Impaired Adolescents Research Articles

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE INDEPENDENT FORMATION OF INFORMATION CULTURE IN TEENAGERS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS

In this regard, this study aims to investigate the peculiarities of the influence of artificial intelligence technologies on the process of independent formation of information culture in adolescents with visual impairment. To achieve the goal, the methods of analysis, deduction, classification, and systematization were used, and an experiment was conducted regarding the influence of artificial intelligence on the education of teenagers with visual impairments in schools in Kazakhstan. This paper reveals the technologies of artificial intelligence and describes the social necessity of providing equal access to education and information for persons with disabilities. The practical part reveals the importance of developing methods and ways to meet the needs related to social interaction and information culture. The study included a questionnaire aimed at understanding the individual experience of visually impaired teenagers in the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The total sample was 30 students aged between 13 and 17 years old. The paper showed an analysis of the impact of technology on visually impaired adolescents and presented statistics on the use of these technologies in children's learning. In addition, the experience of using artificial intelligence technologies was identified and the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the development of analytical and critical skills of adolescents was investigated. The work revealed possible problems and ways to improve social adaptation and proposed practical recommendations for educational institutions and specialists working with adolescents with visual impairments. The research materials are of practical and theoretical value for pedagogy, typhlo pedagogy, psychology, and sociology, as they help to reveal the prospects of teaching blind or visually impaired children.

Reliability and validity of Urdu version of Tromso Social Intelligence Scale for visually impaired adolescents

Reliability and validity of Urdu version of Tromso Social Intelligence Scale for visually impaired adolescents

Acceptance of disability, attitudes toward disability, and coping in adolescents with visual impairments: A cross-lagged study.

This study aims to understand the reciprocal relationships among acceptance of disability, attitudes toward disability, and coping among Chinese adolescents with visual impairments. Adolescents with visual impairments (NT1 = 311, NT2 = 170) from four Chinese special education schools completed three questionnaires twice over 1 year. Cross-lagged panel modeling was carried out to analyze the questionnaire data. The findings revealed that attitudes toward disability and self-directed coping at Time 1 (T1) positively predicted acceptance of disability at Time 2 (T2). Self-directed coping at T1 positively predicted attitudes toward disability at T2, and attitudes toward disability at T1 negatively predicted relinquished-control coping at T2. Visually impaired adolescents' attitudes toward disability and coping serve as antecedents of their acceptance of disability. There is a positive reciprocal relationship between coping and attitudes toward disability. Psychological interventions aimed at optimizing psychosocial adjustment among students with visual impairments may benefit from targeting coping strategies and attitudes toward disability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Vision Management in Adolescents with Visually Impaired: The Effect of Yogic Visual Concentration

According to World Health Organization (WHO), 314 million individuals worldwide suffer from some degree of vision impairment. Yoga is an effective intervention for the purification and preparation of the body. The leading cleaning practices such as yoga postures, breathing control, and meditation, among others. These techniques include a yogic visual concentration technique known as Trataka. According to certain studies, yogic visual concentration improves eyesight. However, the immediate effect of trataka on visual acuity in adolescents with the visually impaired has not been investigated. Purpose. The present study investigated the effect of 6 weeks of trataka training on visual acuity in visually impaired adolescents. Material & Methods. The study used a single group, before/after design, with ten visually challenged adolescents (Mage=16.5 years; SD=1.5; range 15-18 years) participating in a 6-week trataka training. In clinical settings, the Snellen chart is the most used tool for determining a participant's level of visual acuity. Results. The outcome score for left eyesight (44.44 per cent) and right eyesight (50.43 per cent) improved significantly. Furthermore, paired t-test findings revealed significant improvement in both left eyesight (p<0.001; ES=0.87) and right eyesight (p<0.001; ES=0.83) following 6 weeks of trataka training. Conclusions. The findings of this study objectively show that the yogic visual concentration training may be more effective in adolescents with the visually impaired. Future studies with larger sample size and a more substantial research design based on objective variables are required to strengthen the study's conclusions.

SELF-ESTEEM PADA REMAJA TUNANETRA DI BALI

Abstract. Visual impairment defined as an individual whose senses of sight cannot function properly as a channel for obtaining visual information. Visually impaired persons, including visually impaired adolescents, must continue to fulfil their developmental tasks and carry out activities as normal individuals. Therefore, one of the important internal factors in influencing individual personality is needed, namely self-esteem. This study aimed to determine (a) the categorization of self-esteem levels among visually impaired adolescents in Bali and (b) the influence of sociodemographic variables: gender, visual condition, age of onset, stage of developmental age, level of education, and socioeconomic status. The subjects in this study were 64 visually impaired adolescents, aged 10 to 22 years in Bali. This research was a descriptive quantitative study with a self-esteem scale. The results showed that the majority of participants, as many as 39 people, had high levels of self-esteem and all sociodemographic variables analyzed in this study had no significant effect on self-esteem (p > 0.05). The results of this research are expected to provide theoretical knowledge of psychology as well as practical knowledge for related parties such as visually impaired adolescents, parents, and educational institutions in effort to form and increase self-esteem in visually impaired adolescents.

Oral health status and hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya

BackgroundVisual impairment affects a significant population globally. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status and oral hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 159 adolescents aged 10–19 years attending the largest public primary boarding school for the blind in Kenya. A questionnaire was used to record participants’ socio-demographic variables and oral hygiene practices. Clinical examination was undertaken to assess oral health status which consisted of oral hygiene, gingival health, and dental caries. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare dental health outcomes across socio-demographic characteristics.ResultsThere were 69 (43.4%) and 90 (56.6%) participants in Category I and II visual impairment respectively, 85 (53.5%) were male and 74 (46.5%) were female. Study participants were divided into three age categories: 10–12 years 48 (30.2%), 13–15 years 67 (42.1%), and 16- 19 years 44 (27.7%), with an overall mean age of 13.9 ± 2.3. All participants brushed their teeth, majority 107 (67.3%) brushed two or more times daily. Only 66 (41.5%) of the participants replaced their toothbrushes at 3 months. Sex (p =< 0.001) and age (p = 0.04) influenced frequency of toothbrush replacement. The average plaque score and gingival score index was 0.95 ± 0.45 and 0.28 ± 0.25 respectively, with gingivitis prevalence of 88.1%. Overall dental caries prevalence was 44.7%, [42.1%)] permanent dentition and [8.2%] deciduous dentition. Mean DMFT and dmft were 0.44 ± 0.60 and 0.12 ± 0.32 respectively. DMFT had a statistically significant association with sex (t = 1.82, p = 0.03). Oral hygiene practices did not influence oral hygiene and dental caries status. However, a statistically significant association was reported between frequency of toothbrush replacement and gingival score index (“p” =< 0.001).ConclusionsThe study reported general good oral hygiene, prevalent gingivitis 140 (88.1%), and almost half of the study population affected by dental caries 71 (44.7%). Most participants were unaware of using fluoridated toothpaste and of needing to change toothbrushes within 3 months. Frequency of toothbrush replacement was reported to influence gingival score index.

Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge of In-school Adolescents: A Comparative Study of Visually Impaired and Non-visually Impaired Students

Adolescents’ Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge is important for preventing SRH problems and enabling young people to live a healthy sexual and reproductive life. This study assessed the differences in SRH knowledge between the visually impaired (VI) and non-visually impaired (N-VI) adolescents; and examined the factors contributing to the differences between the two groups. The study was conducted in Ondo State, Nigeria using a multi-stage sampling technique to select 394 visually impaired and non-visually impaired in-school adolescents aged 15-19 years. Quantitative data were collected using Open Data Kit (ODK). Models were fitted with Ordered Logistic Regression (OLR) using Stata 14. Results showed that 89% of N-VI compared with 66% of VI had good access to SRH information, while 63.4% of the VI and 40.3% of N-VI had poor SRH knowledge. Students with good access to information were more likely to have a better SRH knowledge, although the relationship is stronger for the N-VI than for the VI. The OLR results further showed that the respondents who had good access to information were about 116% more likely to have good SRH knowledge than their counterparts with poor access to information (OR = 2.163; C1:1.41–3.32). Also, the likelihood of the N-VI having good SRH knowledge more than doubled (138% more) that of the VI (OR = 2.377; C1:1.14 – 4.00). Extra-curricular activities also increased the likelihood of good SRH knowledge. The study therefore recommends advocacy efforts to provide adolescents with increased SRH knowledge with special focus on VI.

Self-esteem and Social Intelligence in Visually Impaired Adolescents

Aim: To explore the differences in the levels of self-esteem and social Intelligent in visually and non-visually impaired adolescents Study design: Cross sectional Place and duration: December, 2018 to February, 2020 in special education center private and government school of city Lahore Method: There were 122 people in total in the sample. There were 56 visually impaired volunteers and 66 non-visually impaired persons.Boys and girls aged 14 to 19 from private and public special education schools took part in the study. Two scales were used; Self-esteem Scale for Children (SESC), and Social Intelligence Scale (SIS) used along with a demographic Performa Results: Analysis revealed that being visually impaired and having low level of social facilitation is found to be a negative predictor of low self-esteem. There was no significant difference found on three factors of self-esteem and social intelligence. Overall visually impaired tend to have lower level of self-esteem. Conclusion: Adolescence is a vital period in a person's life when he or she faces a number of psychological obstacles. If he had any type of handicap at this teenage time, he would have a lot of problems in his life. According to this study, if a person has any handicap throughout the teenage stage, it affects their degree of self-esteem and social intelligence. Key words: Self-esteem, Social Intelligence Visually Impaired, Non-Visually Impaired, Adolescents

Effects of Music Listening on Postural Balance in Adolescents with Visual Impairment.

We aimed to investigate the effect of music on visually impaired adolescents' postural balance across different somatosensory and vestibular input conditions. We recruited 19 adolescent participants (9 males, 10 females) with severe congenital visual impairment. We recorded their mean center of pressure velocity (CoPVm) during static upright bipedal standing under somatosensory (firm and foam surfaces) and vestibular (head facing forward (HFF), head rotated 90° to the right (HRR), and head rotated 90° to the left (HRL)) perturbations in three auditory conditions (no-music, listening to Jupiter, and listening to their preferred music). We found that CoPVm decreased significantly when listening to both Jupiter and preferred music, compared to the no-music condition on both firm (p < .05) and foam (p < .001) surfaces and with the HFF (p < .05), rotated to the right (p < .001) or rotated to the left (p < .001). Moreover, CoPVm values increased significantly with somatosensory manipulation (p < .001) in all the auditory conditions and with vestibular manipulation (p < .01) only in the no-music condition. We concluded that listening to both Jupiter and preferred music improved postural balance in visually impaired adolescents, even in challenged postural conditions.

Comparison of social intelligence among adolescents with visual impairment regarding varying demographic factors

Social intelligence (SI) helps the visually impaired adolescents (VIAs) to adjust in social environment by maintaining healthy interpersonal relationship. The purpose of the study was to explore differences in SI of VIAs and varying demographic factors. For this purpose, sample of 385 VIAs (204 males, 181 females) of age range 11 to 19 years, was taken from two divisions of Punjab, that is, Rawalpindi and Lahore, Pakistan. Translated Urdu version of Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS) containing 21 items was used to get responses on Likert-type scale from 1 ( describes me extremely poorly) to 7 ( describes me extremely well). The tool was found to be reliable for the given population as alpha reliability of Urdu-translated TSIS was 0.91 and test–retest reliability was 0.748. Mean, frequencies, and percentages were used to summarize the results. Multiple comparison analysis was computed to assess significant differences regarding gender, socioeconomic status (SES), education, and SI of VIAs. Results revealed that there was no significant difference in SI among VIAs across gender. In addition, significant difference was indicated in SI among VIAs belonging to different SES. VIAs belonging to high SES revealed to have high level of SI. Furthermore, there was significant difference in parents’ education and SI of VIAs. It was recommended that social intervention training programs might help to create awareness and development of skills and capabilities related to SI.

강강술래가 고도 이상 청력손실을 가진 청소년의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향

Objective: Dance can achieve harmonious integration in mentally and physically while expressing oneself through creative and improvised artistic movements. For disabilities, dance is an important incentive to think positive and appreciate their value. The study aims to investigate the effect of dance rehabilitation using the dancing steps of Ganggangsullae, which develops balance, unity, sociality, and creativity for hearing impaired adolescents, on their self-esteem. Methods: 6 hearing impaired girls aging 11.8 to 17.6 years (14.7 ± 2.07) participated. Two of them had no dance class experiences, other two experiences, and the other two had aerobics exercise experiences. Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used for self-esteem. These tools were investigated at 8-week pre-/post-Ganggangsullae activity, and then the mean scores of respective responses were compared. Results: The mean scores of RSES improved from 2.87 ± 0.46 to 3.27 ± 0.46. Conclusion: The dancing steps of Ganggangsullae improved the self-esteem of the hearing impaired.

Oral hygiene status, malocclusion and dental trauma among institutionalized visually impaired and sighted adolescents in Lagos State, Nigeria.

To compare prevalence of oral hygiene status, dental trauma and malocclusion among institutionalized visually impaired (VI) and non-visually impaired (NVI) adolescents in Lagos State, Nigeria. A cross sectional study conducted among institutionalized VI and NVI adolescents in Lagos State, Nigeria. One hundred and thirty-two randomly selected VI adolescents aged between 9 and 23 years and 138 NVI participants aged between 9 and 17 years were recruited using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Oral examination assessed oral hygiene status, dental trauma and malocclusion. Data entry and analysis was by SPSS version 20. Associations were analyzed using chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Male to female ratio among the VI and NVI participants, were 1.5:1 and 1:3, mean ages were 15.03 ± 3.36 and 12.96 years ± 1.89 SD, prevalence of dental injury were 16.67% and 7.2% and malocclusion were 15.2% and 11.6% respectively. More of the NVI participants had good oral hygiene status (29.0%). Uncomplicated dental injury was more prevalent among the VI male participants than their NVI counterparts while malocclusion was significantly less among the NVI participants. There is an urgent need for the development of policy and protocol on oral health of persons with special needs.

Traumatic dental injuries and their sequelae in visually impaired adolescents.

Traumatic dental injuries are a public health problem. Visual impairment can be considered a risk factor for traumatic dental injury given the difficulties imposed upon visually impaired patients by limited physical perception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of traumatic dental injuries and their sequelae in adolescents with visual impairment. Adolescents (12-18years) with visual impairment (blind or low vision) and no other special needs were included in the study. Data were collected after a clinical and radiographic examination. Data regarding gender, age, type of visual impairment, site of traumatic dental injury, tooth type, and affected tissues, care, and sequelae were obtained. The data were analyzed descriptively and with the chi-square test (p<.05). Among 96 adolescents (65% blind; 55% female), 20.8% (n=20) reported they had previously experienced a traumatic dental injury of 33 teeth (78.8% maxillary central incisors). Combined injuries (30.3%; n=10) were the most common traumatic dental injuries, followed by concussion (27.3%, n=9) and enamel-dentine fractures (21.2%, n=7). Sequelae were observed in 27.3% (n=9) of the teeth affected by a traumatic dental injury, and apical periodontitis (77.8%, n=7) was the most common. The frequency of traumatic dental injuries among visually impaired adolescents can be considered high, and the observed sequelae could have been minimized if adequate clinical and radiographic follow up had been carried out. These results suggest the importance of enhanced educational efforts to reduce traumatic dental injuries.

Содержание и взаимосвязи ресурсов и когнитивно-личностных свойств у подростков с нарушениями зрения

Health limitations are traditionally considered in psychology as difficult living conditions determining the specifics of personal development and related to the necessity of updating the resource system. The problem of the resource content specifics in the situation of health limitations did not find proper attention in psychology for a long time. The variety of external and internal resources raises the question about the factors causing them, about the search for the person’s qualities or abilities determining the resources updating. The paper presents the semantics of the resource concept in the group of adolescents with visual impairments, describes the basic interrelations of resources and cognitive-personal characteristics (reflection, self-efficacy), resources and coping strategies. Most frequently, visually impaired adolescents define a resource as a means to achieve a goal, as a potential and opportunities available to a person. The main function of a resource for teenagers is to help and support. Less frequently, the adolescents use the references to personal qualities as a resource. From the point of view of visually impaired adolescents, the social support resource is the most significant, and the stress control resource is less significant, which can be explained by age specifics. The authors identified fair direct correlation relationships between such resources as confidence, social support and parameters of self-efficacy and reflection. For visually impaired adolescents, the systemic use of parameters of reflection and resources proved to be important. The set of reflection parameters is both a health resource predictor and a multiple coping predictor. The use of a set of reflection parameters by adolescents determines the application of the social support and health resource. The communication reflection has the greatest influence on the use of the social support resource. The systemic use of the coping resources determines the self-efficacy parameter.

IMPROVING EMOTIONAL DYSREGULATION AND WELL-BEING AMONG VISUALLY CHALLENGED ADOLESCENTS: EFFICACY OF ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT)

The current study aimed to determine efficacy of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for the emotional dysregulation and mental health of visually impaired adolescents. In a quantitative pre-post design, a purposive convenient sample of seven visually impaired adolescents with age range of 18 to 23 was recruited. Difficulties in emotion regulation scale were used to recruit the participants. After baseline assessment participants were subjected to six individual sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy. One week after the completion of intervention phase post test scores were obtained. A paired sample t-test and Reliable Change Index were applied. Results showed that there was significant difference of emotion dysregulation and mental health. Individual analyses were also performed. Tau-u statistics showed that ACT is an effective approach to enhance emotion dysregulation and mental health issues in visually impaired adolescent. The results of the study have important implications for clinical practitioners.

Explore the Motifs of Attachment and Social Intelligence in Visually Impaired Adolescents

Objective: This present study was aimed to explore the attachment patterns on the social Intelligence scale in visually and non-visually impaired adolescents. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted in different private and government schools of special education and mainstream from Lahore. Results and Conclusion: During the two years of study, total contributors were122 in which Visually Impaired participants were 56 and Non-Visually Impaired were 66 with the maturity era of 14 to 19 years. Two scales were used; Social Intelligence Scale (SIS), and the Attachment Questionnaire for Children (AQC). In this study, results indicated that there was no significant difference found between the level of Social Intelligence on different attachment patterns between visual and non visually Impaired adolescents. There was no difference between the three types of attachment patterns on the social intelligence level of Visually Impaired and non Visually Impaired adolescents. On the other hand, Non-Visual Impaired adolescents had shown more secure attachment while Visual Impaired adolescents showed more ambivalent attachment patterns. Key Words: Visual Impairment, Non-Visual Impairment, Social Intelligence, Attachment Patterns

Validation of the Brazilian Version of the RMS Tactile Scale (B-RMS-TS).

This study aimed to validate the Brazilian version of the RMS Tactile Scale (B-RMS-TS) in children and adolescents with visual impairment. Ten visually impaired children and adolescents between 10 and 17 years old of an Educational Center for Visually Impaired People answered the verbalized Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), and the DAS in Braille to evaluate their dental anxiety levels. B-RMS-TS construct validity was assessed by convergent and discriminant validity. Convergent validity was tested in two ways: Pearson's correlation between the B-RMS-TS and the overall anxiety question; Pearson's correlation between B-RMS-TS and verbalized DAS and DAS in Braille. B-RMS-TS reliability was measured by internal consistency (Cronbach's alfa and McDonald's omega) and test-retest reliability (ICC). B-RMS-TS was moderately correlated to the overall anxiety question (r=0.493;p=0.147). B-RMS-TS showed excellent correlation with verbalized DAS (r=0.971;p<0.001) and DAS in Braille (r=0.934;p<0.011). B-RMS-TS was able to discriminate dental anxiety levels between male and female (p=0.008). The B-RMS-TS demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.661, McDonald's omega=0.700 and ICC=0.987; 95%CI=0.817-0.999). B-RMS-TS is valid and reliable to measure dental anxiety levels in Brazilian children and adolescents with visual impairment.

Perception of oral health and medical conditions as possible predictors of oral health status in visually impaired adolescents: a cross\u2010sectional study

BackgroundWe aimed to assess oral health and oral hygiene status among visually impaired adolescents and also to evaluate the factors related to their oral health.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study among 130 visually impaired adolescents in Tehran, Iran, in December 2018. Of three schools for visually impaired children in Tehran, children in the sixth to the tenth grade (aged 12–17 years) were included after obtaining their parents’ consent. WHO oral health questionnaire for children was filled out through face to face interviews. General characteristics were age, gender, status of visual impairment, place of residence, and parental education level. Oral health-related questions were perceived dental and gingival health, dental self-care, dental visits, medical conditions, and dietary habits. Oral examinations included Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‑S), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). Univariate and multiple logistic regression tests were applied using STATA.ResultsThe mean age (SD) of the adolescents was 14.45 (1.61) years. The fully blind children were 33.8%, and those with low vision were 66.2%. Regarding the perception of dental and gingival health, nearly half of the adolescents were satisfied. The mean DMFT and decayed component (DT) were 2.43 ± 2.24 and 1.92 ± 2.12, respectively. The frequency of DMFT ≥ 3 was 45.4%. The mean OHI-S was 2.01 ± 0.70, and OHI-S > 1.8 was reported in 60% of children. The prevalence of BOP was 79.2%. DMFT was significantly associated with toothache (P = 0.003, OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 1.54–9.09), perceived dental health (P = 0.005, OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.40–6.67), and medical conditions (P = 0.03, OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.13–8.68). In addition, OHI-S was related to gender (P = 0.02, OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15–0.83), perceived dental health (P = 0.006, OR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.35–6.12) and medical conditions (P = 0.04, OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.04–8.97). BOP was associated with perceived gingival health (P = 0.02, OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.18–7.33).ConclusionsMedical conditions and perceived dental and gingival health are possible predictors for oral health status in these adolescents. Although these children could not visualize caries or gingival bleeding during the brushing time, they could perceive the status of their oral health correctly. Also, being involved in medical problems can make more ignorance of oral health.

PROTECTIVE AND COPING BEHAVIOR IN HEARING IMPAIRED INDIVIDUALS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RESILIENCE

The article is devoted to the study of the features of defensive coping behavior in hearing impaired adolescents with different levels of resilience. The relationship between defensive-coping behavior and the level of resilience is analyzed. It was revealed that hearing impaired adolescents with a low level of resilience are dominated by such forms of protective-coping behavior as: seeking social support, escape-avoidance, denial, regression, suppression, distancing; and for hard of hearing adolescents with a high level of resilience - planning for problem solving, intellectualization, projection, acceptance of responsibility and positive reappraisal.

Validação da Avaliação Terapêutica Ocupacional (ATO) para Adolescentes e Adultos com Deficiência Visual por painel de especialistas

Descreve-se o processo de validação da Avaliação Terapêutica Ocupacional (ATO) para Adolescentes e Adultos com Deficiência Visual, através de juízes especialistas. Pesquisa com delineamento misto, com estratégia qualitativa exploratória descritiva e quantitativa descritiva, para compor a análise dos dados. Foi organizado um painel de especialistas para utilização da ferramenta técnica Delphi. O processo de coleta de dados ocorreu por meio eletrônico, para envio e recepção dos documentos. A validade é estabelecida quando houver consenso dos especialistas, que inclui estabilidade nas sugestões e índice de validade de conteúdo total igual ou maior que 90% (IVC total ≥0,90). Oito profissionais da saúde participaram das três rodadas da técnica. Cada etapa apresentou IVC próprio, recebeu sugestões e comentários que possibilitaram modificações, adições de questões pertinentes e melhoramentos na estrutura, conteúdo e organização da Avaliação. Na última rodada, foi estabelecido o consenso com IVC = 0,97 (97,91%) e ausência de sugestões que provocassem alterações na Avaliação. Segundo os juízes especialistas, a Avaliação é válida, pois avalia o que se propõe. Possui linguagem acessível, estrutura e conteúdo relevantes, claros, adequados para atingir seu objetivo máximo: avaliar a funcionalidade de adolescentes e adultos com deficiência visual, por meio de métodos de entrevista e observação direta.