Imperial Formation Research Articles

Clash of temporalities: Ephemerality and embodied time in Welcome to Our Hillbrow

ABSTRACT Drawing upon Ann Laura Stoler’s concept of “ruination”, this article critically examines the depictions of time and temporalities in Phaswane Mpe’s novella Welcome to Our Hillbrow (2001) to explore the dynamically persistent imperial formations that are difficult to notice in the text. These temporalities serve as reflections of pre-existing social issues in post-apartheid South Africa such as apathy, historical amnesia, and xenophobia. The sharp fluctuations of the everyday and the looming sense of anxiety disconnect the Hillbrowans’ perception of their present from the longue durée of empire. This disconnection reduces the characters’ judgement of historical and socio-economic problems as affecting failings of individual morality and xenophobia. Furthermore, Mpe reveals the fluidity of time and space in Hillbrow through the recurring motifs of walking and sharing stories. This allows the characters to envision horizons beyond their immediate experiences and rediscover their lost capacity for remembering and self-recognition in the other.

REVIVAL OF THE EVIL EMPIRE AS A THREAT TO HUMANITY

Empires are an extraordinary phenomenon in the history of mankind. The study of empires requires scientific understanding, thoughtful comparison and deep analysis. Such way of studding the comparative approach of the problem has arisen that will help us understand the nature of the emergence and disappearance of imperial formations, find answers to difficult questions: how empires grew, for what reasons some of them were powerful and others weak, why some empires disappeared and others flourished (John Hutchinson, 2017). Is there a connection between the instability of power, coups and the death of empires? And finally, what are the consequences for world development of the disappearance of imperial formations. Among the reasons for the demise of empires, researchers single out political and economic problems, social and cultural issues, and environmental challenges. The author of the article tries to explain how the Moscow Empire was formed and how the Russian Empire manages to survive despite a number of dangerous challenges. In the submitted article prof. L.Chekalenko for the first time revealed the phenomenon of "saving" the empire in historical and political dimensions. The author discovered that Russia was saved by its vassals – conquered peoples. So, the article examines the factors that support and revive imperial formations, and also makes cautious assumptions about the future scenarios of the development of events surrounding the current situation.

Formative Spaces of Empire: Masculinities and Outdoor Experiences ca. 1860–1960

ABSTRACT This special issue integrates gender analysis into the global history of outdoor activities in the Age of Empire by focusing on masculinities, a field that has received renewed attention from scholars. The premise of the special issue is that social constructions of masculinities in imperial settings functioned twofold. They operated simultaneously as methods to spread Western-colonial hegemonic values and as a means to expand territorial domains into far-off lands. In examining outdoor experiences, without taking the dominance of ‘imperial’ men over non-Europeans for granted, the contributions here presented develop an intersectional understanding of the conditions in which fashioning and self-perception of masculine roles were constantly contested and negotiated. Outdoor experiences, as seen in this special issue, were formative spaces of empire: while made possible thanks to the wide imperial networks in the colonial world, they existed on the margins of imperial rule. At the ‘frontier’ and in colonial battle-grounds, but also as leisure or free-time activities in transcultural contexts, outdoor experiences served to transform boys into men, and for men to test and perform hegemonic ideas of manhood and hence of imperial power. The essays are in two sections that highlight the dual processes of being and becoming ‘manly’ in the imperial outdoors. The first four contributions focus on archetypical roles of adult men in empires: the mountaineer, the hunter, the sportsman and the soldier. The second section approaches cases of scouting as formative spaces for boys in contexts of decolonisation in the early 1900s. The case-studies included in this special issue cover multiple imperial formations from the American Midwest, the Middle East to the British and Dutch Indies. These diverse cases serve to open up often Anglo-centric historiographies of gender and empire by emphasising the global momentum of new masculinities that were embedded in a trans-imperial fashion between ca. 1860 and 1960.

Thinking with Paul Kramer's “Power and Connection”

I am delighted to have an opportunity to reflect on Paul Kramer's rich and highly influential “Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World.” Since its publication in 2011, “Power and Connection” has been a cornerstone of my graduate U.S. in the World classes and has been invoked in every graduate qualifying exam. The essay has had a direct and indirect influence on the wave of innovative scholarship that has been produced in the past decade. I first want to note some of the essay's important interventions. Then, rather than attempting to extend or update Kramer's extensive historiographical review, I want to think with “Power and Connection” by taking up two of Kramer's suggestions and discussions. First, I take up his suggestion to think about imperial power through a Gramscian frame of domination and consent, arguing that the concept of hegemonic struggle is critical for thinking about power within empires and shifts in global imperial formations. Second, I engage Kramer's discussion of the relationship between imperial and transnational histories, arguing that scholars need to consider transnationalism as a highly specific and contingent political formation, as well as an analytic category and sometimes actors' category.

Racialized Overlaps & Indigenous Eclipses on O'odham Land: U.S. Settler Militarism & Policing of the U.S.-Mexico Settler Colonial/Imperial Border

Abstract By centering Indigeneity, specifically O'odham presence, sovereignty, and land at the site of the U.S.–Mexico border, I argue that the U.S.–Mexico border, the Department of Homeland Security, and U.S. immigration law are ongoing, settler colonial, and imperial formations of U.S. empire. Further, this paper investigates the settler process of racialization, specifically the construction of "illegal alien," and how, at the border, this racial category is imposed onto, and erases, Indigeneity. I argue that while racialization at the border focuses on criminalizing illegal crossings, it also eliminates Indigenous ontologies of migrants and immigrants, and eclipse land-based Indigenous presence and sovereignty. Through content and discourse analysis, and archival research, I critically read O'odham Indigenous critique of the border and immigration policies against U.S. government documents to show that the settler racialization process of undocumented border crossings is foundationally one of Indigenous erasure and genocide. The aim of this paper is to broaden the scope of critique via an analytic of Indigeneity in the realms of the academy, advocacy work, organizing, activism as related to the U.S.–Mexico border and U.S. immigration.

Ice rafts, debris flows and slumps along a glaciated basin margin: the Carboniferous El Imperial Formation in the San Rafael basin, western Argentina

Ice rafts, debris flows and slumps along a glaciated basin margin: the Carboniferous El Imperial Formation in the San Rafael basin, western Argentina

Collateral Noise

Since 1951, Navarre’s Bardenas have housed a military firing range. Instituted during General Franco’s dictatorship, the US Air Force (USAF) took control of the range in 1970, transforming it into Europe’s largest combat training ground. NATO and the Spanish Air Force continue to make use of the range today. “Collateral” is the term the USAF uses to designate the noise of firing range-related jet activities. And yet, the Bardenas range has been primarily known, felt, and suffered as noise by and within populations and terrains brought forth as collateral, in part, by that very noise. This article scrutinizes the “collateral” and the “noise” as a way to trace a relational history, accounting for USAF noise’s excesses and its embodied experience in the Bardenas during the last years of Francoism and the democratic transition, and for Bardenas noise as implicated in and forwarding larger militarized ecologies. It proposes to understand collateral noise as a materialization of and a means for militarized imperialisms’ prevarications with the sensory realm, territories, and knowledge. And it argues that collateral noise is one of the ways in which “imperial formations” become audible and do so, specifically, in the seizure of acoustic extraterritorialities and that it is at the same time a way in which these seek to secrete themselves.

Deep Imperial Time in Sinophone Poetics of History

This article examines three Sinophone cultural texts to suggest that Sinophone studies can draw from its affinities with historical and linguistic studies to question the conceptual boundary of “premodern” imperial China. Through case studies of Hou Hsiao-hsien from Taiwan and Saisai (Xi Xi) and Wong Bik-wan from Hong Kong, the article proposes “deep imperial time” as a Sinophone historical poetics and cultural strategy of deimperialization. Artists turn their Sinophone sensibilities into a historiographical method that intervenes in nation-centric history and performs a capacious form of localization. Marginality from the normative nation-state and interimperial positionality compel them to enact decentered visions of historical Chineseness and imagine anti-imperial solidarities with the margins of different imperial formations across history. The article concludes that Sinophone studies can contribute to the conceptual enlargement of decoloniality by incorporating subaltern experiences in contesting non-Western empires.

Becoming Chinese in the Malay world: colonialism, migration and history in Singapore

ABSTRACT This article raises a neglected discussion on the intertwined connections between Chinese migration and European imperial formations in the Malay world using Singapore as a focal point. Working from the perspective of critical historiography in contemporary Singapore, the article highlights limitations in current approaches using concepts such as “Chinese migration” and “Chinese diaspora.” I suggest using “the Malay world” to surface the specificity of the coloniality of migratory Chineseness in this region on account of the transethnic and fluid character of the Malay world. Using the Malay world as method and conceptual scaffolding helps to contextualise Chinese migration to Singapore within Indigenous patterns of movement, settlement and identity formation in a region disrupted and reorganised with European imperial formations during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Unravelling nationalistic framing of masculine and patriarchal histories of diasporic Chineseness, this approach critiques efforts in myth-making about Chineseness and Singaporean exceptionalism in this region.

An imperial formation joins a composite polity: the Portuguese Empire and the information system of the Hispanic Monarchy(1580–1640)

ABSTRACTThis essay seeks to understand the workings of Portugal’s overseas domains between 1580 and 1640, the time when kingdom and empire found themselves under the umbrella of the Hispanic Monarchy and were ultimately ruled from Madrid in lieu of Lisbon. The authors aim to identify what was new or different during this period with regard to the nature of political information on the Portuguese Empire, and the means of its collection, assessment and transmission. The article begins by perusing the institutional arrangements that made possible this model of imperial management, while simultaneously examining the types of written and visual materials that helped the three Spanish kings of Portugal to learn about and handle their ‘other’ empire. Next, it delves into one of the most important modalities of information during this period: the arbitrio and its rich interplay of evidence and advice. Lastly, the article investigates the deliberate dissemination of imperial news for propaganda purposes and the role played by war stories recounted through the so-called relaciones de sucesos. They argue that the informational fabric of the Portuguese Empire changed significantly during these 60 years and discuss the main transformations introduced.

Creating an Ecumene: Cultural, Economic, and Social Boundaries of the Deccan Sultanates

A notional region was fashioned by the rulers of the sixteenth-century Deccan; they used cultural, economic, social, and urban organisations to define the region. In the choices they made about minting currency, marital alliances, or the distribution and scale of mosques, they defined their region. The sixteenth-century Deccan was known for geographical and social mobility, with people from several places around the Indian Ocean littoral. But they soon became part of this ecumene and found their own position within it. The kingdoms of the Deccan thus created their own world, fashioning a socio-cultural region that was not defined solely on the basis of politics. This paradigm of a region challenges the assumption that regions are defined only as parts of, or on the periphery of, larger imperial formations.

Thermal history of the Peel Plateau, northern Canadian Cordillera, resolved through multikinetic apatite fission-track dating

The Peel Plateau of the northern Canadian Cordillera has undergone multiple burial and unroofing events throughout the Phanerozoic, including subsidence and uplift associated with emergence of the Mackenzie Mountains. Episodic unroofing events are evinced by unconformities that represent a period where an unknown amount of material was deposited and eroded. Thermochronological studies have been conducted in neighboring physiographic regions, however no work has been conducted in the Peel Plateau and there is interest to determine whether it shares a similar thermal evolution as the surrounding regions. Apatite fission-track thermochronology (AFT) is a useful method for reconstructing basinal thermal histories as the system is sensitive to upper crustal temperatures, although the kinetics of the thermochronometer are complicated by numerous elemental substitutions within apatite that are known to control the specific temperature window within which fission-tracks anneal. This study uses three strategically positioned AFT samples from Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks to investigate the thermal history of the region from the Devonian to the present. Pooled AFT ages from all samples fail the χ2 test, implying there is a high level of intra-sample age dispersion and potentially indicating the samples contain multiple age populations. To assess whether the data are consistent with multiple kinetic AFT populations, we use grain-specific apatite compositions to derive rmro, a kinetic parameter that accounts for elemental substitutions known to control annealing kinetics of fission-tracks. By plotting AFT ages and track lengths against rmro we identify more-retentive and less-retentive apatite populations within each sample, which serve as independent thermochronometers when incorporated into inverse thermal history modelling. Results from a thermal history model of the Upper Devonian Imperial Formation indicate that the uppermost Paleozoic strata in the Peel Plateau reached maximum burial temperatures (∼165°C–185 °C) in the Triassic and were reheated to lower temperatures (∼90°C–100 °C) under a Cretaceous-Paleocene foreland basin. The temperature regime of the latter burial event is supported by thermal history models of two Cretaceous samples that record peak burial temperatures (∼80°C–90 °C) in the Paleocene to Eocene. This study highlights the capabilities of thermal history modelling from multikinetic AFT data and serves as a reminder that addressing variable annealing kinetics of apatite grains can improve the resolution of thermal models and the associated geologic interpretations.

Pride Contested

This article explores Pride politics in post-Maidan Ukraine from queer feminist and decolonial perspectives. It aims to understand how the location of Ukraine on the fringes of two imperial formations, namely the global West and Russian imperialism, shapes Pride and its consequences for LGBT communities and broader society. The authors introduce the concept of buffer periphery as an analytic lens that focuses critically on both imperial formations simultaneously, while tracing naturalized colonial discourses. The first part of the article analyzes the material-symbolic framing of Kyiv Pride marches in the context of the NGO-ization of LGBT activism, police reform, the war in Donbas, and the corresponding militarization of Ukrainian society and the region at large. The analysis is focused on how West-centered geopolitics of liberation and the Euro-oriented aspirations of the Ukrainian government work together to animate Pride politics and instrumentalize them. The second part closely examines the case of the Queer Anarcho-Feminist Block at the 2017 Kyiv Pride, considering it an attempt decolonial resistance to neoliberalization and militarization of Pride and LGBT politics in Ukraine. The article suggests that the resulting outcome of Kyiv Pride marches with respect to broader LGBT communities in Ukraine is rather ambiguous. While acknowledging its influence on public opinion and media discourse as well as its personal significance for many community members, the authors offer a critical perspective on Kyiv Pride as a vehicle and an effect of the colonial geopolitics of liberation. It remains unclear to what extent Kyiv Pride challenged homophobia and transphobia, let alone capitalist and racist regimes of power, or if it perhaps just converted the idea of LGBT liberation into a homocapitalist project of producing loyal sexual citizens.

The European Union in the Russian State Duma Debates, 1994–2004

Although the European Union (EU) was occasionally presented in a positive light in the lower house of the Russian parliament (the State Duma) in 1994–2004, there were also numerous criticisms of the EU and the “European community” in a broader sense. The discussions were accompanied by vocally articulated anxieties by those factions that were oppositional to the President and the Government but had a strong foothold in the parliament, such as the conservative Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF), the rightwing populist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), and the rightwing Rodina (“Motherland”) Party and its predecessors. These anxieties pertained to Chechnya, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, and the Baltic states as the spaces of contestation between Russia and the EU. The projects of (re)building the Russian (Soviet) imperial formation on the basis of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) or the Union State (of Russia and Belarus) were presented as alternatives to Western European integration based on the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The anti-EU rhetoric in the Duma, which came hand in hand with the denunciation of NATO, provided a discursive foundation for the eventual shift of the President’s and the Government’spolicy. The members of United Russia, the Government’s party without a clear ideology that won a constitutional majority in 2003, adopted elements of conservative and rightwing rhetoric of the formal opposition in 2004. This happened in the context of the EU enlargement when the issues of the accessibility of the Kaliningrad Region and the rights of the Russian speakers in Latvia and Estonia were discussed in the parliament. Later the same year, the start of the Orange Revolution in Ukraine became a further impetus for the Duma’s anti-EU discourse, a discourse that would soon become mainstream in Russian politics.

Late Mississippian-Pennsylvanian extensional deformation along the SW Gondwana margin: Insight from the San Rafael Basin, western Argentina

The retro-arc San Rafael Basin (34° SL) records a long-term history of its varied filling. This is the reason why it has been approached by several studies from many disciplines. However, its origin has been a controversial issue until now. There exists an agreement about its development during the latest Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian ages, coetaneous with the sedimentation of the El Imperial Formation. The generation of this basin took place afterward the Chanic Orogeny and before the San Rafael orogeny. Although there is consensus about an extensional setting controlled the basin's inception, no crustal deformation corroborates this tectonic regime. This contribution is a first attempt to present geological and structural field evidence supported by preliminary kinematic analysis. From these new field observations, an NNE-SSW extensional deformation coetaneous to the deposition of the lower Member of the El Imperial Formation was recognized in the area near the confluence of the Atuel river and Aisol stream. Consequently, our data are following the previous hypothesis of an extensional origin for the San Rafael retro-arc basin.

Becoming an African Techpreneur: Geopolitics of Investments in “Local” Kenyan Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs in Kenya are heterogenous, with diverse backgrounds, career goals, and personal histories. However, during five years of working long hours at the iHub, Nairobi’s co-working space for technology entrepreneurs, we observed the emergence of the trope of the “Kenyan Techpreneur” that came to be latched onto by the state, development aid, and philanthropic sectors and gained its own circulatory power. Through an analysis of the figure of the Kenyan “Techpreneur” and its production in Nairobi, this paper reveals how imperial logics and structures continue to underpin apparently independent initiative, pointing to the limits of thinking in simple binary terms and to a need for inventive, cosmopolitan constructs of Kenyan entrepreneurism. In recent years, Kenyans figured as Techpreneurs have contested the narrow construction of its parameters, which ironically appear to disproportionately benefit non-Africans working in the Kenyan tech sector. Describing some of the quotidian ways that transnational geopolitics and capital continue to heavily shape what happens within the bounds of the nation-state and the “local” Kenyan tech scene, we seek to emphasize how the local is in fact heavily tied up with enduring imperial formations of neoliberal development. This is an important prompt for a global STS to bring new, more complex subjects into relief.

An example of the Middle to Late Devonian marine nitrogen cycle from mudstones of the Horn River Group, Northwest Territories, Canada

The Middle to Late Devonian was characterized by the widespread deposition of organic-rich mudstone units and successive biotic crises and anoxic events in the marine realm, the cause of which remains debated and requires constraints from associated marine conditions. This study provides an example of the marine nitrogen cycle throughout the late Eifelian to middle Frasnian anoxic pulses. We present new and previously published organic whole-rock N (δ15Nbulk) and carbon (δ13Corg) isotopic datasets from organic-rich mudstone units of the Horn River Group (Canol and Hare Indian Formations) and overlying Imperial Formation in the Central Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada. In the ConocoPhillips Mirror Lake N-20 core, δ13Corg ranges from −31.0 ‰ to −24.3 ‰ with δ15Nbulk from −3.8 ‰ to +1.9 ‰, whereas the Husky Little Bear N-09 core is characterized by δ13Corg from −31.0 ‰ to −27.2 ‰ and δ15Nbulk from −2.0 ‰ to +5.9 ‰. The N isotopic signatures near 0 ‰ and a lack of δ15Nbulk – δ13Corg relationship are characteristic of N2 fixation by primary producers. Regular oscillations in δ15Nbulk are interpreted as the product of episodic, mild oxygenation events. Together, our δ13Corg and δ15Nbulk results suggest that locally, N2 fixation was the dominant source of N for primary producers in the late Eifelian to middle Frasnian, despite fluctuations in δ13Corg and global marine paleoredox. These findings contribute to our understanding of the nitrogen speciation and bioavailability associated with anoxic events, biotic crises, and widespread organic carbon burial in the Eifelian to Frasnian oceans.

The Anti-idealist Black Feminism of The Other Side of Terror

The Anti-idealist Black Feminism of The Other Side of Terror Roderick A. Ferguson (bio) Erica R. Edwards's The Other Side of Terror: Black Women and the Culture of U.S. Empire, New York: NYU Press, 2021 Erica Edwards's The Other Side of Terror: Black Women and the Culture of U.S. Empire is a book that provides a necessary interpretation of African American women's literature within the context of twentieth-century U.S. imperial ventures. If it just did that, that would be enough. In providing this interpretation, it has helped us understand the impressions that war and conflict have had on African American cultural production and how some of its most celebrated producers—Black feminists—have responded powerfully to the imprint of state violence. As important as that intervention is, the book does even more. It uses the long war on terror to initiate a critique of the worrisome idealisms that currently constitute many of the conversations around Blackness, idealisms that conceal Blackness's relations with what Edwards calls "imperial grammars" and "the scenes of incorporation," relations that align Blackness with imperial violence and incorporate it into regimes of dominance. Situating her investigation in the span of time between the rise of U.S. counterinsurgency in the 1960s and the years of the Obama presidency, Edwards defines the "imperial grammars of Blackness" as "the codes of cultural production and public discourse in linking the rationalization of US imperial violence abroad to the US public sphere's manipulation and incorporation of Blackness as the sign of multicultural beneficence" (21). As such, the book theorizes Blackness as existing in a dialectical relationship with U.S. empire in that it has been both the critic and the supplicant of U.S. imperial formations. In this, the book rejects Blackness as an idealism that is always the antithesis of dominant forms of power. Instead, the book favors a historically and politically grounded engagement with [End Page 211] Blackness, determining its vulnerabilities to empire as well as its possibilities for anti-imperialist insurgency. The imperial grammar of Blackness has direct bearing on the institutions that constellate the book—literature, the university, Black studies, and Black feminism. Those institutions set the stage for Blackness's incorporation into and rebellion against empire. About the scenes of incorporation, she writes the following: I wager, then, that the scenes of incorporation that tell the story of Black women's passing through the very fields through which I now pass—Black studies and literature in particular, universities and literary culture in general—might highlight a contradiction at the heart of contemporary Black (literary) studies, at the heart of English, at the heart of this book: that Blackness is as intimate with empire as the reader is with the book on-screen or on her lap, that the Black cultural text is, in other words, a transfer point, a too-short bridge, between the long war on terror's brutal practices of counterinsurgency and its smooth calls of advancement, inclusion, celebrity, and celebration. (188) The contradiction that she wrestles with in the book is the one that designates Black people, Black literary studies, Black feminism as entities simultaneously minoritized by the U.S. nation-state and activated by U.S. empire. For her, Black womanhood is not free of these contradictions. As she argues, "That Black women were both the targets of state defense initiatives and authors of a national narrative of democratic righteousness meant that they were positioned along the fault lines of competing nationalist discourses" (58). As Black women were occupying these fault lines, Black feminism developed practices to assess and confront those contradictions. This necessarily means that the book promotes and constructs a Black feminist archive that opposes the concealments of liberalism. Here, she points to the ways that liberal ideologies and apparatuses facilitate and obfuscate social violence by proclaiming the state's benevolence. As she says, "I will continue to call Black feminist literature—the work we might gather not as a collection of singular texts by great writers but rather under the banner of a collective project of marshaling the embodied practices of reading, writing, hearing and performing literature in the...

Inter-imperiality: Vying Empires, Gendered Labor, and the Literary Arts of Alliance

Inter-imperiality: Vying Empires, Gendered Labor, and the Literary Arts of Alliance

Pennsylvanian brachiopod faunas from the El Imperial Formation (San Rafael Basin) of central-western Argentina

While some Upper Paleozoic basins in central-western Argentina have been extensively studied, others have poorly understood biostratigraphy. The current biozone heterogeneity between basins could be an artefact of incompletely sampled invertebrate fossil assemblages preventing precise correlations. Here, we therefore provide a taxonomic assessment of brachiopods recovered from fossil-bearing beds of the El Imperial Formation at Arroyo del Imperial, Quebrada de La Horqueta, and Cañón del Atuel. Two distinct biozones are identified: (1) a conspicuous Moscovian Tivertonia jachalensis–Streptorhynchus inaequiornatus Biozone (TS) from the Cañón del Atuel section; (2) a new early late Bashkirian Saltospirifer guevarai–Pericospira sanjuanensis Biozone (SP) from the Arroyo del Imperial and Quebrada de La Horqueta sections. The TS assemblage includes Argentiella stappenbecki, Oehlertella annae, Orbiculoidea saltensis, Coolkilella aredesi, Calytrixia piersoni, Costatumulus sp. and Septosyringothyris? sp. The SP assemblage comprises cf. Buxtonia riojana, Streptorhynchus inaequiornatus, cf. Septosyringothyris (Precosyringothyris) feruglioi, cf. Septosyringothyris (Precosyringothyris) jaguelensis, ?Spiriferellina sp., Saltospirifer guevarai and cf. Pericospira sanjuanensis. The El Imperial Formation brachiopod biozones provide a basis for accurate biocorrelation between regional lithostratigraphical units, and clarify the Upper Paleozoic biochronostratigraphical scheme for central-western Argentina during the Pennsylvanian. Cristian Adrián Pardo [pardocr22@gmail.com], Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP) CONICET-UNPSJB, Roca 780, Esquel (U9200), Chubut, Argentina. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad (LIEB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud (FCNyCS), Sede Esquel, Edificio de Aulas, km 16.5, Esquel, Chubut, U9200, Argentina; César Augusto Taboada [ctaboada@mef.org.ar], Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio (MEF)-CONICET, Avenida Fontana N°140, Trelew, Chubut, U9100GYO, Argentina; Arturo César Taboada [taboadaart@gmail.com], Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP) CONICET-UNPSJB, Roca 780, Esquel (U9200), Chubut, Argentina. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad (LIEB), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud (FCNyCS), Sede Esquel, Edificio de Aulas, km 16.5, Esquel, Chubut, U9200, Argentina; María Alejandra Pagani [apagani@mef.org.ar], Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio (MEF)-CONICET, Avenida Fontana N°140, Trelew, Chubut, U9100GYO, Argentina.