Implantable Materials Research Articles

Development and Evaluation of a Deep Learning Model to Reduce Exomass-Related Metal Artefacts in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Jaws.

To develop and evaluate a deep learning (DL) model to reduce metal artefacts originating from the exomass in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the jaws. Five porcine mandibles, each featuring six tubes filled with a radiopaque solution, were scanned using four CBCT units before and after the incremental insertion of up to three titanium, titanium-zirconium, and zirconia dental implants in the exomass of a small field of view. A conditional denoising diffusion probabilistic model, using DL techniques, was employed to correct images from exomass-related metal artefacts across the CBCT units and implant scenarios. Three examiners independently scored the image quality of all datasets, including those without an implant (ground truth), with implants in the exomass (original), and DL-generated ones. Quantitative analysis compared contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) to validate artefact reduction using repeated measures analysis of variance in a factorial design followed by Tukey test (α = 0.05). The visualisation of the hard tissues and overall image quality was reduced in the original and increased in the DL-generated images. The score variation observed in the original images was not observed in the DL-generated images, which generally scored higher than the original images. DL-generated images revealed significantly greater CNR than both the ground truth and their corresponding original images, regardless of the material and quantity of dental implants and the CBCT unit (p < 0.05). Original images revealed significantly lower CNR than the ground truth (p < 0.05). The developed DL model demonstrated promising performance in correcting exomass-related metal artefacts in CBCT of the jaws.

A Novel Graphene-Based Nanomaterial for the Development of a Pelvic Implant to Treat Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Graphene is the wonder material of the 21st century, promising cutting-edge advancements in material science with significant applications across all industries. This study investigates the use of a graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) ans trade-registered Hastalex®, as novel materials for surgical implants aimed at treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP). This study investigates the mechanical properties and physicochemical characteristics of the material, mainly focusing on its potential to address the limitations of existing polypropylene (PP) implants, which has been associated with numerous complications and banned across multiple countries. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) confirmed the bonding between functionalised graphene oxide (FGO) and the base polymer chain. Hastalex exhibited excellent mechanical properties with 58 N/mm2 maximum tensile strength at break and 701% elongation at break, whilst maintaining its shape with no plastic deformation. These results were comparable to that of sheep pelvic muscular tissue. Hastalex demonstrated its hydrophilic properties from contact angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed a uniform plane with surface nanotopography, promoting cell-to-material interaction. The results confirmed the suitability of Hastalex in the development of a new pelvic membrane to treat POP.

Comparing the performance of a femoral shaft fracture fixation using implants with biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials.

Orthopedic injuries, such as femur shaft fractures, often require surgical intervention to promote healing and functional recovery. Metal plate implants are widely used due to their mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Biodegradable metal plate implants, including those made from magnesium, zinc, and iron alloys, offer distinct advantages over non-biodegradable materials like stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt alloys. Biodegradable implants gradually replace native bone tissue, reducing the need for additional surgeries and improving patient recovery. However, non-biodegradable implants remain popular due to their stability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. This study focuses on designing an implant plate for treating transverse femoral shaft fractures during the walking cycle. &#xD;The primary objective is to conduct a comprehensive finite element analysis (FEA) of a fractured femur's stabilization using various biodegradable and nonbiodegradable materials. The study assesses the efficacy of different implant materials, discusses implant design, and identifies the optimal materials for femoral stabilization. Results indicate that magnesium alloy is superior among biodegradable materials, while titanium alloy is preferred among non-biodegradable options. The findings suggest that magnesium alloy is the recommended material for bone implants due to its advantages over non-degradable alternatives.&#xD.

Strong Bonding of Robust Lubricating Hydrogels to Porous Substrates for Joint Replacement.

Hydrogels with excellent mechanical and lubrication properties have been developed rapidly, laying the foundation for their application in cartilage replacement. However, the combination of robust hydrogels and substrates under different forms of movement is a great challenge. In addition, due to differences in modulus, the stress shielding effect caused by implantable artificial joint metal materials can lead to bone resorption. Here, we proposed to combine a 3D printed porous titanium alloy with a high-strength lubricating hydrogel to construct an integrated joint substitute material. The porous titanium alloy TC4 substrate constructed by 3D printing possesses a modulus similar to that of human bone. The strong bonding of the hydrogel and TC4 was achieved through two strategies: mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding. The combination of the alloy substrate and hydrogel realizes the construction of a bionic lubricating cartilage layer on the surface of traditional artificial joint materials. The hydrogel has excellent bonding properties with the porous substrate under different test conditions. Truly human-like joint sockets were prepared for the first time with soft-soft and soft-hard contact modes. Under conditions simulating human motion, the hydrogel maintains a low friction coefficient and still has excellent substrate adhesion after 100,000 cycles. This study further pushes the application of hydrogels in biolubrication into practice.

“Janus” PEEK implant with sandwich Mg-containing coating for infected tissue repair

Having good antibacterial properties and promoting soft and hard tissue repair are the keys to successful implantation of intraosseous transcutaneous. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a class of FDA-approved polymer implants. However, the surface of PEEK is bioinert, which is easy to cause postoperative infection and poor tissue integration. In this study, polypyrrole (Ppy) was polymerized on sulfonated PEEK, Mg3(PO4)2 nanosheets were grown in situ on one side, and polycaprolactone (PCL) was then spun on the surface to form a Janus-like surface on PEEK. The Ppy/Mg3(PO4)2/PCL composite coating could inhibit bacterial adhesion, and the excellent photothermal properties of Ppy/Mg3(PO4)2/PCL and Ppy coatings further promote the removal of bacteria due to the accumulated heat. After the infection was eliminated, the Janus-like surface of modified PEEK switched macrophages to anti-proinflammatory response and promoted both soft and hard tissue repair. The Ppy modified sulfonated PEEK could promote collagen secretion in the soft tissue, while the PCL films on Ppy/Mg3(PO4)2/PCL was densified by temperature response under near-infrared light treatment to close the exposed interface of Mg3(PO4)2 nanosheets that was more conducive to bone repair. In summary, PEEK with Janus-like surface consisting of Ppy/Mg3(PO4)2/PCL and Ppy has multiple biological functions of sequential antibacterial and soft and hard tissue repair, and is a promising candidate material for intraosseous transcutaneous implants.

Nanotube formation and coating of hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol-collagen composite on Ti-6Al-4V metal alloy

Abstract Ti-6Al-4V metal is widely used as an implantable material due to its biocompatibility and corrosion resistance; however, it has low bioactive properties. The formation of nanotubes and a hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol-collagen composite coating on Ti-6Al-4V metal aims to enhance its biocompatibility and bioactivity. The nanotube oxide layer Ti-6Al-4V was formed by the anodization method. The composite’s infrared spectrum showed characteristic absorption bands from Hydroxyapatite (HAp), polyvinyl alcohol, and collagen. The composite-coated Ti-6Al-4V metal, both non-nanotube, and nanotube, showed a typical diffraction pattern of HAp and titanium element. The electron microscope image showed the uniform granular form of HAp. The corrosion test results showed that composite-coated nanotube Ti-6Al-4V metal could not improve corrosion resistance. It is also relevant to the in vitro test in a lactate ringer solution that showed the higher Ca2+ ion of nanotube Ti-6Al-4V metal than that of non-nanotube Ti-6Al-4V metal.

Graphene: future prospects for biomedical engineering applications

Graphene is one of the allotropic forms of Carbon. It is typically presented as a thin, almost transparent, and very lightweight sheet, despite its remarkable mechanical strength. Recent studies have demonstrated that graphene has significant potential for application in the medical industry, not only due to its mechanical resistance and lightness, which suggest its use in prosthetics and bionic limbs, but also because of its excellent electrical conductivity, indicating its potential in medical measurement equipment. Moreover, graphene's biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion make it an ideal material for long-term medical implants. It has been explored in the development of biosensors, enabling real-time monitoring of biological signals such as heart rate and brain activity. For instance, graphene-based sensors could be implanted to detect subtle electrical changes in neurons, which might be particularly useful in neuroprosthetics or for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Graphene's flexibility also paves the way for the creation of flexible electronic devices that could be worn on the skin or integrated into clothing for continuous health monitoring. These innovations could revolutionize personalized medicine by offering more accurate, accessible, and non-invasive diagnostic tools. As research continues to advance, graphene holds the promise of transforming biomedical engineering with cutting-edge applications that could improve patient care and treatment outcomes.

Nanofiber‐Coated CF/PEEK Composite: Boosting Osteogenesis for Enhanced Bone Grafting

AbstractThis study presents the fabrication of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) by 3D printing, which is subsequently coated with elastic nanofibers by electrospinning. CF/PEEK is an FDA‐approved implantable material possessing excellent mechanical properties similar to those of human cortical bone. As such, it is a prime candidate for replacing conventional metallic implants. However, it is limited by its bioinertness and inferior osteogenic properties. In this study, CF/PEEK is engineered to have improved hydrophilic properties and generated micro/nano‐topographical structures on its surface. This is achieved by electrospinning directly onto the 3D‐printed CF/PEEK with fibers incorporating hydroxyapatite particles and gelatin. The results show that the micro‐/nano‐topographical CF/PEEK demonstrates a significant increase in mineralizing potential compared to non‐coated implants, where no mineralized matrix is observed. These fiber coating modifications to CF/PEEK are a promising and important step forward in the improvement of in vivo implant‐bone osteointegration.

Evaluation of buccolingual and linguobuccal implants in the atrophic posterior mandible: A finite element analysis study

AimThis study aims to evaluate the stress distribution on buccolingual and linguobuccal tilted implants in the atrophic posterior mandible using finite element analysis. Material and methodsTwelve digital models of implants with varying lengths (8.5 mm, 10 mm, 11.5 mm) and angles (20°, 25°) were created. These implants were analyzed under 150 N vertical and oblique forces to assess stress distribution on both implants and surrounding bone. ResultsLinguobuccal implants generally exhibited lower maximum principal stress in cortical bone, while buccolingual implants showed lower minimum principal stress. Longer implants reduced stress under oblique loading. ConclusionTilted implants, particularly using the linguobuccal method, are effective for stress distribution in the atrophic posterior mandible. Further research should explore varying implant diameters and multiple placements for optimization.

Magnesium-Titanium Alloys: A Promising Solution for Biodegradable Biomedical Implants.

Magnesium (Mg) has attracted considerable attention as a biodegradable material for medical implants owing to its excellent biocompatibility, mitigating long-term toxicity and stress shielding. Nevertheless, challenges arise from its rapid degradation and low corrosion resistance under physiological conditions. To overcome these challenges, titanium (biocompatibility and corrosion resistance) has been integrated into Mg. The incorporation of titanium significantly improves mechanical and corrosion resistance properties, thereby enhancing performance in biological settings. Mg-Ti alloys are produced through mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPS technique transforms powder mixtures into bulk materials while preserving structural integrity, resulting in enhanced corrosion resistance, particularly Mg80-Ti20 alloy in simulated body fluids. Moreover, Mg-Ti alloy revealed no more toxicity when assessed on pre-osteoblastic cells. Furthermore, the ability of Mg-Ti-based alloy to create composites with polymers such as PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) widen their biomedical applications by regulating degradation and ensuring pH stability. These alloys promote temporary orthopaedic implants, offering initial load-bearing capacity during the healing process of fractures without requiring a second surgery for removal. To address scalability constraints, further research is necessary to investigate additional consolidation methods beyond SPS. It is essential to evaluate the relationship between corrosion and mechanical loading to confirm their adequacy in physiological environments. This review article highlights the importance of mechanical characterization and corrosion evaluation of Mg-Ti alloys, reinforcing their applicability in fracture fixation and various biomedical implants.

Enhanced Experimental Setup and Methodology for the Investigation of Corrosion Fatigue in Metallic Biodegradable Implant Materials.

Biodegradable implants as bone fixations may present a safe alternative to traditional permanent implants, reducing the risk of infections, promoting bone healing, and eliminating the need for removal surgeries. Structural integrity is an important consideration when choosing an implant material. As a biodegradable implant is being resorbed, until the natural bone has regrown, the implant material needs to provide mechanical stability. However, the corrosive environment of the human body may affect the fatigue life of the material. Conversely, mechanical stress can have an effect on electrochemical corrosion processes. This is known as corrosion fatigue. In the presented work, an experimental setup and methodology was established to analyze the corrosion fatigue of experimental bioresorbable materials while simultaneously monitoring the electrochemical processes. A double-walled measurement cell was constructed for a three-point bending test in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS- -), which was used as simulated body fluid (SBF), at 37 ± 1 °C. The setup was combined with a three-electrode setup for corrosion measurements. Rod-shaped zinc samples were used to validate the setup's functionality. Preliminary static and dynamic bending tests were carried out as per the outlined methodology to determine the test parameters. Open-circuit as well as potentiostatic polarization measurements were performed with and without mechanical loading. For the control, fatigue tests were performed in an air environment. The tested zinc samples were inspected via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the measured mechanical and electrochemical values as well as the SEM images, the effects of the different environments were investigated, and the setup's functionality was verified. An analysis of the data showed that a comprehensive investigation of corrosion fatigue characteristics is feasible with the outlined approach. Therefore, this novel methodology shows great potential for furthering our understanding of the effects of corrosion on the fatigue of biodegradable implant materials.

Polyurethanes and Their Biomedical Applications.

The tunable mechanical properties of polyurethanes (PUs), due to their extensive structural diversity and biocompatibility, have made them promising materials for biomedical applications. Scientists can address PUs' issues with platelet absorption and thrombus formation owing to their modifiable surface. In recent years, PUs have been extensively utilized in biomedical applications because of their chemical stability, biocompatibility, and minimal cytotoxicity. Moreover, addressing challenges related to degradation and recycling has led to a growing focus on the development of biobased polyurethanes as a current focal point. PUs are widely implemented in cardiovascular fields and as implantable materials for internal organs due to their favorable biocompatibility and physicochemical properties. Additionally, they show great potential in bone tissue engineering as injectable grafts or implantable scaffolds. This paper reviews the synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and degradation pathways of PUs and summarizes recent progress in applying different types of polyurethanes in various biomedical applications, from wound repair to hip replacement. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for the translation of novel polyurethane materials into biomedical applications.

Investigating the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of extruded Mg-1Zn-xCaO (x=0, 0.5, 1.0 wt%) materials

The effect of nano-CaO content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation performance of extruded Mg-1Zn alloys was investigated to enhance the strength and corrosion resistance of biodegradable materials for medical implants. The results showed that the addition of CaO nanoparticles effectively refined the size of dynamic recrystallization grains in the extruded composites. During the extrusion process, Ca2Mg6Zn3 and Mg2Ca phases precipitated in the Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO and Mg-1Zn-1CaO composites, respectively. As the CaO content increased, the basal texture strength was elevated from 3.97 for the Mg-1Zn alloy to 12.05 for the Mg-1Zn-1CaO composite. Benefiting from the combined mechanisms of grain refinement, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation strengthening, the yield strength of the materials was fortified with an increase in CaO content. During the short immersion time, the matrix of the extruded Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO composite was preferentially corroded, resulting in the formation of a dense corrosion product layer that impeded the transport of ions in the electrolyte solution, thereby exhibiting the lowest annual corrosion rate. With an increase in the immersion time, galvanic corrosion destroyed the protective film, leading to a slightly higher corrosion rate in the extruded Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO composite compared to the Mg-1Zn alloy. The substantial nano-Mg2Ca phase particles were preferentially degraded, causing severe pitting corrosion in the extruded Mg-1Zn-1CaO composite, which exhibited the highest degradation rate. The extruded Mg-1Zn-0.5CaO composite exhibited superior overall properties; its yield strength, elongation, and annual corrosion rate after immersion (21 d) were 334.9 MPa, 8.9 %, and 1.06 mm/y, respectively.

Development of an implantable sensor system for in vivo strain, temperature, and pH monitoring: comparative evaluation of titanium and resorbable magnesium plates

Biodegradable magnesium is a highly desired material for fracture fixation implants because of its good mechanical properties and ability to completely dissolve in the body over time, eliminating the need for a secondary surgery to remove the implant. Despite extensive research on these materials, there remains a dearth of information regarding critical factors that affect implant performance in clinical applications, such as the in vivo pH and mechanical loading conditions. We developed a measurement system with implantable strain, temperature, pH and motion sensors to characterize magnesium and titanium plates, fixating bilateral zygomatic arch osteotomies in three Swiss alpine sheep for eight weeks. pH 1–2 mm above titanium plates was 6.6 ± 0.4, while for magnesium plates it was slightly elevated to 7.4 ± 0.8. Strains on magnesium plates were higher than on titanium plates, possibly due to the lower Young's modulus of magnesium. One magnesium plate experienced excessive loading, which led to plate failure within 31 h. This is, to our knowledge, the first in vivo strain, temperature, and pH data recorded for magnesium implants used for fracture fixation. These results provide insight into magnesium degradation and its influence on the in vivo environment, and may help to improve material and implant design for future clinical applications.

Role of Mo and Zr Additions in Enhancing the Behavior of New Ti–Mo Alloys for Implant Materials

AbstractThe utilization of Ti–Mo alloys in biomedical applications has gained attention for use in biomedical applications owing to their non-toxicity, reasonable cost, and favorable properties. In the present study, Ti–12Mo–6Zr and Ti–15Mo–6Zr alloys were prepared using elemental blend and mechanical alloying techniques. The effect of alloying elements Mo and Zr of Ti–Mo alloy, as well as the effect of fabrication techniques of Ti–Mo–Zr trinary alloys, were investigated. Thermodynamic calculations supported by CALPHAD analysis revealed that the addition of Zr increases lattice distortion, which contributes to enhancing the strength. Conversely, adding Mo decreases the enthalpy, facilitating improved mixing and solid solution formation. The as-sintered samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscopy, and their microhardness, compressive, and corrosion behavior were investigated. Among all the investigated alloys, Ti–15Mo–6Zr alloy prepared by the mechanical alloying technique, milled for six hours at 300 rpm, compacted at 600 MPa, and sintered at 1250 ℃, shows good comprehensive mechanical properties with a preferable compressive strength (− 1710 MPa) and hardness (396 HV5), as well as the lowest wear rate (0.69%) and corrosion rate (0.557 × 10–3 mm/year). This can be related to the solid solution strengthening and relative density, together with dispersion and precipitation strengthening of the α phase. Remarkably, the combination of high mechanical and corrosion properties can be achieved by tailoring the content of the α phase, controlling the density, and providing new fabricating techniques for β Ti alloys. Graphical Abstract

Mechanism and growth kinetics of hexagonal TiO2 nanotubes with an influence of anodizing parameters on morphology and physical properties

Hexagonal TiO2 nanotubes (hTNTs) mimic a honeycomb structure, indicating their high potential as implantable materials due to their superior mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. However, the fabrication of hTNTs with a hexagonal base and six rectangular sides poses significant challenges, underscoring the importance of this research. This study developed a novel sonoelectrochemical method for synthesizing uniform hTNTs and evaluated the influence of anodizing parameters on their morphology. The effects of electrolyte concentration (ethylene glycol 90–97.5% and ammonium fluoride 0.1–0.5 wt%) and anodizing parameters (time 5–90 min, potential 10–80 V) on the morphology (diameter and length) and physical properties (porosity, specific surface area, growth factor) of hTNTs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and anodization analysis. The methodology enabled the synthesis of hTNTs with diameters ranging from 33 ± 3 nm to 203 ± 33 nm and lengths from 1.16 ± 0.04 μm to 20.93 ± 2.37 μm. The study demonstrated that the concentrations of ethylene glycol and ammonium fluoride influenced the diameter and length of hTNTs depending on the anodizing potential. Moreover, the anodizing potential significantly affected the diameter, while both potential and time impacted the length of hTNTs. The proposed method can modify material surfaces for diverse applications.

Fabrication and in vitro biological properties of hydroxyapatite-sodium potassium niobate-barium titanate piezoelectric bioceramics

The utilization of piezoelectric materials in bone implants is appealing due to the inherent piezoelectric property of natural bone. The intrinsic electrical characteristics of piezoelectric biomaterials enhance antibacterial activities, biocompatibility, and bioactivity properties. This study delves into investigating the antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and bioactivity of three-component biocomposites: sodium potassium niobate (KNN)-barium titanate (BT)-hydroxyapatite (HA). The combination of sodium potassium niobate and barium titanate, possessing suitable piezoelectric properties, with hydroxyapatite, known for its favorable biological properties, enhances the requisite properties for a bone implant. Among the various compositions studied, the combination comprising 70 wt% of the piezoelectric component (KNN-BT) and 30 wt% hydroxyapatite, labeled as 30HKB, emerged as the most optimal blend in terms of density, morphotropic phase boundary, and other biological tests conducted. Following polarization, the antibacterial efficacy of 30HKB against S. aureus bacteria cells increased by 61 %. Furthermore, the growth and adhesion of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells suggest enhanced biocompatibility of the 30HKB composite attributed to surface polarization. The surface charges generated by polarization facilitated the absorption of Ca2+ ions, as well as the interaction of HPO4 - and OH- ions with the precipitated Ca2+ ions, leading to the formation of the CaP layer. Hence, polarized piezoelectric ceramics exhibit heightened bioactivity compared to their non-polarized counterparts.

Role of Niobium on the Passivation Mechanisms of TiHfZrNb High-Entropy Alloys in Hanks' Simulated Body Fluid.

A family of TiHfZrNb high-entropy alloys has been considered novel biomaterials for high-performance, small-sized implants. The present work evaluates the role of niobium on passivation kinetics and electrochemical characteristics of passive film on TiHfZrNb alloys formed in Hanks' simulated body fluid by analyzing electrochemical data with three analytical models. Results confirm that higher niobium content in the alloys reinforces the compactness of the passive film by favoring the dominance of film formation and thickening mechanism over the dissolution mechanism. Higher niobium content enhances the passivation kinetics to rapidly form the first layer, and total surface coverage reinforces the capacitive-resistant behavior of the film by enrichment with niobium oxides and reduces the point defect density and their mobility across the film, lowering pitting initiation susceptibility. With the high resistance to dissolution and rapid repassivation ability in the aggressive Hanks' simulated body fluid, the TiHfZrNb alloys confirm their great potential as new materials for biomedical implants and warrant further biocompatibility testing.

A biodegradable Zn–Se alloy with potent osteogenicity, antibacterial ability, and antitumor efficacy for bone-implant applications

Biodegradable zinc-selenium (Zn-Se) alloys are expected to become a competitive material for implantation into hard tissues due to the antitumor function of Se in cancer prevention and treatment. However, adding Se to Zn to create Zn-Se alloys is a challenging task due to the high volatilization of the monomeric Zn and Se elements, and the immiscibility of Se and Zn. In this study, we have successfully prepared biodegradable Zn-xSe (x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 at. %) alloys using ultrahigh pressure sintering, which effectively suppressed the volatilization of monomeric Zn and Se elements and increased the solid solubility of Se in Zn. The microstructure characteristics, mechanical properties, degradation rate, anticoagulant, osteogenic ability and antitumor properties of the ultrahigh pressure sintered (UPS) Zn-Se alloys were systematically evaluated. The microstructure of the UPS Zn-Se alloys consisted of Zn matrix phases, Zn(Se) solid solution, and ZnSe second phases formed around the elemental Se phase. The UPS Zn-1Se showed the highest compressive yield strength of ∼205.8 ± 2.3 MPa, a fracture strain of 16.4 %, a degradation rate of 44.6 ± 0.6 μm/y, effective antibacterial ability against S. aureus, effective antitumor activity against Cal-27 carcinoma cells, dramatic osteogenic ability and excellent biocompatibility toward pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Overall, the addition of 1 at. % Se to Zn does not affect the growth of normal cells, but effectively inhibits the growth and reproduction of tumor cells and the Zn-1Se alloy is promising for orthopedic applications due to its unique combination of mechanical and biological properties.

Implant Materials in Focus: A Comprehensive Review of Zirconia vs. Titanium and Their Impact on Peri-Implant Health

Implant Materials in Focus: A Comprehensive Review of Zirconia vs. Titanium and Their Impact on Peri-Implant Health