 성인의 건강 생활실천에 미친 영향

The World Health Organization’s “Healthy Cities” initiative seeks to enhance community well-being by improving urban environments and promoting healthy lifestyles such as smoking cessation, moderate alcohol consumption, and increased physical activity. These efforts aim to reduce chronic diseases and manage obesity. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives often lacks quantitative evaluation, especially regarding the impact on the health lifestyle practices of adults in the community. This study evaluates the impact of the Healthy City Ordinance on local adult health behaviors in 214 Korean municipalities by analyzing data on smoking cessation, alcohol consumption, and walking practice from 2008 to 2020, using ecological analysis. This study assesses the impact of Korea’s Healthy Cities Basic Ordinance on adult healthy lifestyle practices using ecological analyses from 2008 to 2022, finding a significant reduction in smoking and high-risk drinking rates, but no significant change in walking rates, suggesting that while the ordinance positively influences some health behaviors, its effects are not uniformly distributed across all health behavior areas. This study highlights the importance of healthy city ordinances in public health by providing evidence that supports the development of sustainable health promotion strategies, emphasizing the role of ordinances in policy-making, and offering insights that aid in the effective design and implementation of health policies, potentially guiding future research and strategic approaches in the field.

РОЛЬ І МІСЦЕ ДІЗНАВАЧА У ЗАГАЛЬНОСОЦІАЛЬНОМУ ЗАПОБІГАННІ КРИМІНАЛЬНИМ ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯМ

The article defines the role and place of the inquirer in the general social prevention of criminal offenses. It has been proven that the general social directions of preventing criminal offenses by the inquirer consist in the implementation by the official of the inquiry unit of the activity defined at the regulatory and legal level, which, with the use of procedural and non-procedural measures of influence, is aimed at increasing the level of effectiveness of the implementation of criminological security measures by identifying, neutralizing, blocking, eliminating causes and conditions of illegal activity, carrying out an educational influence on the offender with the further creation of prerequisites for the implementation of special criminological and individual preventive measures. The system-forming features that make up the content of this concept include the following: 1) it is the activity of inquirers, which is defined at the regulatory and legal level; 2) this activity is aimed at neutralizing, blocking, eliminating, etc. determinants that contribute to the commission of criminal offenses; 3) general social prevention of criminal offenses carried out by inquiry bodies, aimed, among other things, at increasing the level of effectiveness of state social policy implementation. Within the framework of general social directions of prevention, with the aim of consolidating the preventive function in the criminal process, part 1 of Art. 91 of the Criminal and Procedural Code of Ukraine should be supplemented with the following clause: «8) reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission of criminal offenses», as well as new articles: Art. 92-1 «Circumstances to be established when proving the causes of a criminal offense», Art. 92-2 «Submission of the inquirer, investigator, prosecutor in criminal proceedings». Key words: inquiry, inquirer, criminal offense, criminological security, determinants (causes and conditions), prevention, general social level.

An Analysis of Thailand’s Social Policies and its Integration with SDG1 “No Poverty” to Achieve Social Inclusion

From a historical standpoint, this study examines the concept of poverty in Thailand. The researcher employed the content analysis of eleven effective articles for the study. Thailand’s employability, economy, and poverty have improved during the last three decades because of the introduction of democratic and social security. Innovative poverty-eradication programmes such as conditional cash transfers and noncontributory pensions for the elderly and poor have been included in social protection measures. The social protection system has reduced poverty and begun the process of social inclusion. Thailand’s social policies have not only decreased poverty and fostered social inclusion but also entailed Sustainable Development Goal 1 of poverty eradication in the global scenario. The current study details these achievements, and it appears that Thailand has increased its efforts towards inclusive development and poverty eradication through effective social policy design and implementation.

Implementation Of Policies To Manage The Impact Of Biological Agency Hazards On National Defense

At the outset of 2020, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak originated in Wuhan, China, rapidly escalating into a global pandemic, reaching Indonesia. The ensuing confusion and panic prompted the Ministry of Defense to enact Policy Number 15 of 2015, addressing the mitigation of dangerous biological agent impacts on national defense. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this research examines factors influencing the implementation of this policy. The theoretical framework by MS Grindle, encompassing Policy Content and Policy Context Aspects, serves as a basis for analysis. Findings reveal suboptimal factors affecting policy implementation. Recommendations for improvement span both aspects. Regarding Policy Content, the study advocates for enhanced synchronization and coordination among pertinent Ministries/Government Agencies. It proposes the establishment of a National Coordinating Agency for Disease Outbreak Management (BNPWP) to spearhead prevention efforts. Additionally, the creation of guidelines for outbreak prevention and control due to biological threats is suggested. In terms of Policy Context, the research underscores the need for consistency with regulations and recommends prioritized strategies for effective threat prevention programs. Collaborative agreements through Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with relevant agencies are also encouraged. Stakeholders, including leaders from Ministries, TNI, Polri, and Regional Leaders, should actively participate in policymaking to avert confusion and overlaps. In conclusion, optimizing policies necessitates improved coordination, the establishment of a dedicated coordinating agency, and the development of comprehensive guidelines. Consistency with regulations, strategic prioritization, and stakeholder involvement are imperative for the effective implementation of policies safeguarding national defense against biological threats.