Impaired Insulin Function Research Articles

Comparison of Thyroid Function Tests Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients With and Without Diabetic Nephropathy and Controls.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with hyperglycemia and impaired insulin function. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of T2DM, characterized by progressive kidney damage. Thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism, has been increasingly recognised as a significant factor influencing the progression of DN. To compare thyroid function tests in patients with T2DM with and without diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic controls, and to assess the role of thyroid dysfunction in DN progression. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 225 participants. Patients were divided into three groups: T2DM with DN, T2DM without DN, and controls, with 75 participants in each group. Data collection included demographic details, comorbidities, and clinical assessments such as blood pressure, thyroid function tests, urinary albumin levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), renal function tests, serum electrolytes, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results:The most common DN stage among T2DM patients was stage 4 (29, 38.7%), followed by stages 2 and 5 (19, 25.3%each). The T2DM with DN (47, 62.7%) group had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to the T2DM without DN group (38, 51.5%) and controls (24, 32%) (p value<0.001). Abnormal cardiovascular, respiratory, and abdominal examinations were most prevalent in the T2DM with DN group. Hypothyroidism was more prevalent in both T2DM groups (14, 18.7% each) compared to controls (2, 2.7%) (p value<0.004). Conclusion:Our findings strengthen the evidence of an important link between T2DM and thyroid disorders. The high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among T2DM patients highlights the critical need for routine screening and integrated management of both conditions to enhance patient outcomes.

Peripheral insulin resistance attenuates cerebral glucose metabolism and impairs working memory in healthy adults

People with insulin resistance are at increased risk for cognitive decline. Insulin resistance has previously been considered primarily a condition of ageing but it is increasingly seen in younger adults. It is possible that impaired insulin function in early adulthood has both proximal effects and moderates or even accelerates changes in cerebral metabolism in ageing. Thirty-six younger (mean 27.8 years) and 43 older (mean 75.5) participants completed a battery of tests, including blood sampling, cognitive assessment and a simultaneous PET/MR scan. Cortical thickness and cerebral metabolic rates of glucose were derived for 100 regions and 17 functional networks. Older adults had lower rates of regional cerebral glucose metabolism than younger adults across the brain even after adjusting for lower cortical thickness in older adults. Higher fasting blood glucose was also associated with lower regional cerebral glucose metabolism in older adults. In younger adults, higher insulin resistance was associated with lower rates of regional cerebral glucose metabolism but this was not seen in older adults. The largest effects of insulin resistance in younger adults were in prefrontal, parietal and temporal regions; and in the control, salience ventral attention, default and somatomotor networks. Higher rates of network glucose metabolism were associated with lower reaction time and psychomotor speed. Higher levels of insulin resistance were associated with lower working memory. Our results underscore the importance of insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control to brain health and cognitive function across the adult lifespan, even in early adulthood.

Urine Glucose Detection Via Gold Nanoparticle Formation Using 3D-Connector Microfluidic Paper Based Analytical Devices

A metabolic disorders that have experienced a significant increase in the world are diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is caused by two main factors: the first is damage to pancreatic beta cells, which prevents insulin from being produced, and the second is impaired insulin secretion and function. Chronic diabetes, if not treated properly, can lead to acute complications including eye, kidney, lung, nerve, and even death. Diabetes can be diagnosed through blood and urine. In general, glucose detection is carried out using invasive methods that use blood samples, which can cause pain and discomfort for users. Current research is developing non-invasive glucose detection using urine samples. This research aims to develop non-invasive glucose detection technology using 3D-connector μPADs (Microfluidic Paper Based Analytical Devices) which have the advantages of being safe, easy, and simple. The three-dimensional connector on the device functions as a connector to facilitate the coordination of fluid flow in the sample zone and detection zone. The glucose detection method uses gold (III) chloride as a gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) precursor, an aqueous extract of Acalypha indica Linn as a stabilizing agent, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst, and glucose in artificial urine as a sample. Method validation results using imageJ software indicated linearity with a coefficient of determination value (R2) of 0.9714, precision with a %RSD value (Relative Standard Deviation) of 2.69, and an accuracy level ranging from 92.22-99.23%.

Deteksi Dini Si Manis ( Silent Killer ) Di Dusun Tegalsari Desa Jabon Kecamatan Mojoanyar Kabupaten Mojokerto

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood sugar due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and impaired insulin function (insulin resistance). By measuring glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) you can find out what percentage of the red blood cell dye (hemoglobin) contains sugar. HbA1c is also recommended as the final goal of therapy and is recommended to be done at least twice a year. If the treatment target has not been achieved, it is recommended to check HbA1c 4 times a year. The aim of controlling blood glucose levels in DM is to minimize the occurrence of cardiovascular complications and improve the sufferer's quality of life. The benchmark for whether DM is controlled or not is by checking HbA1c in the blood. If the level is more than 7% then it needs to be treated with insulin or anti-diabetic drugs.

Analysis of Therapy Satisfaction on the Quality-of-Life of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Anutapura Hospital Palu

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a chronic disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels caused by impaired insulin function. In Palu City, Type 2 DM is the 2nd most common in Central Sulawesi with a total of 26,204 people. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between therapy satisfaction and the quality of life of Type 2 DM patients who perform outpatient treatment at Anutapura General Hospital, Palu. Methods: With a random sample approach, 100 respondents were used in this cross-sectional study that employed an observational method. Data collection used instruments in the form of a DMSAT (Diabetes Medication Satisfaction Tool) therapy satisfaction questionnaire and a DQOL (Diabetes Quality Of Life) quality of life questionnaire. Results: The results of the study were obtained on therapy satisfaction from Type 2 DM patients with the number of respondents in the very satisfied (1.0%), satisfied (90.0%), and quite satisfied (9.0%) categories while the results of the study of the quality of life of Type 2 DM patients 2 fall into the good category (38.0%), and the bad category (62.0%). The statistical analysis test used was the Spearman Rank Correlation test. The results of the Spearman Rank Correlation test value p = 0.037 or p &lt;α (0.05), then H0 is rejected, which means that there is a relationship between satisfaction with therapy and quality of life in patients with Type 2 DM which is very weak. Conclusion: The conclusion in this study is that there is a very weak relationship between therapy satisfaction and quality of life of patients.

Upregulation of NADPH-oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and apoptosis in the hippocampus following impaired insulin signaling in the rats: Development of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

NADPH-oxidase (NOX) is a multi-subunit enzyme complex. The upregulation of NOX causes massive production of superoxide (O2¯), which avidly reacts with nitric oxide (NO) and increases cellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Increased ROS/RNS plays pivotal role in the sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD) development and brain damage following impaired insulin signaling. Hence, this study aimed to examine early-time course of changes in NOX and NOS expression, and apoptotic proteins in the rats hippocampi following insulin signaling impairment [induced by STZ injection; intraperitoneal (IP) or in cerebral ventricles (ICV)]. Early effects (1, 3, or 6 weeks) on the NOX activity, translocation of NOX subunits from cytosol to the membrane, NO-synthases [neuronal-, inducible- and endothelial-NOS; nNOS, iNOS and eNOS], The Rac-1 protein expression, levels of NO and O2¯, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 and 9 activations (cleavage) were studied. STZ injection (in both models) increased NOX activity, O2¯ production, and enhanced cytosolic subunits translocation into membrane. The iNOS but not nNOS and eNOS expression and NO levels were increased in STZ treated rats. Finally, STZ injection increased cytochrome c release, caspase-3 and 9 activations in a manner that was significantly associated with levels of O2¯ and NO in the hippocampus. ICV-STZ administration resulted in significant profound changes over the IP route. In conclusion, impairment in insulin function induces early changes in ROS/RNS contents through NOX and iNOS upregulation and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. Our results could mechanistically explain the role of impaired insulin function in the development of sAD.

The effect of Iranian snake, Naja naja oxiana venom on the blood glucose concentration and some biochemical parameters of experimental diabetic rats

Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from impaired insulin production and function; leading to hyperglycaemia and long-term complications. The treatment for Type I diabetes treatment involves insulin injections while Type II diabetes treatments include drugs such as metformin and sulfonylureas, along with lifestyle changes. These medicines can be expensive and may have adverse effects. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic agents continues. Venoms from various animals yield numerous pharmacologically active compounds. In this study, we investigated the effects of the venom from an Iranian snake, Naja naja oxiana, on blood glucose concentration and certain serum biochemical parameters in male rats with induced diabetes.Diabetes was induced in male rats using either a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) alone (55 mg/kg i. p.) or STZ (65 mg/kg i. p.) preceded by nicotinamide (230/kg i. p.) administered 15 min earlier. The diabetic rats produced by either method received a single injection of either vehicle or venom (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg i. p.). In the STZ rats, this was done 13 days after diabetes induction, while in the STZ-nicotinamide rats, venom was injected 3 days after diabetes induction.The venom from Naja naja oxiana significantly reduced blood glucose levels in male rats with diabetes induced by either method. Additionally, the venom decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. However, the venom had no effect on the blood glucose levels of healthy male rats. Pretreatment with the venom did not prevent the induction of diabetes by STZ. These findings suggest that Naja naja oxiana venom exhibits an anti-diabetic effect and could be a potential candidate for effectively controlling diabetes.

АНАЛИЗ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОГРАММ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ И РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЛЬГОТОПОЛУЧАТЕЛЕЙ, СТРАДАЮЩИХ САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА В КАБАРДИНО-БАЛКАРСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases with chronic hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or function. At the present stage, many countries are on the threshold of a global "epidemic" of diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to damage and failure of various organs and tissues. Therefore, diabetes mellitus, and especially its most common form - type 2 diabetes (DM2), is a serious medical and social problem. An effective approach to therapy of DM2 is highly relevant and depends on many factors and pathogenetic mechanisms. But despite the great progress in this direction, there are still many unresolved issues concerning individualization of treatment, creation of new or selection of already available drugs. This study is devoted to the dynamic analysis of prescription forms prescribed and dispensed to patients suffering from DM2 in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic for 2020-2023. The study found an increase in the total volume of drugs dispensed, the financial volume of expenditures on pharmaceutical care for diabetics with DM2 and costs per patient per year. A significant increase in the number of DM2 patients during the study period is shown. The analysis of prescriptions of oral medicines revealed the continuing trends of predominance of sugar-lowering therapy in medical organizations of the Republic of traditional approaches. Innovative drugs are available only to a small number of patients. It is concluded that the current situation with drug assistance to patients suffering from DM2 requires special attention and control on the part of the republic's health care authorities.

HbA1c Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Screening and Diagnosis

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood sugar due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and impaired insulin function (insulin resistance). By measuring glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) you can find out what percentage of the red blood cell dye (hemoglobin) contains sugar. To analyze HbA1c levels in screening and early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Observational descriptive research design. The population in this study were all type 2 DM sufferers at Bangil Pasuruan Regional Hospital, totaling 79 respondents. The sample consisted of 47 respondents taken using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument was an examination of HbA1c levels and an observation sheet. With controlled HbA1c levels, all of them have a normal BMI, eat a regular diet regularly take insulin medication, and adopt more regular exercise habits. Meanwhile, respondents with uncontrolled HbA1c had a BMI of underweight, normal, overweight, and most did not exercise regularly and did not regularly take antidiabetic drugs.

Karakteristik Kesejahteraan Psikologis Dan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by increased blood sugar levels due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and/or impaired insulin function (insulin resistance). This study aims to describe the psychological well-being and blood sugar levels in people with diabetes mellitus. This research is a quantitative research using descriptive method to make an objective picture of a situation. The sample of this study amounted to 74 respondents using the technique purposive sampling. This study used a standard psychological well-being questionnaire and used a glucometer to measure blood sugar levels. The data analysis used is a simple descriptive form of a frequency distribution table. The results of this study indicate that 31 respondents (41,9%) accept their own state, 8 respondents (10,8%) have positive relationships with other people, 6 respondents (8,1%) have independence, 25 respondents (33,8%) can manage the environment, 2 respondents (2,7%) have a purpose in life, and 2 respondents (2,7%) have personal growth. People with diabetes mellitus with high psychological well-being are able to accept their situation, like undergoing the process of diabetes mellitus treatment, and are able to master the environment.

ASSESSMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE LOCAL POPULATION

Diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by impaired insulin function or resistance, has gained prominence as a multifaceted health concern. Recent epidemiological studies suggest a potential link between DM and breast cancer risk. This retrospective cohort study, conducted in a Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi from January 2022 to June 2023, aimed to investigate the role of DM in the risk of breast cancer in a population of 120 participants with documented diabetes diagnoses. The participants, with a mean age of 55±8.1 years and fair glycemic control (HbA1c: 7.5%), exhibited a 30% higher likelihood of breast cancer, as indicated by a statistically significant odds ratio of 1.30 (95% CI: 1.05 - 1.60, p &lt; 0.05). Hormonal analyses revealed mean insulin levels of 45 μU/mL, IGF-1 at 150 ng/mL, estrogen at 30 pg/mL, and SHBG at 40 nmol/L in the subset with DM Stratifying by menopausal status and diabetes duration revealed nuanced associations, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors in understanding the DM-breast cancer relationship. Notably, individuals with diabetic nephropathy demonstrated 40% higher odds of breast cancer, remaining significant after adjustments. This study sheds light on the intricate connections between DM and breast cancer risk, emphasizing the need for tailored screening, surveillance, and preventive strategies in clinical management.

Baicalin: A potential therapeutic agent for diabetes and renal protection

Background: Diabetes is a complex metabolic disease manifested by raised glucose levels in the blood and impaired insulin function leading to various organ complications, including diabetic nephropathy. Baicalin, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has garnered substantial attention for its diverse beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti- apoptotic properties, etc. Intriguingly, in vivo studies in rats have further unveiled baicalin’s potential to directly modulate pancreatic beta cells, suggesting a promising role as an anti-diabetic agent.Objective: The purpose of this study is to comprehensively explore the anti-diabetic effect of baicalin, focusing on key parameters such as plasma insulin levels, glucose levels, hemoglobin, and glycated hemoglobin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Additionally, we sought to explore Baicalin’s ability to provide renal protection by evaluating serum renal markers. Methodology: This study involved a total of 30 Wistar albino male rats. Diabetes was created in rats by a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (40 mg/kg). After 72 hours, the rats with diabetes were segregated into four treatment groups (Group II to Group V) comprising 6 animals each. Group I consists of six normal control rats (without diabetes). The groups received different treatment protocols, including normal saline, DMSO, Baicalin (50 mg/kg/day), and glibenclamide (6 mg/kg/day) for 45 days. Throughout the study, meticulous observations were made regarding the animals’ general appearance, body weight, behavior, and their fasting glucose levels in venous blood.Results: Oral dosing with Baicalin at the rate of 50 mg/kg body weight revealed notable enhancements in insulin secretion and hemoglobin levels, alongside notable reductions in blood levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin compared to the glibenclamide-treated type 2 diabetic rats. Additionally, Baicalin displayed a protective action on renal tissue, as shown by reduced serum creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels.Conclusion: Our investigation unveils Baicalin’s potential as a promising anti-diabetic agent with the added benefit of renal tissue protection. The observed improvements in various physiological parameters warrant further exploration of Baicalin’s therapeutic mechanisms and clinical applications, presenting it as a compelling candidate for diabetes management and diabetic nephropathy prevention. IAEC Approval No: AVMC/IAEC/2019/07/25/08 Keywords: Baicalin, Blood glucose, Diabetes, Male wistar rats, Streptozotocin

Sodium Glucose Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2Is)-TLRs Axis Modulates Diabetes.

Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and is mainly associated with impaired insulin function. To date, various oral anti-diabetic drugs have been developed, of which, the sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) are of the most recent classes that have been introduced. They differ from other classes in terms of their novel mechanism of actions and unique beneficial effects rather than just lowering glucose levels. SGLT2Is can protect body against cardiovascular events and kidney diseases even in non-diabetic individuals. SGLT2Is participate in immune cell activation, oxidative stress reduction, and inflammation mediation, thereby, moderating diabetic complications. In addition, toll like receptors (TLRs) are the intermediators of the immune system and inflammatory process, thus it's believed to play crucial roles in diabetic complications, particularly the ones that are related to inflammatory reactions. SGLT2Is are also effective against diabetic complications via their anti-inflammatory and oxidative properties. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of TLRs and SGLT2Is, this review investigates how SGLT2Is can affect the TLR pathway, and whether this could be favorable toward diabetes.

DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent protracted metabolic disease marked by alarming blood glucose intensities and impaired insulin function. This research paper aims to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, complications, and management strategies of diabetes mellitus through a comprehensive literature review. The global burden of diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions, imposing significant health and economic challenges. Risk factors contributing to the development of diabetes include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and certain ethnic backgrounds. This paper explores the long-standing impediments associated with diabetes disorder, such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy and nephropathy, underscoring importance of effective management. Various approaches to diabetes management have been studied, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and patient education. These interventions have shown promise in achieving glycemic control and preventing complications. However, treatment adherence, healthcare disparities, and limited access to quality care pose significant obstacles to successful management. By providing valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of diabetes mellitus, this research paper highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to its prevention, diagnosis, and management. Future research should focus on innovative strategies that improve patient outcomes, enhance healthcare delivery, and alleviate the global burden of diabetes mellitus. This research paper presents a thorough investigation into the prevalence, risk factors, complications, and management strategies of diabetes mellitus. By recognizing the impact of diabetes on individuals and society, it underscores the urgency of implementing effective preventive measures, early diagnosis, and comprehensive management strategies. Through ongoing research and collaborative efforts, it is possible to improve patient outcomes and reduce the global burden of diabetes mellitus.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING SELF MANAGEMENT IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a common problem that occurs in people who have metabolic disorders characterized by increased blood sugar due to decreased secretion by pancreatic beta cells or impaired insulin function. Objectives: This study aims to determine what factors are associated with self-management in Type 2 DM patients at the Buduran Health Center.Design: This study was a quantitative research. The design in this study was a cross-sectional analytic with a sample of 80 people who were carried out at the endocrine polyclinic Puskesmas Buduran Sidoarjo. Research instrument used the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) developed by Schmitt et al (2013) to determine the self-management of type 2 DM patients and to measure the level of knowledge using the Diabetes Knoeledge Test (DKT) instrument developed by Burrough et al (2008), measure to physical activity using the Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities (SDSCA), measure to family support using Family Support Questionairre, and measure to self efficacy using Diabetes management Self Efficacy Scale (DMSES). The sample siza with simple random sampling method, and data analysis using spearman rank test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and self-management with a coefficient value (r=0.576), a significant relationship between activity ability and self-management with a coefficient value (r=0.612), a significant relationship between family support and self-management with a value of coefficient (r=0.592) and there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and self-management with a coefficient value (r=0.660). Conclusion: Patients DM Type 2 can be overcome by providing education in every prolanis activity program which is expected to increase knowledge, activity abilities, family support and self-efficacy, so that patients are able to improve self-management well. This intervention is highly recommended for people with Type 2 DM by increasing the frequency of health education and involving the family of diabetes mellitus patients so that patients are able to carry out self-management well.

Profil Kadar Asam Urat Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Terkontrol

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and or impaired insulin function (insulin resistance). Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a type 2 DM patient who takes preventive measures to avoid complications and death, such as adhering to medication, doing physical activity, controlling blood glucose levels to remain stable and implementing a healthy diet. Controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus aims to prevent complications, one of which is kidney function. One of the examinations to determine kidney function is uric acid which affects the increase in insulin levels. Uric acid is one of the metabolic that the amount should not be excessive in urine and blood. The purpose of this study was to determine uric acid levels in patients with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The method in this study is a cross sectional study design with probability sampling technique. The results of the study of 30 research subjects with the lowest value of uric acid 2.29 mg/dL and the highest value of uric acid 6.92 mg/dL. The average uric acid value obtained in the research subjects was 4.58 mg/dL. These levels are still within normal levels, this can be influenced by controlling blood glucose levels, routinely doing physical activity, consuming food and drinks regularly and as recommended (healthy diet) and routinely consulting or taking medication so that the uric acid levels obtained are normal.

The protective effects of flavonoids and carotenoids against diabetic complications-A review of in vivo evidence.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused either by inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin function, or both. Uncontrolled diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia which over time leads to fatal damage to both macro-and microvascular systems, causing complications such as cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetes management is conventionally delivered through modifications of diet and lifestyle and pharmacological treatment, using antidiabetic drugs, and ultimately insulin injections. However, the side effects and financial cost of medications often reduce patient compliance to treatment, negatively affecting their health outcomes. Natural phytochemicals from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables (F&V) and medicinal herbs have drawn a growing interest as potential therapeutic agents for treating diabetes and preventing the onset and progression of diabetic complications. Flavonoids, the most abundant polyphenols in the human diet, have shown antidiabetic effects in numerous in vitro and preclinical studies. The underlying mechanisms have been linked to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Carotenoids, another major group of dietary phytochemicals, have also shown antidiabetic potential in recent in vitro and in vivo experimental models, possibly through a mechanism of action similar to that of flavonoids. However, scientific evidence on the efficacy of these phytochemicals in treating diabetes or preventing the onset and progression of its complications in clinical settings is scarce, which delays the translation of animal study evidence to human applications and also limits the knowledge on their modes of actions in diabetes management. This review is aimed to highlight the potential roles of flavonoids and carotenoids in preventing or ameliorating diabetes-related complications based on in vivo study evidence, i.e., an array of preclinical animal studies and human intervention trials. The current general consensus of the underlying mechanisms of action exerted by both groups of phytochemicals is that their anti-inflammatory action is key. However, other potential mechanisms of action are considered. In total, 50 in vivo studies were selected for a review after a comprehensive database search via PubMed and ScienceDirect from January 2002 to August 2022. The key words used for analysis are type-2 diabetes (T2DM), diabetic complications, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mechanisms of prevention and amelioration, animal studies and human interventions.

RISK FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS (TYPE 2) AT SULTAN ISKANDAR MUDA HOSPITAL NAGAN RAYA DISTRICT

Diabetes Mellitus (type 2) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels caused by a decrease in insulin secretion or impaired insulin function. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors that influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Sultan Iskandar Muda Hospital, Nagan Raya Regency. The method used is quantitative with a cross-sectional research design. The sample in the study was 77 people using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument uses a questionnaire sheet. The research analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with the chi square test. The results of the study based on bivariate analysis found that there was a relationship between age (p-value=0.000), hypertension status (p-value=0.043), obesity status (p-value=0.019), consumption of risky foods: sweet foods (p-value= 0.039), sweet drinks (p-value=0.003), fatty/cholesterol foods (p-value=0.002), seasonings (p-value=0.016), fast food (p-value=0.002) , physical activity (p-value=0.023), and there was no relationship between gender (p-value=0.102), family history (p-value=0.364) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study found that age, sex, family history, hypertension status, obesity status, consumption of risky foods and physical activity are risk factors that influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Suggestions, it is expected that type 2 .

Antidiabetic Properties of Nymphaea Species (Water Lilies): A Review

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent metabolic disease specified by increased blood glucose and impaired insulin function. Various antidiabetic drugs are currently being used, but plant sources of antidiabetic agents are of recent scientific interest as they possess multitarget effects and the most negligible side effects. Nymphaea species (water lilies) have long been traditionally taken as food and antidiabetic agents. Growing research evidence suggests that different Nymphaea species exhibit antidiabetic activity. Therefore, we took an endeavor to summarize the available scientific literature on the antidiabetic activity of the genus Nymphaea. We extensively searched in three search engines and selected 27 in vivo, 9 in vitro, and 4 in silico studies regarding antidiabetic properties of 7 Nymphaea species named Nymphaea stellata, Nymphaea pubescens, Nymphaea lotus, Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea nouchali, Nymphaea rubra, and Nymphaea odorata. All these studies coincided with the conclusion that the Nymphaea species have effective antidiabetic properties and safety. Therefore, Nymphaea species are potential candidates for evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine and integrative medicine. The species have been found to show antidiabetic properties by antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, pancreatic β-cell-regenerating, insulin secretion and sensitivity promoting, glucose uptake and metabolizing protein-expressing, intestinal glucose metabolizing enzyme inhibiting, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. A variety of antidiabetic compounds have been identified in the 7 Nymphaea species, which can be responsible for the antidiabetic activity exerted by diverse mechanisms. Future studies should be conducted on other Nymphaea species and different plant parts and diabetic parameters to investigate their antidiabetic activity and responsible phytochemical contents.

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy to Detect Changes in Skeletal Muscle Composition Due to Obesity with Insulin Resistance and STZ-Induced Diabetes.

Age, obesity, and diabetes mellitus are pathophysiologically interconnected factors that significantly contribute to the global burden of non-communicable diseases. These metabolic conditions are associated with impaired insulin function, which disrupts the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and can lead to structural and functional changes in skeletal muscle. Therefore, the alterations in the macromolecular composition of skeletal muscle may provide an indication of the underlying mechanisms of insulin-related disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to reveal the changes in macromolecular composition in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing muscles of old, obese, insulin-resistant, and young streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The efficiency of FTIR spectroscopy was evaluated by comparison with the results of gold-standard histochemical techniques. The differences in biomolecular phenotypes and the alterations in muscle composition in relation to their functional properties observed from FTIR spectra suggest that FTIR spectroscopy can detect most of the changes observed in muscle tissue by histochemical analyses and more. Therefore, it could be used as an effective alternative because it allows for the complete characterization of macromolecular composition in a single, relatively simple experiment, avoiding some obvious drawbacks of histochemical methods.