Simulink Implementation Research Articles

Application of Gradient Optimization Methods in Defining Neural Dynamics

Applications of gradient method for nonlinear optimization in development of Gradient Neural Network (GNN) and Zhang Neural Network (ZNN) are investigated. Particularly, the solution of the matrix equation AXB=D which changes over time is studied using the novel GNN model, termed as GGNN(A,B,D). The GGNN model is developed applying GNN dynamics on the gradient of the error matrix used in the development of the GNN model. The convergence analysis shows that the neural state matrix of the GGNN(A,B,D) design converges asymptotically to the solution of the matrix equation AXB=D, for any initial state matrix. It is also shown that the convergence result is the least square solution which is defined depending on the selected initial matrix. A hybridization of GGNN with analogous modification GZNN of the ZNN dynamics is considered. The Simulink implementation of presented GGNN models is carried out on the set of real matrices.

A nonlinear model for a three-phase 12/8 switched reluctance machine

The paper presents a methodology for the synthesis of a nonlinear model for a three-phase 12/8 switched reluctance machine (SRM) in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The required switched reluctance motor characteristics are derived using the finite element analysis (FEA). Graphical and tabular results of the relations flux/current/position, current/torque/position, and inductance/current/position used to create the SRM model are presented. The structure of the nonlinear three-phase 12/8 SRM model is discussed and its implementation in Simulink is presented. A series of simulation and experimental results are performed to verify the accuracy of the built three-phase, 12/8 SRM (H55PWBKM-1844) nonlinear model. A very good alignment between simulation and experimental results is observed.

Problems of Setting Robust Control Systems

The issues of expediency of using adaptation tools in robust control systems are discussed. It is stated that purely robust systems without the use of adaptation tools, in principle, cannot provide high efficiency and versatility in solving practical problems. Robust control systems were originally conceived as non-adaptive systems (passive adaptive systems). In view of the emerging problems in solving practical problems, then a mutation occurred and works appeared under the name "Adaptive-robust systems", "Combined robust systems", etc., partially using adaptation algorithms. Setting the problem of control synthesis under conditions of uncertainty without elements of adaptation is figuratively speaking similar to "search for a black cat in a dark room, especially if it is not there" (Confucius). The most adequate from the point of view of compliance with the fundamental principles of the theory of automatic control is an approach based on an increase in the gain of an open loop. Nevertheless, here too a problem arises — an increase in the gain violates the stability of a closed system. All known research is concentrated around the solution of this problem. An integrated gain self-tuning algorithm and the corresponding circuitry and Simulink implementation scheme have been developed. The reliability of theoretical reasoning was verified by simulating a limiting robust system with self-tuning and a parametrically indeterminate object — "peak gyroscope (parametric pendulum)". Computer studies have made it possible to draw a number of positive conclusions that are of great practical importance.

Numerical Simulation Approach for a Dynamically Operated Sorption-Enhanced Water-Gas Shift Reactor

A dynamically operated sorption-enhanced water–gas shift reactor is modelled to leverage its performance by means of model-based process design. This reactor shall provide CO2-free synthesis gas for e-fuel production from pure CO. The nonlinear model equations describing simultaneous adsorption and reaction are solved with three numerical approaches in MATLAB: a built-in solver for partial differential equations, a semi-discretization method in combination with an ordinary differential equation solver, and an advanced graphic implementation of the latter method in Simulink. The novel implementation in Simulink offers various advantages for dynamic simulations and is expanded to a process model with six reaction chambers. The continuous conditions in the reaction chambers and the discrete states of the valves, which enable switching between reactive adsorption and regeneration, lead to a hybrid system. Controlling the discrete states in a finite-state machine in Stateflow enables automated switching between reactive adsorption and regeneration depending on predefined conditions, such as a time span or a concentration threshold in the product gas. The established chemical reactor simulation approach features unique possibilities in terms of simulation-driven development of operating procedures for intensified reactor operation. In a base case simulation, the sorbent usage for serial operation with adjusted switching times is increased by almost 15%.

Dynamic model of 3-phase induction motor for control utilities

This paper describes a dynamic mathematical model of three phase induction motor and its software simulation using MATLAB-SIMULINK. The in-depth details on the construction of the sub model for the three-phase induction motor have been provided along with the implementation in SIMULINK. The dynamic model of a three-phase induction motor has been developed and the required equations have been elucidated. Comparison of the developed model has been done against the standard Simulink model. The comparative results have been recorded and discussed. The mathematical model of the three-phase induction motor is especially useful for devising proper control strategies.

Exact solutions and convergence of gradient based dynamical systems for computing outer inverses

This paper investigates convergence properties of gradient neural network (GNN) and GNN-based dynamical systems for computing generalized inverses. The main results are exact analytical solutions for the state matrices of the corresponding GNN and GNN-based dynamical systems. The exact solutions are given in each time instant, which enables to express final results as appropriate limiting expressions. This enables more rigorous convergence analysis in terms of exact solutions. Finally, trajectories of state variables in considered dynamical systems can be generated by avoiding time-consuming numerical solving matrix differential equations inside the selected time interval. Using the fact that the stated dynamical systems are in the essence systems of linear equations, explicit solutions can be obtained using known techniques of ordinary differential equations. Main results of the paper are further transformations of obtained exact solutions using main properties of generalized inverses and linear algebra tools. It is important to mention that the convergence results are expressed in terms of expressions involving outer inverses. Several examples are presented and a closed-form expressions for the solutions are given and implemented in package Mathematica. These are compared with the numerical solutions obtained by Matlab Simulink implementation.

Performance Analysis Of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Technique Using Simulink

Non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a novel technology for transmission of the data with similar data-rate for users both at the cell center and the at cell edge. Due to its good cell coverage and large transmission bandwidth enables reliable communication for users located at the cell edge. The signals for the users are transmitted through entire spatial bandwidth by multiplexing in the power domain. This work presents the Simulink implementation of non-orthogonal multiple access over additive white Gaussian noise channel, Rayleigh and Rician fading channel. The NOMA Transmitter and the receiver blocks with SIC are implemented for two user and three user environments. Multipath fading environment was providing using parameter settings available in theblocks. Performance of the models implemented are analyzed with respect to Bit error rate (BER) v/s Eb/Noplots comparing using various modulation schemes over various channels. The results are tabulated and analyzed.

Simulink implementation of a new optoelectronic integrated circuit: stability analysis and infinite-scroll attractor

In this paper a 6-D optoelectronic system consisting of an optical injected semiconductor laser driven by a resonant tunneling diode is reported. A stability analysis of the hybrid system is analytically and numerically performed and paramount role of the effective gain coefficient is stuck out in the framework of new stability control. As a result, this parameter allows improving the accuracy of the stability study by circumscribing locked and unlocked regions. Besides, a narrow area of stability is pointed up within the sea of unstable points from which a complex fractal attractor so-called infinite-scroll attractor is highligted. Thereby, Simulink shows generation effectiveness of infinite-scroll attractor erratically interpersed by laminar phases. Also dynamics of Lyapunov exponents has confirmed that it refers to a strange fractal attractor. Moreover chaos control is structurally carried out by direct current polarisation.

Simulink Implementation of Voltage Stability Improvements Using STATCOM based 5-level Diode Clamped Converter

In this paper, a STATCOM based on Five-level Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter is used to maintain the bus voltage at specific bus bar in a suggested grid under various abnormal conditions like 2-phase to ground fault, load disturbance and source disturbance. The suggested grid consists of a single machine, transmission line and loads. The compensation procedure is carried out and compared between the two suggested control methods, the first method was the traditional control method using Phase Shifted-PWM controller which is used to improve the voltage profile. The Second one was the Finite Set-Model Predictive Controller for improving the voltage profile. The simulation results show that the two methods provided significant improvements of the bus voltage profile. Moreover, the improvement of voltage profile using FS-MPC method is less over shoot and attains a steady state better than the conventional PS-PWM when the system is subjected under many disturbances. The results of the harmonic effect show low values of total harmonic distortion (THD) of supply voltage and current.

Detailed Simulink implementation for induction motor control based on space vector pulse width modulation SVPWM

Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) generates less harmonic distortion in the output voltage or currents, provides more efficient use of supply voltage and better voltage utilization compared with sine pulse width modulation (PWM). In this work, a detailed Simulink implementation for SVPWM for the open loop control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is presented. Results show the output of the blocks that assembles SVPWM besides the PMSM voltages and currents when exposing the motor to different load torques. The technique of SVPWM enables the load to respond to the change in external load torque. This technique also results in lower total harmonic distortion and better utilization of the direct current (DC) supply compared with traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM).

A SIMULINK implementation of a vector shift relay with distributed synchronous generator for engineering classes

Abstract In recent years, the concerns regarding global warming have encouraged an increase in research on renewable energy and distributed generation. Different renewable resources are currently being used, and bioenergy is one among them. Biogas can be produced via digesters, and its energy is converted into electricity and injected into the electrical power system for supplying to meet the local or distant demands. Nevertheless, the generation of electricity via biogas on the consumer side brings new problems and challenges to the power system controller. Protection devices, such as a vector shift relay, are one of the most important components needed to connect a bioenergy system using synchronous generators into the mains. Although distributed synchronous generators are widely used and simulated in software tools, especially in MATLAB/SIMULINK, there is still a gap in technical literature detailing how to design or model a Vector Shift Relay. In view of this subject’s importance, this article aims to assist students, researchers, and engineers by proposing a step-by-step method on how to model and implement a vector shift relay in MATLAB/SIMULINK, although the methodology may easily be used in other simulation tools. A review of the topic is presented along with a detailed description of all needed blocks and expected results.

Simulink Implementation of the Data Distribution Service for Vehicular Controllers on Top of GBE and AFDX

AbstractVehicular networks have seen major changes in the past few years in order to offer reliable and real-time capable high-speed data transmission between electrical and mechatronic components to map current and future innovative functions into distributed systems within automotive applications. In the same context, the real-time middleware data distribution service (DDS) is an appropriate alternative for the standard vehicular middleware considering that it handles quality of service (QoS) parameters including real-time ones. In this paper, we are proposing a new approach for DDS implementation and integration into the vehicular system by creating a model-based design blocks. To validate this implementation, we have used the case of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) vehicle benchmark as a simulation and test model. Therefore, we designed a Simulink vehicle as specified by SAE benchmark. Then, we have introduced a new methodology to link each module to a Simulink DDS blockset. The goal of this approach is to facilitate the use of DDS with vehicular controllers and to reduce the deployment and configuration complexities associated with DDS. It will also enable distributed real-time embedded systems developers to concentrate more on the business logic of the application instead of the low-level implementation details. The final developed architecture has been tested using three different types of real-time networks: FlexRay, Gigabit Ethernet and AFDX, to demonstrate that real-time application’s QoS are always met using this model.

Occurrence of Vibrational resonance in an oscillator with an asymmetric Toda potential

Vibrational resonance (VR) is a phenomenon wherein the response of a nonlinear oscillator driven by biharmonic forces with two different frequencies, ω and Ω, such that Ω≫ω, is enhanced by optimizing the parameters of high-frequency driving force. In this paper, an counterintuitive scenario in which a biharmonically driven nonlinear oscillator does not vibrate under the well known VR conditions is reported. This behaviour was observed in a system with an integrable and asymmetric Toda potential driven by biharmonic forces in the usual VR configuration. It is shown that with constant dissipation and in the presence of biharmonic forces, VR does not take place, whereas with nonlinear displacement-dependent periodic dissipation multiple VR can be induced at certain values of high-frequency force parameters. Theoretical analysis are validated using numerical computation and Simulink implementation in MATLAB. Finally, the regime in parameter space of the dissipation for optimum occurrence of multiple VR in the Toda oscillator was estimated. This result would be relevant for experimental applications of dual-frequency driven laser models where the Toda potential is extensively employed.

Simulink implementation of Nine-level Cascaded T-type RSC-MLI for 3P3W DSTACOM application

Advancement of power electronics and fabrication of self-commutated switching devices enhanced the prominence of multilevel inverters (MLI) for high power applications. The ability of MLI to be implemented with matured medium power electronic devices and less dc-link voltagesturnedtobeaviablealternativefor bulky transformer-based powerconverterforhigh-powermedium-voltageapplications. Though, these converters have wide market penetration for input transformer-less applications, their increase in switch count for higher-levels imposed size cost and complexity limitationsand, restricted them to lower levels.Need to reduce the device count requirement of the classical MLI configurations lead to the development of Reduced Device count (RDC) MLI configurations. Among the various RDC topologies reported, T-type has most appreciable reduced in switch count. This paper presents the implementation of the cascaded T-type RDC-MLI. Further the closed performance of the considered nine-level Cascaded T-type configuration is investigated by developing a shunt active power filter. The efficacy of the inverter for power quality enhancement is demonstrated in MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment.

Simulink implementation of three-phase PWM rectifier using five-level cascaded H-bridge MLI configuration

Ability of multilevel inverters (MLI) to operate with matured medium power electronic devices has enhanced their prominence for active front converters in various applications such as drive control, battery energy storage systems and PV/Grid integrated systems. In short, Active front end (AFE) converters are regenerative rectifiers incorporated to, simultaneously regulate dc-link voltage and ensure unity power factor at source terminals. Realizing the significance of MLI based active front end converter, this paper presents Simulink implementation of MLI based active front end converter, using most popular classical MLI i.e., cascaded H-bridge. Imposing level shifted and phase shifted carrier arrangements, implementation PWM for CHB is demonstrated and MATLAB simulation results for both open loop and closed systems are presented.

Clarke Transformation Solution of Asymmetrical Transients in Three-Phase Circuits

This work deals with the use of the Clarke transformation for the theoretical derivation of circuit models for the analysis of asymmetrical transients in three-phase circuits. Asymmetrical transients occur when only one or two phases of a three-phase power system are involved in a switch operation. Such a condition is critical from a theoretical viewpoint since the Clarke transformation is based on the assumption of circuit symmetry between the three phases. If the symmetry assumption is not met, the equivalent circuits in the transformed variables α, β, and 0 are not uncoupled. The literature concerning numerical approaches for asymmetrical transient analysis is very rich, but a comprehensive and rigorous analytical investigation of circuit models within the framework of the Clarke transformation is still lacking. Contrary to numerical approaches, analytical solutions provide deeper insight into the phenomenon and allow for theoretical interpretation and better understanding of the transient behavior. The proposed circuit models show that the β variables are always uncoupled with α and 0 variables, whereas coupling between α and 0 variables can be properly represented by an ideal transformer. Moreover, in the case of single-line switching, the β variables have no transient, i.e., they keep the steady-state behavior. Transient properties can be readily and effectively observed by representing the trajectory of the space vector on the complex plane. All the analytical results have been checked numerically through the Simulink (Matlab R2020a, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) implementation of a specific three-phase circuit introduced to illustrate the main theoretical issues.

Circuit Modeling and Statistical Analysis of Differential-to-Common-Mode Noise Conversion Due to Filter Unbalancing in Three-Phase Motor Drive Systems

This work deals with circuit modeling of noise mode conversion due to system asymmetry in a three-phase motor drive system. In fact, it is well-known that in case of system asymmetry (e.g., slightly asymmetrical LC filter parameters), differential-mode noise can convert into common-mode noise, resulting in increased level of conducted electromagnetic interference. This phenomenon has been observed with measurements and reported in previous works, but a clear and rigorous analytical description is still a challenging point. The main novelty proposed in the paper is a rigorous analytical description of differential-to-common-mode noise conversion based on the Clarke transformation and the eigenvalue analysis. In particular, the magnitude and the frequency location of the differential-mode resonances injected into the common-mode circuit are derived in closed form. Moreover, since system asymmetry is usually uncontrolled (e.g., component tolerance and parasitic elements), a statistical analysis is also presented by treating the parameters of the LC filter as random variables. Thus, a second contribution proposed in the paper is the analytical derivation in closed form of the probability density function, the mean value, and the standard deviation of the random frequency location of the resonance peaks injected into the common-mode circuit. The importance of the analytical results derived in the paper is two-fold. First, a deep theoretical understanding of the phenomenon in terms of circuit theory concepts is achieved. Second, the impact of differential-to-common-mode noise conversion is described in quantitative terms. Thus, the obtained analytical results can be used to predict or explain the noise conversion impact on the frequency-domain measurements of common-mode currents. Theoretical derivations are validated through a time-domain Simulink implementation of a three-phase motor drive system, and a frequency-domain analysis through the discrete Fourier transform.

Model Predictive Control of Non-Linear Systems Using Tensor Flow-Based Models

The present paper proposes an approach for the development of a non-linear model-based predictive controller (NMPC) using a non-linear process model based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This work exploits recent trends on ANN literature using a TensorFlow implementation and shows how they can be efficiently used as support for closed-loop control systems. Furthermore, it evaluates how the generalization capability problems of neural networks can be efficiently overcome when the model that supports the control algorithm is used outside of its initial training conditions. The process’s transient response performance and steady-state error are parameters under focus and will be evaluated using a MATLAB’s Simulink implementation of a Coupled Tank Liquid Level controller and a Yeast Fermentation Reaction Temperature controller, two well-known benchmark systems for non-linear control problems.

Computing Time-Varying ML-Weighted Pseudoinverse by the Zhang Neural Networks

The Zhang neural network (ZNN), a recurrent neural network, proposed in 2001, is particularly effective in solving time-varying problems. It has shown high efficiency and excellent performance in various applications. The weighted pseudoinverse is a useful tool in solving and analyzing the constrained least-squares problems. In this paper, we propose a ZNN model for computing the weighted pseudoinverse of a time-varying matrix. We show that our model converges globally and exponentially to the solution and our system is robust at the presence of small errors. A Matlab Simulink implementation of our model is presented. Our convergence analysis is verified by our experiments on testing matrices. A comparison study shows that our model has superior performance over the conventional gradient-based neural networks.

Modeling and Simulation using MATLAB to Mitigate Technical Challenges & Also for Scalability of Pilot Project of Clustered Solar Agricultural Feeder

The inclusion of renewable energy in India’s electricity mix has been increased dramatically in the past several years. From an environmental, energy security and long-term cost standpoint, this evolving trend is undoubtedly welcome. Solar energy has rapidly emerged as a reliable, affordable and clean solution for meeting India’s fast growing energy demand and supply to all. But connecting PV plant DC power with the AC grid is difficult because of tripping, not properly synchronizing. In this paper the development of PV array model, their integration, power quality assessment and Simulink implementation are described. Modeling concept presented in this paper can easily be extended and used for scalability purpose. System consist of solar arrays, MPPT, IGBT inverter and transformer. First, the field parameters has been measured and analyzed by using Fluke Power Analyzer, then exact field modeling and simulation of cluster model of 1.6 MW grid (agricultural feeder)connected PV based solar power plant using MATLAB Simulink R2019A is made in which Maximum Power Point Tracking technique(MPPT) for obtaining maximum possible power output is used, and in MPPT we have used Perturb and Observe method. The ideal values getting from MATLAB Simulation and the real time values of the PV Plant measured by fluke power analyzer are compared and analyzed, then an efficient systems can be modeled for proper synchronization with the grid.