Implementation Of Current Policy Research Articles

Forecasting Motor Vehicle Ownership and Energy Demand Considering Electric Vehicle Penetration

Given the increasing environmental concerns and energy consumption, the transformation of the new energy vehicle industry is a key link in the innovation of the energy structure. The shift from traditional fossil fuels to clean energy encompasses various dimensions such as technological innovation, policy support, infrastructure development, and changes in consumer preferences. Predicting the future ownership of electric vehicles (EVs) and then estimating the energy demand for transportation is a pressing issue in the field of new energy. This study starts from dimensions such as cost, technology, environment, and consumer preferences, deeply explores the influencing factors on the ownership of EVs, analyzes the mechanisms of various factors on the development of EVs, establishes a predictive model for the ownership of motor vehicles considering the penetration of electric vehicles based on system dynamics, and then simulates the future annual trends in EV and conventional vehicle (CV) ownership under different scenarios based on the intensity of government funding. Using energy consumption formulas under different power modes, this study quantifies the electrification energy demand for transportation flows as fleet structure changes. The results indicate that under current policy implementation, the domestic ownership of EVs and CVs is projected to grow to 172.437 million and 433.362 million, respectively, by 2035, with the proportion of EV ownership in vehicles and energy consumption per thousand vehicles at 28.46% and 566,781 J·km−1, respectively. By increasing the technical and environmental factors by 40% and extending the preferential policies for purchasing new energy vehicles, domestic EV ownership is expected to increase to 201.276 million by 2035. This study provides data support for the government to formulate promotional policies and can also offer data support for the development of basic charging infrastructure.

State-level regulation of disinfection byproducts in the United States

ABSTRACT Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), residual compounds formed from the chemical disinfection of drinking water, can cause a host of damaging public health and environmental impacts. This study evaluates the landscape of regulations designed to reduce the occurrence and/or impact of DBPs, focusing on regulations issued by the US states. Drawing on a systematic search of state administrative codes and agency websites, we first identify the presence, absence, and layering of DBP-related regulations. We then evaluate the number and types of policy tools – the specific approaches required by each regulation, such as monitoring requirements, economic incentives, and required treatment technologies – to identify how DBPs are being managed and how states cluster with relatively more and less robust regulatory frameworks. Finally, we evaluate the relationship between the regulatory approach and the frequency of drinking water quality violations for DBP compounds. While most states have at least one DBP-specific regulation, these vary substantially in their comprehensiveness. The most-used policy tools (monitoring, compliance schedules, and reporting) directly reflect federal regulations; few states have adopted innovative tools such as collaboration or financial incentives. We observe no relationship between regulatory efforts and water quality violations, suggesting that current policy implementation may not adequately address the complex risk of DBPs.

“Just as expensive as sending him to college:” barriers and perceptions of treatment in justice-involved youth

BackgroundJustice-involved youth have higher rates of substance use disorders (SUDs) than the general population. Many do not connect with or complete treatment, leading to recidivism. This qualitative study explores perceptions and barriers to treatment in this population.ResultsJustice-involved youth participating in a larger study focused on access to SUD treatment were interviewed about available treatment and justice system involvement. Twenty-one dyads (youth and a guardian) and 3 individual guardians (total N = 45) were interviewed by phone. Inclusion criteria were youth aged 14–17 involved in the justice system that screened positive for SUD. Youth sample was 43% male. Thematic analysis guided the process. The study was Indiana University Institutional Review Board approved (#1802346939).Data was interpreted within the ecological system theory. Youth barriers included willingness to engage in treatment, time constraints/scheduling conflicts, and low perceived usefulness of treatment. Major guardian themes included high cost of treatment, lack of communication by the justice system about treatment, youth unwillingness or disinterest to engage in treatment, and limited program availability.ConclusionsThe barriers to treatment for justice-involved youth are multifaceted and occur across the spectrum of levels of the ecological system, which include parents, peers, social systems, and cultural elements. Many youth and guardians suggested improvements for their interactions with the juvenile justice system. Further examination is needed of current policy implementation to address these concerns.

Unmasking air quality: A novel image-based approach to align public perception with pollution levels

In the quest to reconcile public perception of air pollution with scientific measurements, our study introduced a pioneering method involving a gradient boost-regression tree model integrating PM2.5 concentration, visibility, and image-based data. Traditional stationary monitoring often falls short of accurately capturing public air quality perceptions, prompting the need for alternative strategies. Leveraging an extensive dataset of over 20,000 public visibility perception evaluations and over 8,000 stationary images, our models effectively quantify diverse air quality perceptions. The predictive prowess of our models was validated by strong performance metrics for perceived visibility (R = 0.98, RMSE = 0.19), all-day PM2.5 concentrations (R: 0.77–0.78, RMSE: 8.31–9.40), and Central Weather Bureau visibility records (R = 0.82, RMSE = 9.00). Interestingly, image contrast and light intensity hold greater importance than scenery clarity in the visibility perception model. However, clarity is prioritized in PM2.5 and Central Weather Bureau models. Our research also unveiled spatial limitations in stationary monitoring and outlined the variations in predictive image features between near and far stations. Crucially, all models benefit from the characterization of atmospheric light sources through defogging techniques. The image-based insights highlight the disparity between public perception of air pollution and current policy implementation. In other words, policymakers should shift from solely emphasizing the reduction of PM2.5 levels to also incorporating the public's perception of visibility into their strategies. Our findings have broad implications for air quality evaluation, image mining in specific areas, and formulating air quality management strategies that account for public perception.

Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: An overview

Malaysia is heavily dependent on landfilling as a method of waste disposal, and as a result, severe space constraints, health issues, and environmental issues will eventually affect the country. This essay aims to give a general overview of solid waste recycling in Malaysia at the level that affects a community or country the most, the family. In Malaysia, households are the main producers of municipal solid waste, with recyclable materials making up between 70 and 80 percent of the total waste found in landfills. To improve solid waste management from a recycling perspective, it is important to consider Malaysia's current household solid waste recycling policy and program status. Wastes are still dumped in open areas of land without any attempt at recovery or recycling, despite the high potential and opportunities for doing so. Malaysia's rate of 5% illustrates the rarity of this practice when compared to recycling rates in neighboring nations. The government is committed to greatly enhancing solid waste management services for all citizens, particularly waste minimization. Since wastes, separation, and recycling make up a sizable portion of the major changes in the current policy implementation, it is a good thing that the emphasis on recycling as a sustainable waste management strategy has undergone a paradigm shift. The question of whether the 2020 goals can be met is still up in the air, but there is a chance for a successful implementation of sustainable solid waste management. These issues and challenges in recycling practice were highlighted in this context.

Grassland Ecological Compensation, Income Level and Policy Satisfaction: An Empirical Analysis Based on a Survey of Herders in Ecological Protection Redline Areas

In the past 10 years, the implementation of grassland ecological compensation policy has played an important role in the sustainable development of the pastoral economy. How much impact on herders will delineating the ecological conservation redline have? Such delineation is significant for the smooth implementation of the ecological conservation redline. Based on this, taking the three banner counties with a large area under the control area of the ecological redline of the Xilin Gol as examples, OLS and quantile regression were used to analyze the impact of a grassland ecological compensation policy on herdsmen’s income level, and the ordered Probit model was used to analyze the influencing factors of herdsmen’s satisfaction with the policy. The results show that: (1) grassland ecological compensation has a significant positive impact on low-income herders in ecological protection redline areas; (2) grassland ecological compensation, income and the implementation of current policy have a positive impact on the satisfaction of herders in the redline area; (3) herdsmen are highly satisfied with the grassland ecological compensation policy, but there is still a lot of room for improvement in the compensation policy after the redline is delineated. In this regard, we should increase compensation for areas with a high proportion of ecological conservation redlines, and explore ways to increase income from animal husbandry products. At the same time, we should strengthen the publicity of ecological protection redline policies and promote the timely disbursement of funds, reconstruct the grassland ecological compensation mechanism by strengthening policy incentives and hardening regulatory constraints, and effectively improve the policy efficiency of ecological protection redlines.

Opportunities for Policy Implementation and Advocacy

Physical activity (PA) policies have the potential to ensure adequate opportunities for children to develop PA behaviors for a lifetime. Examples include mandating that schools provide recess and physical education for a specified amount of time per week; ensuring that physical education teachers are licensed; providing activity breaks in academic classrooms; and mandating the implementation of policies at federal, state, and local levels. Collectively, these policies help to promote and support Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAP). However, there is little guidance on how PA policies can be implemented at the school and district level, limiting their impact on promoting student behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of research conducted on CSPAP policy development, adoption, and implementation and how best to support local implementation efforts in schools to increase PA and its impact on children’s health. We provide pragmatic recommendations for how school and district leadership can use implementation science principles to assess current policy implementation and advocate for more comprehensive PA policies which support systems change.

Developing a Study Protocol for Analyzing Policies to Promote Physical Activity Among Urban Middle-Aged People: A Case of a Metropolitan City in Iran

Background: The level of physical activity (PA) among middle-aged Iranians is less than optimal. This study will be carried out to analyze and recommend policy options to promote PA among urban middle-aged adults in Tabriz, one of the metropolitan cities in Iran. Methods: This multi-method policy analysis study will include the following four phases: First, a qualitative content analysis to explore the reasons for lack of PA. Second, a comparative study of successful PA programs and policies in Iran and other similar developing countries. Third, a qualitative thematic analysis based on the policy triangle to analyses PA promotion policies using the key informants’ views. Fourth, analysis and prioritizing the policy options suggested by a panel of experts using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques. Conclusions: Prospective policy analysis promises the systematic process of selecting potentially effective policy options to promote PA in metropolitan settings of developing countries. The results of this study will provide a comprehensive vision of the most appropriate policy options based on the criteria of acceptability, effectiveness, and feasibility for addressing PA at the local and national levels. Considerations on the challenges of PA policymaking cycle and the barriers to the implementation of current policies in the Iranian context will also be identified.

EVALUATION OF THE ZONATION SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW STUDENT ACCEPTANCE

The policy for admitting new students with this zoning system is based on the proximity of the student's residence to the school, so that indicators of student capacity and the quantity of students in the zoning area are the most important. This study aims to determine the extent of the success of the implementation of the new student admission policy by analyzing the factors that influence the success of this policy. This research uses mixed methods, this research is a qualitative research supported by quantitative research. The research stage begins with the identification of issues / problems and mapping the problems from the mass / online media, the results of existing studies and the results of monitoring and evaluation and studies conducted by the Ministry of Education and Culture, after which it is continued with a survey. The researcher then conducted a discussion which resulted in policy options and recommendations and standard operating procedures in policy implementation for the socialization stage by taking into account the communication factor, the policy formulation stage by taking into account the commitment factor, and the policy implementation stage with due regard to resource factors and organizational structure factors. In addition, this study also identifies current policy implementation models and proposes recommendations that should be implemented.

TRANSFORMATION TO SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT URBAN FUTURES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Abstract. The fast pace of urbanisation in Southeast Asia has undermined the sustainability of the social, economic and environmental infrastructure of many cities across the region. Urban resilience in Southeast Asian cities is being further impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. While cities and national governments across the region have developed policies, strategies and programs to re-orient their cities towards more sustainable and resilient development pathways, many cities continue to struggle with the uncontrolled nature of urban development and compounding impacts of crisis events. This article provides an overview of major trends and challenges with urbanisation in Southeast Asia, focusing in particular on Cambodia and Vietnam, as well as the regional, national and sub-national policies and strategies established to address these trends and challenges. Given the current policy implementation gaps and ongoing challenges of urbanisation in Cambodia and Vietnam, the article makes the case for trans-disciplinary research to understand the potential for strengthening urban governance capacities for urban sustainability transformations.

Taking stock of national climate policies to evaluate implementation of the Paris Agreement

Many countries have implemented national climate policies to accomplish pledged Nationally Determined Contributions and to contribute to the temperature objectives of the Paris Agreement on climate change. In 2023, the global stocktake will assess the combined effort of countries. Here, based on a public policy database and a multi-model scenario analysis, we show that implementation of current policies leaves a median emission gap of 22.4 to 28.2 GtCO2eq by 2030 with the optimal pathways to implement the well below 2 °C and 1.5 °C Paris goals. If Nationally Determined Contributions would be fully implemented, this gap would be reduced by a third. Interestingly, the countries evaluated were found to not achieve their pledged contributions with implemented policies (implementation gap), or to have an ambition gap with optimal pathways towards well below 2 °C. This shows that all countries would need to accelerate the implementation of policies for renewable technologies, while efficiency improvements are especially important in emerging countries and fossil-fuel-dependent countries.

UNESCO and UNICEF’s Human Rights-Based Approach towards EFA goals, Economically Wise or Irrational: Policy Analysis from Economic Perspective

ABSTRACT An analysis is given of UNESCO and UNICEF’s current thinking and practice in the education sector, especially on a human rights-based approach. Economically irrational policy implementation can be a result of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of resource allocation; therefore, policy assessment is necessary. Moreover, the deadline for EFA goals is approaching and it seems that EFA goals will not be met under current policy implementation by 2015. This paper bases its analysis on economic theory and offers policy implications and suggestions through a thought experiment and empirical case studies. An analysis is conducted in two levels, general perspective on education and specific aid projects/programmes. Analysing policies from economic perspective gives a new impression and dimension towards UNESCO and UNICEF. This paper argues that a human rights-based approach is economically rational and sustainable. Identifying rights-holders and duty-bearers cannot only induce demand and supply for education but also theoretically make individuals’ demand for education to be more inelastic to the prices or costs of education. However, in terms of effectiveness of project/programme investment, adjustments are required in the process of project/programme implementation. As a result, there is an ambiguous tension between theoretical and practical issues. Policy implications and suggestions are made accordingly. Keywords: Policy analysis, Human rights-based approach, Multilateral donor agencies

ВОЕННЫЙ КОМПОНЕНТ ПОЛИТИКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В «СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОМ ТРЕУГОЛЬНИКЕ» РОССИЯ – КИТАЙ – США: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the "strategic triangle" Russia-China-USA occupies an important place in the implementation of Russian aspirations in various regions of the world. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of the military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the Russia-China- US strategic triangle on the implementation of current Russian policy in the post-Soviet space, in the Asia-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, in the Arctic, the Middle East and other regions of the world. The paper examines the influence of the military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the Russia- China-USA “strategic triangle”, proposes an approach to a comparative assessment of this influence, which allows identifying the priorities of Russian policy in the post-Soviet space, in the Asia-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, in the Arctic, on The Middle East and other regions of the world. A comparative assessment of the influence of the military component of the Russian Federation's policy in the Russia-China-USA “strategic triangle” can be used to substantiate recommendations to the military-political leadership of our country. The article concludes that the military component of Russian policy occupies a dominant position in the implementation of the current policy of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet space, in the Asia- Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, in the Arctic, the Middle East and in other regions of the world.

The evolution and involution of service provision: Interactional understanding of the welfare of urban youth with disabilities in China

China has the largest population of people with disabilities in the developing world. These people are identified as a vulnerable group, and as such, they have attracted increased attention from the entire society. The present welfare system in urban areas of China, which has been constructed through a long history of development, is an integrative system involving several service providers. The relationships among the service providers have attracted scholars’ attention. However, service users’ perspectives of their interactions with different service providers have garnered less focus. This study adopts both a historical and an interactional understanding of disability in an effort to examine the development of social welfare for young people with disabilities in China. The qualitative method used in this practical research focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals obtaining welfare. A review of the existing research is also conducted, focusing on policies for young people with disabilities in China. We examine the transitional process and analyze the themes underlying the policies for families in which there are people with disabilities in the present welfare system. Based on our findings, we discuss the evolution of service provision, especially in regard to the way in which it reflects the disabled community and the rational employment market; we reveal the involution of service provision for families, involving both ethical and functional considerations in familistic Chinese culture; and we analyze the dilemma regarding supportive policies for families in which there are people with disabilities in urban China. We also point out that the “individual” and the “family” cannot co-benefit in the implementation of current policies.

Delays in completion and results reporting of clinical trials under the Paediatric Regulation in the European Union: A cohort study.

BackgroundFew medicines have been approved for children, leading to rates of off-label prescribing reported to be as high as 90%. In 2007, the European Union adopted the Paediatric Regulation, which mandates that pharmaceutical companies conduct paediatric studies for all new medicines, unless granted a waiver. We aimed to evaluate the availability of paediatric trial results from studies required under the Paediatric Regulation for new medicines authorised in the EU.Methods and findingsThe European Medicines Agency (EMA) public database of paediatric investigation plans was searched for new medicines centrally authorised in the EU between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014 with at least 1 required paediatric study. For our study cohort of paediatric clinical trials required for these medicines, we used internal EMA databases and publicly available trial registries to determine changes to the planned completion date or study design, rates of trial completion, time to trial completion, and results reporting (peer-reviewed publication or posting on trial registry). Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed to examine factors associated with study completion. A total of 326 paediatric clinical trials were required for 122 novel medicines authorised by the EMA between 2010 and 2014. In all, 76% (247/326) of paediatric studies were not planned to be completed until after the initial marketing authorisation. The planned completion dates for 50% (162/326) were further postponed by a median of 2.2 years. Overall, 38% (124/326) of paediatric studies were completed as of 30 November 2017. The rate of trial completion for paediatric studies planned to be completed after initial marketing authorisation was 23% (56/247), versus 86% (68/79) for trials planned to be completed before authorisation (adjusted hazard ratio 0.11; 95% CI 0.06–0.19). Among completed studies, the results were reported in a public registry or in the peer-reviewed literature for 85% (105/124) at a median of 1.1 years after study completion, and 60% (74/124) were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Limitations of this study include the potential lack of generalisability to medicines not authorised by the EMA and the possibility for more of these trials to be completed or published in the future.ConclusionsThe completion of many paediatric studies required under the Paediatric Regulation has been delayed. Paediatric studies planned to be completed after marketing authorisation were associated with a lower likelihood of eventual completion, highlighting the need to examine the implementation of current policies in ensuring timely availability of important paediatric information.

Current trends and policies of energy consumption and CO<SUB align="right">2 emission from the largest Asian economies

This article presents the current trends of energy consumption and CO2 emission as well as their relationship for the five largest Asian economies i.e., People's Republic of China (China), Japan, India, Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Indonesia using the time series data from 1991 to 2014. The total energy consumption has increased by 3.62 times from 1991 to 2014 in China where India, Korea and Indonesia have faced more than double of their energy consumption during that time. However, total CO2 emission in China, India, Korea and Indonesia was increased by 3.5, 2.81, 2.25 and 3.14 times respectively from 1991 to 2014. All the countries except Japan are facing increasing trends of energy consumption and CO2 emission while positive and significant relationship have found between them for all the countries. Thus, the implementation of current policies and emission reduction target of these five countries are presented in this paper.

‘It is not politically correct’: exploring tensions in developing student-centred policy in Cambodia

Drawing on a sociocultural perspective, this article analyses a Cambodian student-centred policy named Effective Teaching and Learning (ETL) to explore how this policy is practiced, or constructed through the negotiation among policy actors. Tensions I found in the policy between radical orientation toward the transformation of knowledge and its conservative approaches based on the transmission of knowledge, was used as a scaffold to make sense of the politics in education policy-making. In-depth interviews with national and international policy actors indicated that ETL’s intended transformation orientation was altered to fit more closely with the existing top-down, transmission-based structure over the course of negotiation. Such tensions, however, allowed various stakeholders to take part in pedagogical reform – not necessarily ETL per se – bringing their distinctive perspectives. These findings suggest the importance of shedding light on the sociocultural nature of education policy-making, an aspect that has been less explored in current policy implementation research.

The evaluation of the heritage of the 1956 South African water policy

Purpose: Water management issues in poor communities in South Africa were never addressed directly by apartheid policies. The 1956 water policy was found not to be holistic in the management of the resource within the country. The growing economy of South Africa resulted in explosive urbanization, which gave rise to an increasing number of townships. The purpose of the paper is, therefore, threefold, namely: it outlines the water management challenges resulting from the 1956 water policy, it outlines the progression of implementing the apartheid ideologies in water management and, lastly, it relates the old policy of water management to today’s environment. The 1956 water policy had a colonial perspective, thus, this has created an observable challenge in the current endeavors of the water management regime. These challenges are presented in the paper in an effort to illustrate that the failures of today’s policies are largely historically embedded. Design/methodology/approach: A comprehensive framework of the evolution of the water management regime from the DWA’s library was used. Databases that contained historical policies of South Africa were also used to do a rigorous literature review. Because of the nature of the research, the study, therefore, uses both qualitative and quantitative methods of investigation. Findings: The old apartheid policies created a challenging ideological environment in the townships. This has resulted in the difficulty of implementing the current water policy in water management. The unintended consequences are difficult to factor into the current policies. Over time, communities collaborated and became defiant. The defiance of the water policy by the communities resulted in non-payment for the use of the resource. Implications: The challenges surfacing in the paper seem to imply that the current policy implementation in water management has an observable challenge that has a potential of hindering policy discourse in water management. Originality/value: New democracies have a tendency of being overly ambitious about the inclusive nature of the policy discourse. Ideologically, this means that implementation of the new policies cannot be done without challenges. This paper attempts to highlight that the 1956 water policy systematically created certain social norms and ideologies that have the potential to hinder new policy ideals in the townships. Keywords: water policy, black townships, apartheid ideologies, social dilemmas and water management practices. JEL Classification: Q25, J71

The composite risk-sharing finance index: Implications for Islamic finance

In policy-making, assessment of where a country stands relative to other countries is important to achieve desired goals, to understand how much the current policy implementation diverts from the target, and to understand main obstacles on reaching at the ends in the light of the comparators and the benchmark. This study evaluates relative standing of countries with respect to their financial system's friendliness for risk-sharing finance, the concept which forms the core foundation of Islamic finance. A composite risk-sharing finance friendliness index is developed to compare and rank the countries with regard to their level of their support and adoption of risk-sharing finance. Although, there have been attempts to develop such index, this study is novel in the Islamic finance literature in the sense that it brings the factor analysis and non-linear weights into the picture to come up with an objective and convincing composite index with objective weights. The composite index also allows us to look into the relative contribution of components, namely, Institutional Scaffolding, Governance and Legal Environment, Financial Sector Development and Inclusion. The results and ranking of the countries reveal important information about the potential of developing risk-sharing finance and financial products in different countries. The results also reveal that the OIC countries are far away from meeting the basic requirements of setting-up risk-sharing finance and thus a framework for comprehensive development of Islamic finance.

Il monitoraggio civico delle politiche di coesione e lo sviluppo di comunità civiche

Social capital is one of the main determinants of the institutional capacity of local governments which can positively influence the impact of development policies and, ultimately, regional socio-economic performances. In particular, the economic backwardness and many unresolved issues in Southern Italy are often explained by low levels of social engagement. Open government data on projects funded by public money can enable new forms of engagement, like the citizen based monitoring of public policy. Citizen monitoring of development policies in Southern Italy can strengthen existing civic communities and create new ones. Furthermore, citizen monitoring has the potential to directly influence the quality of policy-making by collecting evidence on how projects are progressing. This evidence can be harnessed by local governments to improve the implementation of current policy and/or to plan new actions. The paper will analyze the case of Monithon, an independent initiative aimed at monitoring EU and national policies for economic cohesion in Italy. Through this initiative, citizens are able to collect evidence on the progress and results of the projects funded by European and national Cohesion Policy in Italy, based on the official data from OpenCoesione, a governmental open data portal developed by the Department for Cohesion and Economic Development (Ministry of Economic Development).