One new species, Impatiens rostrata Souvann. & Lanors., is described and illustrated, and nine new records of Impatiens for Laos are reported. A lectotype of Impatiens rubrostriata Hook.f. is designated, and two new synonyms are made.

To study the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Impatiens walleriana local to Malaysia, against pathogenic bacterial strains. Total phenolic content, DPPH antioxidant, Disc Diffusion assay were performed to screen the samples of Impatiens walleriana for antioxidant and antibacterial activity against four Gram-negative and six Gram-positive bacterial strains. Zones of inhibition were measured and compared with 10 mg of penicillin as standard drug. Methanolic extract gives a higher amount of phenolic contents among all extracts 67.57 GAE g/kg. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts ranged from 52-80% were found. Methanol extracts exhibit high scavenging activity among all extract were 80.4%. Methanol extract showcase high antibacterial activity against E-coli (16 mm) in disc diffusion assay. In conclusion present study demonstrate that Impatiens walleriana local to Malaysia have significant phytochemical and antioxidant activity.

The plasticity and physiological functions of metabolic nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate pools in the tissues of axillary shoot tip cuttings are poorly understood despite their pivotal role in pre-harvest growth, post-harvest abiotic stress resilience, survival and adventitious root (AR) formation in young plant supply chains for ornamental crops. Therefore, we studied the N and carbohydrate pools in response to contrasting experimental environments by both the graduated N supply of stock plants and the different dark storage amounts of the cuttings as well as during multi-seasonal transport of commercial cuttings from low-latitude stock plant facilities.The initial survey of cuttings from the supply chains confirmed species-specific optimal total nitrogen (Nt) levels and indicated further species differences both in Nt allocation to metabolic N pools and in the total carbon (Ct)/Nt ratio in Chrysanthemum (CHRY), Euphorbia (POI), Impatiens (IMP), Osteospermum (OSTEO) and Pelargonium (PEL). For CHRY and PEL, frequency distributions of the Nt content revealed that a significant percentage of commercial cuttings is not optimally supplied. The PEL cuttings responded to experimental dark storage with a gradual increase in mobile organic N pools at the expense of the proportion of Nt of the matrix protein pool, which corresponded to reduced survival and rooting capacity, whereas the Nt and nitrate levels remained unchanged. Analyses of commercial cuttings confirmed regular incidents of shifts in Nt allocation from insoluble protein-N to mobile N pools; these shifts coincided with severe carbohydrate depletions during transport. Therefore, compared with leaf tissues, stem tissues displayed a higher resilience against carbohydrate depletion.In conclusion, monitoring deviation ranges and changes among N pools in addition to carbohydrates and Nt is suggested. This monitoring is appropriate not only during growth before harvest but also throughout postharvest and helps to identify risks of low survival rate and low rooting before cuttings are planted. As a first parameter, a set of indicators for decision support is suggested. In this regard, the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is discussed as rapid diagnostic tool that can easily be applied at critical points of the supply chains.

Tospoviruses, an emerging group of plant viruses, infect food crops and ornamental plants causing billions of dollars in losses worldwide. There are at least 28 Tospovirus species worldwide, most of which are found in tropical and subtropical environments. Despite having a largely tropical climate, Africa has only five reported species namely: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Tomato yellow ring virus (TYRV) and Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). The low tospovirus diversity on the continent is mainly due to lack of surveys. Most Tospovirus species have only been reported in the last twenty-five years, yet no surveys have been done in most African countries. Most African countries lack institutional and infrastructural capacities to carry out virology research. This article reviews the characteristics and control of tospoviruses, with a bias towards those found in Africa.

Virus-like symptoms including stunt, severe mosaic with malformation of leaves, fern-like leaves and abnormal petals were observed from an African impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) grown in a plant nursery in Icheon, Korea. Serological analysis using immuno-strip kits for viruses reported in African impatiens indicated that Cucumber mosaic virus (named CMV-Im) was a causal agent for the symptomatic African impatiens. Biological properties of CMV-Im were analyzed using responses of host plant species, suggesting that CMV-Im is a typical strain that belongs to CMV subgroup I. RT-PCR analysis verified CMV-Im infection from naturally infected African impatiens or mechanically inoculated some host species. Analysis of multiple alignments of CMV capsid protein (CP) sequences showed that CMV-Im shared high CP amino acids identities with other CMV strains. Phylogenetic tree analysis for the CP sequences of CMV-Im and representative CMV strains confirmed that CMV is a typical member of CMV subgroup I. To our knowledge, it is the first report of CMV in African impa tiens in Korea.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of different fractions of impatiens balsamina L on bladder cancer cell line EJ. Methods Impatiens balsamina L was extracted and separated to get water extracts, Ethanol extracts, oil ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts and butanol extracts. Cell counting kit- 8(CCK- 8) assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of different fractions of impatiens balsamina L on human bladder cancer cell line EJ.Apoptosis rates and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry analysis. Results Ethyl acetate extracts, butanol extracts, water extracts, ethanol extracts and oil ether extracts could inhibited the proliferation of human bladder cancer cells EJ in a dose- dependent manner, the inhibition rate of proliferation was 0.041, 0.442, 2.224, 1.254, 1.671 g/L.After treated with 0.08 g/L Ethyl acetate extracts for 24 h, the percentage of G2/M was(22.3±3.1)%,significantly higher than the control group(14.5± 2.5)%(P< 0.05).After treated with different concentrations Ethyl acetate extracts for 24 h, the percentage of apoptosis were(14.27±1.42)%,(29.88±1.29)%,(36.91±2.35)%,(43.77± 3.48)%,(77.73±3.18)% and(80.35±5.41)% separately. Conclusion Impatiens balsamina L inhibited the proliferation of EJ cells, Ethyl acetate extracts have the strongest effect. Its mechanism might be associated with inducing cell apoptosis and stagnation at G2/M phase. Key words: Impatiens balsamina L; Bladder carcinoma; Cell counting kit-8; Cell cycle; Apoptosis

Impatiens balsamina Linn. is an ornamental plant with a wide range of bioactivities. This histological assessment was done as a continuation of a study that showed the anti-tumor promoting activity of its flower crude ethanol extract and isolate 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MeONQ) using the modified 2-stage mouse skin carcinogenicity assay. This evaluates any positive protective histological effects of the crude extract and isolate on the pancreas, stomach, duodenum and spleen of the same mice exposed to the tumor inducer dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and promoter croton oil for 20 weeks. Standard paraffin technique of slide preparation was done and histological abnormalities were subjected to statistical analysis. ANOVA showed a significant difference between treatments A (DMBA and croton oil), B (DMBA and croton oil in acetone) and treatments C (DMBA, croton oil and crude extract), D (DMBA, croton oil and isolate). Treatment D showed no significant difference from the untreated. These results show that I. balsamina crude leaf extract and isolate MeONQ exhibit histoprotective effects on the pancreas, stomach, duodenum, and spleen of tumor-induced mice indicative of anti-tumor activity. Key words: Impatiens balsamina crude extract, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MeONQ), mouse pancreas, stomach, duodenum, spleen.

During summer 2012, potted plants of impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) grown in gardens near Biella (northern Italy) showed symptoms of downy mildew. Infected leaves were paler green than normal and showed white, downy growth on the lower surface. Plants collapsed very rapidly, especially at high relative humidity (RH). Microscopical observations of infected leaves, maintained for 24 h at high RH, disclosed the presence of hyaline, tree-like, straight, 120-350×5.8-10 μm sporangiophores, with three sterigma. Sporangia were ovoid, hyaline and 10.7-15.4×11.7-16.6 (average 13.2×14.5) μm in size. Oospores were not observed in leaf tissue. The DNA region encoding for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) was amplified using primers NL1 and NL4 (Maier et al., 2003) and sequenced (GenBank accession No. JX880252LSU). BLAST analysis of the 729 bp product obtained showed a similarity of 99% (E-value=0) with Plasmopara obducens from the USA (GenBank accession No. JX217746). To confirm pathogenicity, 60-day-old impatiens plants, grown singly in 15 litre pots in a growth chamber at 20±1°C, were inoculated by spraying leaves with a suspension of 1×105 sporangia/ml. Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 4 days. The first symptoms (chlorosis) developed 8 days post inoculation. Control plants remained healthy. This is the first report of P. obducens in Italy. The disease has been reported in several countries, including the USA (Wegulo et al., 2004), UK (Lane et al., 2005) and Serbia (Bulajic et al., 2011). Currently, this disease is present in several gardens in northern Italy, where its importance may increase rapidly due to the widespread cultivation of impatiens.

This study was designed to evaluate the nematicidal effects of Impatiens bicolor Royle extracted with various solvent systems to explore its potential use in agriculture as pesticide. Extracts of I. bicolor Royle obtained from n-hexane (A), dichloromethane (B), ethyl acetate (C), n-butanol (D), aqueous (E) fractions as well as crude (F) were tested in vitro for their nematicidal activities against Cephalobus litoralis, Helicotylenchus indicus, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita. All fractions as well as crude extract showed toxicity in a dose and time dependent manner. Ethyl acetate fraction however showed more potent nematicidal effects.

Objective : Membranous nephropathy(MN) is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. MN has been defined as granular subepithelial deposition of IgG immune complexes along the glomerular basement membrane(GBM). However, there is not a satisfactory treatment for MN. We aimed to identify the effect of Impatiens balsamina Linne(IBL) treatment on cationic bovine serum albumin(cBSA)-induced MN in a mouse model. Methods : Mice were divided into 4 groups. The normal group was injected with saline. The Control group was treated with cBSA(50 mg/kg i.p) only. The third group IBL-100, was treated with cBSA(50 mg/kg, i.p) and IBL(100 mg/kg, p.o). The fourth group IBL-400, was treated with cBSA(50 mg/kg, i.p) and IBL (400 mg/kg, p.o). After cBSA and IBL treatment for 6 weeks, we measured change of body weight, proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, creatinine, IgA, IgM, IgG, TNF-, IL-6 and IL- levels. The morphologic changes of renal glomeruli were also observed with a light microscope. Results : The level of proteinuria significantly decreased and serum albumin increased in groups treated with cBSA and IBL extract compared with the control. The levels of serum triglyceride, BUN, IgG, TNF-, IL- significantly decreased in both IBL groups. In histological findings of kidney tissue, thickening of GBM decreased in both IBL groups. Conclusions : This study shows that IBL might be effective for treatment of acute stage MN. More clinical data and studies are to be done for efficient application.

The potential of 62 Trichoderma spp isolates to enhance root development on cuttings was evaluated in a screening bioassay using the ornamental plant impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) Increased root development and consequent growth of cuttings induced by Trichoderma treatments were compared to that of a commercial rooting hormone (indole3 butryic acid) and untreated cuttings Results recorded after 3 weeks growth indicated sufficient resolution in the bioassay to detect statistical growth differences between treatments As expected treatment with IBA (positive control) enhanced root growth in root score root dry weight and root to shoot ratio parameters assessed across all three screening experiments Six individual Trichoderma isolates and a commercial mixture of isolates were also identified as significantly improving root growth with 2065 increases in the measured growth variables relative to untreated cuttings The bioassay provided an ideal system for measuring rooting response and allowed accelerated screening of Trichoderma candidates useful for enhancing root development of cuttings

Floral biology of Impatiens trichocarpa , an endemic and horticulturally promising balsam from Western Ghats, has been conducted. It flowers during July to November with optimum flowering in the month of September. Anthesis occurred in the night time between 0200 to 0300h and dehisced one day before anthesis. Pollen grains are spherical, light yellow in colour and 32.72μm in diameter. The maximum percentage of stigma receptivity (82%) observed on the day of anthesis. Bees, flies and butterflies forage at the flowers; but bees serve a better pollinator. Nectar production begins soon after anthesis and continues through flower life. The seed germination was limited to 35% which may be one of the reasons for its restricted distribution.

利用扫描电镜观察了10种凤仙花属（Impatiens L.）植物的花粉形态。结果表明：本属花粉为单粒花粉,呈长圆形至长矩圆形,大小为20.3-46.7μm,具角萌发孔,网状纹饰,网眼明显;根据花粉网状纹饰中网眼内是否具颗粒状突起可将其分为2类：（1）网眼内无或近无颗粒状突起,黄金凤（I.siculifer）和婺源凤仙花（I.wuyuanensis）的花粉纹饰属于这一类型;（2）网眼内有明显颗粒状突起,其余8个种的花粉纹饰均属于该类型。研究表明,花粉特征,特别是花粉粒网状纹饰中网眼内有无颗粒状突起及颗粒状突起的形态等特征,在凤仙花属内常具种水平上的可见变异,因而可作为种类划分的依据,它们在分类学上的价值应予以关注。

Hydropriming of differing sized impatiens 'Expo Wine' seeds

Species of root-knot nematodes occurring in South Africa (Meloidogyne fallax, M. chitwoodi, M. javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. hapla) were identified and differentiated by the sequence characterised amplified region - polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) technique. Multiplex internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR amplified a fragment in an unknown species for which no SCAR-PCR marker was available. M. fallax, a quarantine organism in Europe, was recorded for the first time in South Africa. The geographical distribution of M. chitwoodi is extended to four localities in South Africa. The SCAR-PCR technique reliably determined species composition, detecting mixed populations of M. hapla, M. fallax and M. chitwoodi on groundnut and of M. arenaria and M. incognita on Impatiens spp. In contrast, single species populations of M. javanica and M. incognita and the unknown species were detected in glasshouses.

ABSTRACT The floristic composition of the weed community found in coffee plantations grown under shade-trees in Veracruz, Mexico, was studied in relation to canopy cover and the photoenvironment at ground level. Two well defined plant associations coexist in the weed community. One, in which Commelina diffusa and Impatiens walleriana are the dominant species, predominates in heavily shaded microhabitats. The other association is less shade-tolerant and has a greater diversity of species. After clearing the plantation, both associations disappear and a new weed association, in which perennial shrubs and subshrubs like Phytolacca purpurascens become the dominant species, gradually develops. Seed germination of the more abundant species in the new association is light-dependent. However, emergence of these species is not immediately triggered by clearing the plantation. Thus it is suggested that the weed community that develops after clearing old coffee plantations grown under shade-trees arises mainly from ...

INFLUENCE OF GENES CONTROLLING FLOWER COLOR ON RELATIVE QUANTITIES OF ANTHOCYANINS AND FLAVONOLS IN PETALS OF IMPATIENS BALSAMINA

ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE WITH PREPARATIONS FROM IMPATIENS HOLSTII