Imperfect Control Research Articles

Pathways to Enhancing the Quality of Agricultural Statistical Services in the Context of Rural Revitalization

In the strategic context of rural revitalization, optimizing the quality of agricultural statistical services is a crucial element for advancing agricultural modernization and sustainable rural economic development. This paper focuses on the significance of enhancing agricultural statistical service quality under the backdrop of rural revitalization. It addresses current issues such as inadequate implementation of agricultural statistical survey systems, an imperfect data quality control system, and a shortage of statistical service personnel. Proposals are made to improve the statistical survey system, enhance the data quality control framework, and strengthen personnel training. These pathways offer references for elevating the quality of agricultural statistical services and implementing the rural revitalization strategy in the new era.

Birth order and intrahousehold allocation of food: Unequal allocation for unwanted children

Background: Food allocation is a fundamental aspect within households, seemingly capable of being distributed evenly among household members, especially among siblings. However, several factors can lead to differences in food allocation among siblings. Method: Using data from IFLS 4 and 5, with food variety as a proxy for food allocation, this study examines two influential factors on food allocation: birth order and imperfect fertility control status. Additionally, this study attempts to elucidate the mechanism of the birth order effect using the aforementioned imperfect fertility control status. FIndings: The findings of this study reveal a negative effect of birth order on household food allocation. Moreover, children with undesired status or belonging to families with undesired status due to imperfect fertility control tend to have lower food variety. Conclusion: However, this study cannot causally explain the mechanism behind the negative effect of birth order through imperfect fertility control status. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study analyzes the effects of birth order and fertility control status on household food allocation, finding adverse effects of birth order and unwanted status on food variation. As a novelty, this study proposes the development of a family-based nutrition intervention program that considers intra-household dynamics, aiming to reduce the gap in food allocation between siblings and improve children's overall nutritional status.

A new model of electrical cyber–physical systems considering stochastic communication link failures

This article establishes a model for electrical cyber–physical systems (ECPS), integrating the power grid, power information network and control network. The power grid is modelled based on DC power flow. The power information network enables the exchange of information between the power grid and control network. Stochastic communication link failure is a common problem in real control networks. To address this issue, this article models the control network as a Bernoulli network. The incorporation of an asynchronous gossip algorithm with price penalty factors enables the model to analyse multi-target combined economic emission dispatch problems (CEED) involving line losses in an imperfect control network. The effectiveness and validity of the model are illustrated through simulations.

Protecting Quantum Information via Destructive Interference of Correlated Noise.

Decoherence and imperfect control are crucial challenges for quantum technologies. Common protection strategies rely on noise temporal autocorrelation, which is not optimal if other correlations are present. We develop and demonstrate experimentally a strategy that uses the cross-correlation of two noise sources. Utilizing destructive interference of cross-correlated noise extends the coherence time tenfold, improves control fidelity, and surpasses the state-of-the-art sensitivity for high frequency quantum sensing, significantly expanding the applicability of noise protection strategies.

A Case Study of Financial Integration of Yonghui Supermarket under the Financial Sharing Model

At present, due to the rapid development of information technology, problems such as low financial work efficiency, high operating costs, imperfect internal control system and inadequate risk control have emerged. In order to improve and solve these problems, many companies have put forward a financial sharing solution, which in essence is to centralize financial data and carry out standard assembly-line reform on part of financial work. However, this only improves the efficiency of financial accounting to a certain extent, but does not improve the financial value creation ability, and cannot meet the deep-level requirements of enterprises. Therefore, with the gradual development of management accounting theory, the integration of industry and finance will gradually become the trend of financial management in the future. In this paper, financial sharing is the starting point to study financial integration. Yonghui Supermarket is selected as the research object. Firstly, the general situation of the company and the establishment process of its financial sharing center are introduced. Secondly, it analyzes the effect of financial integration under the corporate financial sharing model. Finally, the research conclusions of this paper are put forward.

Internal control effectiveness and stock price crash

This study focuses on the problems of imperfect internal control effectiveness, insufficient information transparency, and plummeting stock prices. The study selects the data of non-financial main board listed companies in China’s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2012 to 2021 as a sample, and adopts an empirical research methodology, which reveals that the effectiveness of internal control is negatively related to the trend of share price crash, and efficient internal control is positively related to the transparency of corporate information environment. The findings suggest the impact of internal control on the risk of stock price crash at the individual stock level and provide empirical support for listed companies to manage their risks. This study has practical value in guiding listed companies to strengthen internal control, improve information transparency, mitigate the risk of stock price crashes, and provide a decision-making basis for the healthy and stable development of the capital market.

Environmental regulation and environmental performance of enterprises: Quasi‐natural experiment of the new environmental protection law

AbstractWhether command‐control environmental regulation can play a positive role in circumstances of imperfect market incentive‐based environmental regulation remains rarely explored. Using the difference‐in‐difference model, we find that command‐control environmental regulation can significantly improve the environmental performance of heavily polluting firms. This result still holds after a sequence of robustness tests. The analysis of the economic mechanism indicates that the new environmental protection law mainly contributes positively to the environmental performance of high‐polluting firms by improving the quality of their environmental investments and pollution treatment disclosures, and by reducing the government subsidies they receive to improve the environmental performance of high‐polluting firms. Meanwhile, the new environmental protection law has a more pronounced impact on heavily polluting enterprises in the eastern region, with imperfect internal control, stronger environmental regulations, more distant political connections, greater pressure on regional GDP growth and weaker industry competition. This paper confirms the effectiveness of the new environmental law in improving environmental performance of heavily polluting enterprises in pursuit of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, and provides new evidence to test the weak Porter hypothesis in the context of transition economies.

Effect of Intravaginal Application of Palasha Udumbaradi Ointment on Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Prolapse is a downward descent of the female pelvic organs as a result of weakness of the structures that normally retain them in position. The main symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse include micturition disturbances like stress incontinence, imperfect control of micturition, a feeling of lump coming down, postural low back ache, constipation and leucorrhoea. The management of pelvic organ prolapse includes preventive conservative and surgical measures. Surgery is indicated when conservative management fails. The three different conditions like Phalini, Prasramsini and Mahayoni vyapath mentioned by different Acharyas explain the prolapsed condition according to the stage and part prolapsed out. Palasha udumbaradi yoga mentioned in Bhaishajya Ratnavali containing ingredients such as Palasha beeja, Udumbara phala, Thilathaila and Madhu was taken for this study. The Lepa was applied in the modified form of an ointment. The study is an attempt to assess the effect of Palasha udumbaradi ointment on uterine prolapse. The ointment was applied intra vaginally. The presence of dense blood vasculature makes the vagina a potential site for local and systemic drug administration. The key advantages of vaginal drug delivery over oral administration is that this is able to circumvent the harsh gastric environment and also bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism. A 38 year woman with complaints of increased frequency of micturition, stress incontinence, burning micturition, low back ache and dyspareunia consulted the OPD of Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Tripunithura. Palasha udumbaradi ointment was self-applied intra-vaginally. Administration of ointment was advised for 60 consecutive days excluding the days of menstruation with follow up on 90th day. Assessment was done on 0th, 30th and 60th day and follow up was done on 90th day using POP-Q Scale, urinary incontinence scale, and visual analogue scale.

Ghost image analysis for pancake virtual reality systems

Pancake optics (also known as polarization-based catadioptric system) has been widely used as the imaging lens for virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) headsets because of its compact formfactor and excellent image quality. However, such a folded pancake optics not only dramatically lowers the optical efficiency to 25% because of the utilization of a half mirror, but also suffers from ghost images due to the stray light from multiple surface reflections and imperfect polarization control inside the optical system. In this paper, the origins including the light paths of the ghost images are explored by experiment and then analyzed by simulation. The effect of different incident angles on the intensity of each ghost is also investigated.

Code Switching in Moroccan Nursing Education: Exploring Pedagogical Functions and Professors’ Attitudes

Adopting Code switching (CS) in education still constitutes a topic of controversial debate across multilingual societies. While some consider it a pedagogical tool that helps learners attain academic knowledge comprehensively, others claim that it is regarded as a sign of imperfect control of language. Within the Moroccan context, only a few rigorous studies have approached CS from a pedagogical perspective as this study is the first to explore its use in nursing education. Thus, this paper aims to measure how frequently CS is used, its functional roles, and professors' attitudes towards deploying it in the Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technicians of Health (HINPTH). The study deploys a mixed research design where data are collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to 27 professors. For a full understanding, the survey data are paired with a thematic analysis of findings from a previously conducted study with students within the same institute to ease the interpretation of attitudes and experiences voiced by professors. The findings have revealed that the majority of respondents hold positive attitudes toward CS pedagogical functions in understanding content while some warn against its undesirable learning outcomes. Practically, it is recommended that CS should be judicious and purposeful in its use.

Super-Resolution Diamond Magnetic Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles.

Scanning-probe and wide-field magnetic microscopes based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have enabled advances in the study of biology and materials, but each method has drawbacks. Here, we implement an alternative method for nanoscale magnetic microscopy based on optical control of the charge state of NV centers in a dense layer near the diamond surface. By combining a donut-beam super-resolution technique with optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we imaged the magnetic fields produced by single 30 nm iron-oxide nanoparticles. The magnetic microscope has a lateral spatial resolution of ∼100 nm, and it resolves the individual magnetic dipole features from clusters of nanoparticles with interparticle spacings down to ∼190 nm. The magnetic feature amplitudes are more than an order of magnitude larger than those obtained by confocal magnetic microscopy due to the narrower optical point-spread function and the shallow depth of NV centers. We analyze the magnetic nanoparticle images and sensitivity as a function of the microscope's spatial resolution and show that the signal-to-noise ratio for nanoparticle detection does not degrade as the spatial resolution improves. We identify sources of background fluorescence that limit the present performance, including diamond second-order Raman emission and imperfect NV charge state control. Our method, which uses <10 mW laser power and can be parallelized by patterned illumination, introduces a promising format for nanoscale magnetic imaging.

Risk Management Strategies for Financial Derivatives: Addressing Systemic and Operational Challenges

With the increasing prosperity of social and economic construction in the new era, the risk management of financial derivatives is a hot issue in the current financial market. Through in-depth research on this topic, we can better understand and deal with the various risks brought by financial derivatives. Exploring the efficacy of risk management of financial derivatives and proposing corresponding enhancement measures is the aim of this study. To accomplish this objective, the research adopts the literature analysis method, firstly expounds the concept of financial derivatives and analyzes the types of financial derivatives and conducts a comprehensive risk assessment on the risk management of financial derivatives. First, Systemic risk, caused by market volatility and information asymmetry, can have a considerable effect on the whole financial system. Second, operational risk mainly comes from market participants' bad decisions, technical errors and imperfect internal controls, which can trigger a chain reaction in financial markets. To address these issues, this study presents a set of measures aimed at enhancing the situation. This includes strengthening risk management awareness of financial derivatives, establishing a risk management framework, and strengthening monitoring and reporting mechanisms. Adopting the aforementioned prudent strategies can mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with the financial derivatives market, guarantee the smooth functioning of the financial system, and offer investors a more secure and dependable investment milieu.

Performance analysis of distributed coordination function with early collision detection in In-band Full-duplex wireless networks

In-band Full-duplex (IB-FD) wireless has the potential to double the spectral efficiency offering its innate capability to resolve conventional problems emerge owing to the imperfect medium access control (MAC) in In-band half-duplex (IB-HD) wireless networks. IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), a binary slotted exponential back-off with carrier sense multiple access scheme, has been used extensively in literature as the fundamental contention resolution technique to devise MAC protocols for IB-FD wireless networks. Unlike IB-HD, an IB-FD network can contain two simultaneously active transmission links within a single collision domain. This phenomenon invalidates the applicability of existing IB-HD models of the DCF to compute its performance (i.e., saturation throughput) accurately in IB-FD wireless networks. We have proposed two MAC protocols for two types of network scenarios taking early collision detection capability of an IB-FD wireless transceiver into consideration. This paper also presents a distinct analytical model to quantify the performance of the DCF in the context of IB-FD wireless assuming finite number of stations and idle channel conditions. We have applied the concept of primary–secondary transmission links and, thoroughly derived the probability that a station transmits either as primary or secondary in a randomly chosen time-slot taking secondary transmitter’s back-off counter into account. We have also investigated the effect of inter-station interference free IB-FD link on the performance of the DCF. Our protocol, when applied to network without hidden stations, has obtained the highest throughput gain of 1.59, 1.61, 1.68 while the DCF is configured with CWmin of 16, 32, 64, respectively than IEEE 802.11 basic access scheme. We have observed increased throughput gain with hidden stations, thanks to inter-station interference free transmission region, and achieved 2.12, 2.14, 2.16 times higher throughput, respectively than that of IEEE rts-cts access scheme.

Partitioning the Expected Value of Countermeasures with an Application to Terrorism

Benefit–cost analyses are critical to support U.S. agencies’ programmatic decision making. These analyses are particularly challenging when one of the benefits is adversary deterrence. This paper presents a framework for calculating the value of deterrence related to countermeasures implemented to mitigate an attack by an adaptive adversary. We offer an approach for partitioning the benefit of countermeasures into three components: (1) threat reduction (deterrence), (2) vulnerability reduction, and (3) consequence mitigation. The benefit of a countermeasure is measured by the expected value of countermeasure implementation (EVCI) attributable to a specific countermeasure. It is based on the concept of expected value of imperfect control, defined as the difference in the expected values of alternatives with and without countermeasures. The EVCI represents all the benefits of implementing the countermeasure and is derived from three sources: (1) changes in attack probability (threat reduction from deterrence), (2) changes in detection probability (vulnerability reduction), and (3) changes in the distribution of attack outcomes (consequence mitigation). We partition the EVCI and estimate the portion attributable to each of these three sources to quantify the unique benefit of each. We provide two applications of the partitioning methodology using examples from the published literature that examine countermeasures designed to protect commercial aircraft against man-portable air defense systems. The proposed framework provides an approach for explicitly accounting separately for deterrence, vulnerability reduction, and consequence mitigation in benefit–cost analyses. It provides quantifiable insights into how countermeasures reduce terrorism risk. Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under [Grant Award 22STESE00001-02-00]. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. This award was made to Northeastern University and the University of Southern California is a sub-awardee. This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant 2027296] awarded to Decision Research.

The pragmatics of foreign accents: The social costs and benefits of being a non-native speaker.

Speaking with a foreign accent has often been thought to carry several disadvantages. Here, we probe a potential social advantage of non-native compared to native speakers using spoken utterances that either obey or violate the pragmatic principle of Informativeness. In Experiment 1, we show that listeners form different impressions of native and non-native speakers with identical pragmatic behavior: in a context in which omitting information could be deceptive, people rated underinformative speakers more negatively on trustworthiness and interpersonal appeal compared to informative speakers, but this tendency was mitigated for speakers with foreign accents. Furthermore, this mitigating effect was strongest for less proficient non-native speakers who were presumably not fully responsible for their linguistic choices. In Experiment 2, social lenience for non-native speakers emerged even in a non-deceptive context. Contrary to previous studies, there was no consistent global bias against non-native speakers in either experiment, despite their lower intelligibility. Thus the fact that non-native speakers have imperfect control of the linguistic signal affects pragmatic inferences and social evaluation in ways that can lead to surprising social benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Research on Financial Internal Control of Higher Vocational Colleges

Financial internal control in higher vocational colleges is an important means to ensure the stable development of school finance. However, in practice, we found that there are problems such as insufficient internal supervision, imperfect internal control system, and imperfect risk prevention mechanism. Therefore, this article aims to discuss the relevant overview, existing problems and specific strategies of financial internal control in higher vocational colleges, in order to provide reference for the improvement of financial internal control in higher vocational colleges.

Theoretical modeling and analysis of Uplink performance for Three-dimension spatial RISs-aided Wireless communication systems

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a crucial technology capable of improving the performance of future wireless communication (WC) systems. Although a significant body of studies has investigated into the performance analysis of RIS-aided WC systems, most of them fail to consider the impact of multiple RISs on WC systems. Particularly, the influence of RISs randomly distributed in 3-D (three dimension) space is still an open issue. Furthermore, how phase shift error and ARQ (automatic repeat request) scheme affect the transmission behavior of RIS-aided WC systems should also be taken into account. In light of the above limitations, we propose a novel theoretical model to analyze the uplink transmission performance of 3-D spatial RISs-aided WC systems. In the modeling process, we firstly provide an end-to-end (E2E) channel model using a single RIS, where the RIS enables optimal phase shift control. Next we construct a 3-D spatial uplink transmission model, where the multiple RISs are spatially distributed as a homogeneous 3-D PPP (Poisson point process). The impacts of multiple factors including the selection of RISs, buffer size of user, traffic rate and ARQ scheme are comprehensively considered. With this, we derive the closed-form expressions of uplink transmission metrics. Moreover, we further extend the proposed theoretical model under imperfect phase shift control. Finally, we evaluate the uplink transmission performance of 3-D spatial RIS-aided WC systems, and validate the proposed theoretical model.

The state budget of Ukraine: Diagnostics in the context of martial law

At the current stage of development of a market economy, the efficiency of the state depends on the quality of budgeting and execution, as it is the main instrument for mobilising and spending public resources. The purpose of this study was to diagnose the revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine under martial law, to identify the main problems that impede effective budget formation and execution, and to provide recommendations on how to eliminate them. The study used empirical, theoretical, and statistical research methods, namely description and comparison; synthesis, analysis, and generalisation. The paper examined the essence of the state budget according to the opinions of foreign and Ukrainian researchers. Based on the statistical data, the study described the current state of the state budget and analysed the dynamics of budget revenues and expenditures in 2018-2022. The structure of tax and non-tax revenues to the state budget was investigated. The structure of the state budget expenditures was analysed in terms of economic and functional classification. The budget deficit was analysed. The study highlighted the main problems related to the preparation and execution of the state budget, namely: military operations in the country leading to capital outflows; a decrease in the growth rate of the gross domestic product and a decline in production; insufficient filling of the reserve fund; an increase in tax rates leading to tax evasion by business entities; instability of the national currency; lack of an effective strategy for budget preparation and execution; imperfect control over the implementation of budget programmes. The paper offers recommendations on how to overcome these problems and promote optimisation of the revenue and expenditure sides of the state budget. The results of the study are of practical importance, since it is based on the analysis of the state budget indicators that the state of the budget is determined and ways to balance the revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine are identified

Grating Lobe Suppression for Distributed Phased Array via Accumulated Array Pattern Synthesis

Long-sparse distributed phased array (DPA) is a promising technique for increasing resolution and reducing expense. However, inherent grating lobes (GLs) caused by large internode distance are hard to suppress, especially for the limited available nodes case. To solve this problem, a novel accumulated array pattern synthesis (AAPS) scheme to suppress the GLs is proposed, utilizing the time-varying node motion to fill the spatial domain sampling. Furthermore, the high sidelobe level problems caused by mismatching between the actual and nominal position of moving nodes due to imperfect motion control are also considered. Hence, under the AAPS scheme, a measurement-based matching (MBM) algorithm is supplementally proposed based on measuring the relative position and angle between nodes. Simulations are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Phylogenetic comparative analysis of single-cell transcriptomes reveals constrained accumulation of gene expression heterogeneity during clonal expansion.

In the same way that a phylogeny summarizes the evolutionary history of species, a cell lineage tree describes the process of clonal expansion, in which gene expression differences between cells naturally accrue as a result of stochastic partitioning and imperfect expression control. How is functional homeostasis, a key factor in the biological function of any population of cells, maintained in the face of such continuous accumulation of transcriptomic heterogeneity remains largely unresolved. To answer this question, we experimentally determined the single-cell transcriptomes and lineage relationships of up to 50% cells in single-HEK293-seeded colonies. Phylogenetic comparative analyses of the single-cell transcriptomes on the cell lineage tree revealed three lines of evidence for the constrained accumulation of transcriptome heterogeneity among cells, including rapid saturation of transcriptomic heterogeneity upon four cell divisions, reduced expression differences within sub-trees closer to expression boundaries, and co-fluctuations among genes. Our analyses showcased the applicability of phylogenetic comparative methods in cell lineage trees, demonstrated the constrained accumulation of transcriptomic heterogeneity and provided novel insight into the functional homeostasis of cell populations.