Impedance Bandwidth Of Antenna Research Articles

A Novel FSS Loaded Circular Slot Monopole Antenna for Microwave Breast Imaging Application

Breast cancer continues to be a major contributor to women's global mortality rates, emphasizing the need to explore alternative and supplementary early-stage detection techniques. This study delves into a circular slot monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna equipped with a frequency-selective surface (CSMA-FSS) for early detection microwave imaging applications. To expand the impedance bandwidth of the traditional circular monopole antenna, a circular slit is introduced on a monopole structure. Additionally, a 10 × 10 unit cell FSS structure is integrated into the antenna as a far-field reflecting plane to enhance gain characteristics. The antenna, crafted with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 1.6 mm³ and a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate, operates across the ultra-wideband frequency spectrum, spanning from 3.1 GHz to 12 GHz, while consistently maintaining a reflection coefficient (S 11) value of – 10 dB or lower. Notably, the antenna showcases a gain of over 5 dBi across the entire 3.1 GHz to 12 GHz frequency range. The suggested antenna is ideal for microwave imaging applications due to its broad impedance bandwidth, impressive gain, and excellent directivity. Furthermore, it maintains a relatively uniform group delay, with a deviation of ±0.5 ns throughout the UWB band. In the time domain characteristics, the antenna exhibits excellent pulse handling capabilities and strong signal correlation, featuring an S 21 value of less than – 25 dB. The characteristics, observed in both the time and frequency domains, suggest that the proposed antenna holds significant potential for substantially enhancing breast cancer imaging system.

Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of 3D-Printed Short Backfire Antennas Using Rim Flaring and Iris Matching.

In this article, we present new design techniques to improve the gain and impedance bandwidth of short backfire antennas. For the gain enhancement procedure, our approach was to flare the rim of the antenna, which simultaneously led to an increase in the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. Parametric studies were carried out to obtain the optimal flaring angle. The peak realized gain was obtained as 17.2 dBi with an impedance bandwidth of 55% (2.4 dB and 28.6% increase in gain and bandwidth, respectively, compared to the unflared antenna). To further enhance the impedance bandwidth, an inductive iris was added to improve impedance matching at the waveguide aperture. We varied the width of the iris to obtain the optimal width that provided the best gain and impedance bandwidth result of 17.1 dBi and 66% (~40% increase compared to the unflared antenna without iris). To experimentally verify the work, prototypes were fabricated and tested. We found good agreement between simulation and measurement. The results of this study indicate that gain and bandwidth can be enhanced through optimized geometrical modification of the SBF structure. Furthermore, our 3D-printed technique demonstrates a mass reduction compared with conventional metallic structures.

Compact triple band notched UWB MIMO antenna with integrated GSM

SummaryThis paper introduces an innovative four‐element Ultra‐wideband (UWB) MIMO structure featuring an integrated global system for mobile (GSM) antenna with the ability to achieve dual and triple band‐notch capabilities. The antenna's distinctiveness is achieved through the utilization of four directional meandered line shaping decoupling structures (MLSDS), an orthogonal arrangement, and multi‐slot techniques. The incorporation of orthogonal separation alongside four directional MLSDS significantly reduces the mutual interference between radiating elements. By placing MLSDS on both sides of the substrate, effective coverage of the GSM band is achieved. The development of the MIMO structure unfolds through four distinct phases. The initial stage lacks MLSDS, while the second stage incorporates MLSDS. The third and fourth stages respectively introduce MLSDS with dual and triple notch characteristics. The presence of MLSDS enhances the antenna's impedance bandwidth (IBW). The intended notches are tailored to address interference from bands like Band n41, WLAN, and X‐band. Furthermore, the proposed antenna has undergone simulation, measurement, and comparative analysis with existing models, focusing on diversity performance metrics. The results reveal its exceptional diversity performance, positioning it as a potential choice for creating a portable UWB‐MIMO system.

Ground plane alteration extremely wideband SPAS pair-based MIMO antenna with improved isolation and band notched characteristics

A novel and effective Slotted Pentagonal Adjacent Structure (SPAS) pair based Ultra Wideband (UWB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented in this research paper. The proposed antenna with a compact size of 0.25 λ0 × 0.50 λ0 mm2 consists of a two slotted pentagonal patch element along with ground plane alteration (GPA). Four hexagonal metallic rings with opposite split orientation are embedded in the patch elements to achieve three notch bands. This proposed loop-based split ring resonator (SRR) design focuses on miniaturization or compactness while maintaining effective notch performance. According to the experimental results, the suggested UWB MIMO antenna's impedance bandwidth ranges from 4.0 GHz to 40.25 GHz cover with triple notch bands IEEE INSAT extended C-band (6.05 GHz to 7.16 GHz), X-band (8.9 GHz to 10.28 GHz) and K-band (24.65 GHz to 26.95 GHz). High isolation of > 24 dB is achieved by integrating a parasitic strip with ‘O’ shaped SRR slot in between the radiating elements. The fabricated compact antenna has good radiation patterns, high gain, TARC < −10 dB, high efficiency and low envelope correlation coefficient which is suitable for advanced wireless communications.

Circularly polarized metasurface antenna based on characteristic mode analysis for microwave energy harvesting

AbstractIn this paper, a circularly polarized metasurface antenna for microwave energy harvesting (MEH) is proposed. First, a 4 × 4 metasurface is analyzed and integrated with the microstrip slot based on characteristic mode analysis for broadband, low profile, and high gain metasurface antenna. The measured results show that the impedance bandwidth of the metasurface antenna is 1.82 GHz, the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 0.96 GHz. Subsequently, a wideband rectifier for C‐band is fabricated and measured according complex impedance compression theory. The frequency of efficiency &gt;50% is from 5.1 to 6.3 GHz with 17 dBm input power. Finally, the novel antenna and rectifier are connected as rectenna for MEH, which shows great potential due to the tunability of the polarization mode (right‐handed CP [RHCP]/left‐handed CP [LHCP]) and the flexibility of the structure.

Electromagnetic coupling shielding in compact MIMO antenna using symmetric T-shaped metamaterial structure for 5G communications

In this paper, a new symmetric metamaterial (MM) based T-shaped shield is proposed to enhance isolation between antenna elements in a two-antenna multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system useful for 5G wireless communications. The proposed antenna is designed with two adjacent H-plane coupled dumbbell-shaped slotted rectangular patches and parasitic stubs with a small center-to-center gap of 0.39λmin at 4.5 GHz. The antenna is developed using FR-4 epoxy low-cost substrate with a compact size of 0.45λmin × 0.75λmin × 0.048λmin to cover the 5G n79 band of 4.5–5.01 GHz (10.73%). The T-shaped MM shield is comprised of a hanging hook shape unique symmetric resonator with near-zero permeability, epsilon negative (ENG), and negative refractive index (NRI) properties, which shows excellent band-stop characteristics within the antenna bandwidth. The designed T-shaped shield is employed in the middle of the two MIMO antennas, enhancing isolation to > 28.5 dB by greatly suppressing the near-field mutual coupling energy. Moreover, the antenna impedance bandwidth is improved by 3.95% and the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is reduced from 0.003 to 0.0006 (0.02 to 0.01 for radiation) within the desired band, confirming high isolation and excellent channel capacity. Furthermore, an outstanding diversity gain (DG) > 9.99 dB and low channel capacity loss (CCL) < 0.3 bits/s/Hz are achieved by the proposed MM shielding. The effectiveness of the proposed MM shielding technique is verified by the measurement of the MIMO prototype and shows promising performance for 5G MIMO applications.

Ultrawideband Dual Circularly Polarized Waveguide Array Antenna for K- and Ka-Bands Satellite Communications

In the letter, a wideband dual circularly polarized (CP) waveguide antenna array is designed for K and Ka dual-band satellite communications. A multi-stage square waveguide structure is exploited into the radiating part to facilitate the excitation of a dual polarization response. A ridge waveguide polarizer is integrated to form the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and the right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). For a better arrangement of the feeding network, a transition structure with E-plane waveguides to double-ridge waveguides reduces the cross-sectional area of the feeding network. An 8 x 8 array antenna prototype was designed, fabricated and measured for demonstration purposes. The axial ratio (AR) and impedance bandwidth of the array antenna are more than 45%, according to simulation and measurement results. Input reflection coefficient and isolation lower than -15 dB for the dual CP from 19 to 30 GHz, the total antenna efficiency for the entire operating band exceeded 72%. For both polarizations, the peak gain ranges between 24.6 and 28.8 dBi from 19 to 30 GHz.

A Novel High Isolation 4-Port Compact MIMO Antenna with DGS for 5G Applications.

This paper presents the design and realization of a simple and low-profile, four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating in a mm-wave band supporting 5G communication technologies. As part of the design methodology, the initial stage involved the development of a conventional monopole patch antenna optimized for operation at 26 GHz, which was matched to a 50 Ω stepped feed line. Afterward, a square-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) with semi-circle slots on the edges was placed on the ground to improve the isolation, and the circular and rectangular slots were incorporated as DGSs to optimize the antenna impedance bandwidth. Etching semi-circular-shaped slots on the ground plane achieved more than 34.2 dB isolation in the 26 GHz operating band. In addition, an arrangement of four symmetrical radiating elements was positioned orthogonally to minimize the antenna's physical size and improve the isolation. The proposed MIMO antenna's overall dimension was 25 × 25 mm2, which was printed on a Rogers 5880 substrate at a width of 0.787 mm and εr = 2.2. The proposed antenna covered the 5G mm-wave band with a 10 dB bandwidth ranging from 25.28-28.02 GHz, whereas the maximum gain attained for the proposed structure was 8.72 dBi. Additionally, the implementation of these slots effectively mitigated mutual coupling, resulting in reduced envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) values. Furthermore, other MIMO performance metrics, including channel capacity loss (CCL), mean effective gain (MEG), and diversity gain (DG), were analyzed for the proposed structure. The obtained results indicate its suitability for various usage areas, such as smart devices, mobile phones, and sensors in 5G applications.

A wideband magnetoelectric dipole antenna for 4G/5G communication

AbstractIn this letter, a wideband magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna for 4G/5G communication is proposed. The bandwidth of the antenna is greatly enhanced by loading two pairs of metallic circular loops on the planar electric dipole. With the loops, the antenna impedance bandwidth in terms of 10 dB is improved from 48.3% (1.98–3.24 GHz) to 86.8% (1.465–3.71 GHz), that is, 79.7% bandwidth enhancement is achieved. The surface current of the proposed antenna is analyzed in detail. It shows that when the length of the loops approaches half a wavelength, the loops contribute new resonant modes, thereby increasing the impedance bandwidth. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated counterparts. Meanwhile, the antenna gain ranges from 7.42 to 12.8 dBi across the operational frequency region. Stable radiation patterns with low crosspolarization levels are obtained in both E‐ and H‐plane.

A 0.18 μm CMOS Millimeter Wave Antenna-on-Chip with Artificial Magnetic Conductor Design

This paper presents a small-size broadband slot monopole chip antenna for millimeter wave application. Using a 0.18 μm CMOS process, through metal_1, the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) of the metal layer increased the impedance bandwidth of the chip antenna. The additional inverted C branch was used to achieve a better reflection coefficient. By adding an AMC and inverted C branch, the operating frequency of the chip antenna went to 33.8–110 GHz below the reflection coefficient of −10 dB, and its fractional bandwidth was 103.4%. The maximum gain was −6.3 dBi at 72 GHz. The overall chip size was 1.2 × 1.2 (mm2). Through measurement and verification, the proposed antenna reflection coefficient was close to the simulation trend and had better resonance. The frequency range of the chip antenna proposed in this paper covered the 5G NR FR2 band (24.2 GHz–52.6 GHz) and W-band (75 GHz–110 GHz). The proposed chip antenna can be applied to the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, biomedical electronics, near field sensing and other related fields.

Mutual coupling reduction in a textile ultra-wide band MIMO antenna

This paper presents a mutual coupling reduction technique in a textile ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system implemented on a textile substrate. The compact textile UWB MIMO antenna consists of two patch antennas implemented on a felt textile substrate. The compact size and close placement of the antennas in a MIMO system cause higher mutual coupling which deteriorates the performance of the communication systems. To minimize the mutual coupling, Parasitic Elements and Defected Ground Structures are used in the designed textile UWB MIMO antenna. The MIMO antenna performed very well over almost the whole UWB frequencies ranging from 3.29 GHz to 13.3 GHz. The simulated and the measured parameters showed a good impedance matching with an impedance bandwidth of 133.4%. The results showed an improvement of 20 dB isolation at certain frequencies without impacting the reflection coefficient S11 and the antenna impedance bandwidth. The MIMO antenna has good diversity performance parameters in terms of Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) and radiation pattern and the results indicate that the textile antenna is suitable for UWB MIMO applications. The overall size of the antenna is 30x60 mm2. Fully embroidered structure provides freedom of movement and comfort, so it is a good fit for Wireless Body Area Network applications.

A 3.7 GHz CPW Filtering Antenna with a Pair of Gain Zeros

In recent years, there has been a development of multifunctional components, including filtering antennas. Co-designing the filter and antenna can effectively reduce the overall size and thus realize high integration. A new coplanar waveguide (CPW) omnidirectional filtering antenna with a pair of gain zeros is presented using separation electric/magnetic coupling (SEMC) paths that greatly enhance frequency selectivity and effectively suppress the spurious responses of the circular patch radiator. The impedance bandwidth of the filtering antenna can also be controlled/adjusted through electric/magnetic coupling. The design results demonstrate that the filtering antenna achieves an omnidirectional pattern with a center frequency of 3.7 GHz, an impedance bandwidth of about 3%, a gain of 2.7 dBi, and a pair of gain zeros.

Multiband Microstrip Rectenna Using ZnO-Based Planar Schottky Diode for RF Energy Harvesting Applications.

This paper presents a single-substrate microstrip rectenna for dedicated radio frequency energy harvesting applications. The proposed configuration of the rectenna circuit is composed of a clipart moon-shaped cut in order to improve the antenna impedance bandwidth. The curvature of the ground plane is modified with a simple U-shaped slot etched into it to improve the antenna bandwidth by changing the current distribution; therefore, this affects the inductance and capacitance embedded into the ground plane. The linear polarized ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) antenna is achieved by using 50 Ω microstrip line and build on Roger 3003 substrate with an area of 32 × 31 mm2. The operating bandwidth of the proposed UWB antenna extended from 3 GHz to 25 GHz at -6 dB reflection coefficient (VSWR ≤ 3) and extended from both 3.5 to 12 GHz, from 16 up to 22 GHz at -10 dB impedance bandwidth (VSWR ≤ 2). This was used to harvest RF energy from most of the wireless communication bands. In addition, the proposed antenna integrates with the rectifier circuit to create the rectenna system. Moreover, to implement the shunt half-wave rectifier (SHWR) circuit, a planar Ag/ZnO Schottky diode uses a diode area of 1 × 1 mm2. The proposed diode is investigated and designed, and its S-parameter is measured for use in the circuit rectifier design. The proposed rectifier has a total area of 40 × 9 mm2 and operates at different resonant frequencies, namely 3.5 GHz, 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 10 GHz and 18 GHz, with a good agreement between simulation and measurement. The maximum measured output DC voltage of the rectenna circuit is 600 mV with a maximum measured efficiency of 25% at 3.5 GHz, with an input power level of 0 dBm at a rectifier load of 300 Ω.

A High-gain, Low-profile Filtering Antenna Based on a Novel Metasurface

In this paper, a filtering antenna based on a metasurface is designed using slot-coupled feeding, and the metasurface unit is a fractal pattern. Replacing the rectangular patch on the metasurface with a fractal patch can introduce a radiation zero point on the upper sideband of the antenna, thereby enhancing the sideband selectivity. In addition, the current is reversed by loading shorting pin, and a radiation zero point is also introduced in the lower sideband. After measurement, the -10 dB impedance bandwidth of the filtering antenna is 23.6% (3.22-4.08 GHz), and the average antenna gain in the passband is 8.1 dBi. The filtering antenna does not involve an additional filter circuit, has a simple structure, and a small size, and ideally eliminates insertion loss. To verify, the real object was made and tested and found that the reflection coefficient, pattern, gain, etc. were in good agreement with the simulation results, it can be applied to the 5G communication frequency band.

Split Ring Antennas and Their Application for Antenna Miniaturization

This paper investigates the miniaturization capability of split ring array antennas embedded in a low-permittivity dielectric substrate, in comparison with the same-sized high-permittivity dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). In order to understand the miniaturization performance, a size-fixed dielectric substrate with different split ring arrays is studied. The simulation results show that the miniaturization capability increases with decreased unit cell resonant frequency and/or increased unit cell induced permeability. Miniaturizations as high as 25.54 times that of a high-permittivity DRA are obtained with split rings, etched on a dielectric substrate having a low permittivity of 2.2. Furthermore, this excessive miniaturization does not come at the expense of excessive deterioration of the antenna impedance bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. Consequently, the miniaturized split ring arrays still provide high gains over wider bandwidths. This inference is further verified by comparing the miniaturization and other antenna performance parameters with three other modified split ring configurations. To experimentally verify this work, a split ring antenna was fabricated and tested, and good agreement between the simulated and measured results was observed. The results of this study indicate that adding resonant metallic inclusions into low- permittivity DRAs significantly increases their miniaturization capability, without overly deteriorating the performance.

A Spear-head shaped UWB MIMO Antenna with triple notch-based characteristics for Wireless applications

In this article, a spearhead shaped dual element ultra-wide band (UWB) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with three notched bands is designed. The proposed antenna has the dimensions (28*18*1.6) mm3. To achieve the three notch a L-shaped and spoon-shaped slots are etched out from the rhombic shape radiating patch for application ARN, INSAT at (4.17-4.9) GHz and satellite communication at (7.1-7.75) GHz respectively and other inverted U-shaped slot is etched out from the feed line which achieves X-band application (8.5-9.6)GHz. In addition to this, the proposed antenna impedance bandwidth ranges from 3-11.3GHz with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR>2) only for the selected notch band. The antenna achieves nil distortion with suitable omnidirectional radiation pattern which is good for ultra-wide band application. To show the diversity performance of the proposed antenna, the proposed antenna offers good isolation (s12/s21<-19db) with envelope correlation coefficient (ECC<0.005) and diversity gain of nearly 10db. Therefore, the proposed antenna with rejection capability is suitable for UWB application.

Design and optimization of pi-slotted dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna using surface response methodology for 5G applications

Modern wireless network antenna technologies are designed to meet the ever-increasing needs of emerging applications. Hence this paper investigates potential antenna impedance bandwidth performance enhancement techniques based on optimizing independent geometrical parameters of pi-shaped slotted dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna (DBRMSPA). The antenna considered in the optimization process is with a slotted patch which improves impedance bandwidth of the antenna. And independent factors are geometrical parameters that influence the antenna's impedance bandwidth (BW) and operating frequency (Fr). The factors are substrate height (Hs), patch length (L), and slot (s2) length (Ls), and the experiment is designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) suite 2019 to generate a dataset by varying these parameters in a specific range. Then based on the dataset, response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to develop mathematical models that relate the responses Fr and BW with independent variables. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the effects of varying independent factors on both responses and model validation were investigated. Then constrained numerical optimization is applied to determine optimum design parameters. The optimized parameters, substrate height, patch length, and slot (s2) length (Ls) are 0.648 mm, 3.048 mm, and 1.325 mm, respectively. The optimized dual-band antenna, designed with optimized parameters, achieved a target impedance bandwidth (≥4 GHz), 7.2 GHz and 4.17 GHz at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, respectively. Similarly, the antenna's radiation efficiency at 28 GHz and 38 GHz is 75.457% and 88.6237%, respectively. The proposed antenna also gives a gain of 6 dBi at 28 GHz and 4.15 dBi at 38 GHz. And VSWR is less than 2 throughout its impedance bandwidth. All of these results were generated using the CST EM solver and validated using the Ansys High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS) with good agreement. As a result, the proposed potential performance enhancement techniques provide an antenna with a wide impedance bandwidth suitable for 5G mobile communication applications.

Low-Profile and Wideband Unidirectional Antenna With Ferrite Loading for UHF Applications

A low-profile and wideband unidirectional antenna with ferrite loading is presented for ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) applications. This design comprises a slotted bowtie antenna with parasitic elements placed 50 mm over a ground plane. A small amount of ferrite loaded on the center of the ground plane plays a crucial role in improving the performance of the low-profile antenna. The ferrite used here is a new type of magnetodielectric material with relatively high permeability and permittivity, as well as low magnetic and dielectric loss. The loaded ferrite introduces an additional phase change of the electromagnetic field reflected by the ground to improve the impedance matching, bandwidth, efficiency, and gain of the low-profile antenna. The evolution process and mechanism of the proposed antenna are elaborated. For validation, an optimized antenna prototype was fabricated and measured. The measured results are consistent well with their simulations, which shows the realized gain of 7.2–9 dBi over <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert \text{S}_{11}\vert \le -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB impedance bandwidth of 38% (480–705 MHz). The overall profile of this antenna is only <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.08\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the free-space wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation.

A broadband single-layer substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed slot array antenna with improved gain

ABSTRACT A single-layer substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-backed slot array antenna with broad impedance bandwidth and improved gain is presented in this paper. In the element design, a multi-branch slot and a pair of inclined slots are designed on the top layer of the SIW as radiating structure and the grounded coplanar waveguide feeding structure are used for impedance matching, which ensures that the triple special resonant modes with the odd TE120 mode, the half TE120 mode, and a hybrid mode can be excited successfully to obtain broad impedance bandwidth and high gain, because of its low order and adjacent working frequencies points. Following this, an array antenna consisting of four elements and a four-way microstrip feeding network using only single-layer substrate structure is simulated and fabricated. The measured impedance bandwidth of the four-element array antenna achieves up to 34.4% and the measure peak gain at desired frequency band is 14.4 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 71.1%. The measured results prove that the proposed design has advantages of simple structure, broadband, and high gain, which is expected to be applied in high-speed vehicular communication system.

Three‐dimensional miniaturized super wideband antenna with filtering capabilities

This article presents a miniaturized three-dimensional super wideband antenna with filtering capabilities. A conventional rectangular patch antenna has been modified by truncating its corners with semi-circles and a trapezoidal shaped partial ground plane is utilized to achieve super wideband performance. The planar design is later extended to a 3D design with the addition of three dielectric cuboids in the radiator. The cuboids are inserted at low current density regions within the operating range to achieve miniaturization compared to the planar antenna. The impedance bandwidth of the 3D antenna is ~17.55 GHz, measured from 2.45 to 20 GHz. The filtering capabilities are achieved by means of an upside-down T-shaped resonator introduced in the center of the patch and two U-shaped slots etched from the patch. In total, three interfering communication bands are rejected, WiMAX (3.2–3.8 GHz), IEEE 802.11/WLAN (5.17–5.33 GHz), and ITU (7.7–8.5 GHz). The proposed antenna is miniaturized as it merely has an overall size of 0.20λl × 0.19λw × 0.011λh mm3 (corresponds to 2.45 GHz) compared to the relevant literature. The design has been analyzed using an equivalent circuit model, fabricated and measured for validation. The simulated and measured results are found well in agreement.