Impact Of V2G Research Articles

Infrastructure planning for airport microgrid integrated with electric aircraft and parking lot electric vehicles

To achieve net-zero emissions in aviation with defined CO2 mitigation objectives in “Flightpath 2050″, electric aircraft (EA) becomes an attractive technology. Many aircraft prototypes with a fully electrically powered propulsion system for short-haul commuting air transport have been designed in recent years. Planning and designing the ground power systems and associated electric aircraft charging operations are also essential for realising electrified aviation. In this work, a bi-objective infrastructure planning framework for airport microgrid to accommodate parking lot electric vehicles (EVs) and EA is developed, and the impact of V2G on the airport microgrid is assessed as well. The dispatching problem of the airport microgrid is formulated as a heuristic optimisation problem, and the NSGA-II algorithm is adopted to find the Pareto Fronts and optimal solutions. There are two different scheduling strategies for charging EA: plug-in charge and battery swap. The economic and technological assessments for both strategies are conducted and compared. The results show that adopting V2G strategy can indeed improve the airport microgrid economical performance. In general, the EA plug-in charge strategy performs better than the EA battery strategy in terms of resilience, while the EA battery swap strategy can reduce the operation costs of the airport microgrid.

The Impact of V2G Charging/Discharging Strategy on the Microgrid Environment Considering Stochastic Methods

Although electric vehicles (EVs) play a vital role in realizing remarkable features, however, the integration of a huge number of EVs leads to grid congestion as well. As a result, uncontrolled charging might give rise to undervoltage and complex congestion in the electric grid. The reasons for the uncontrolled charging of EVs have been investigated in the recent past to mitigate the effects thereof. It is very challenging to achieve controlled charging due to different constraints at the customer end; therefore, it is better to take the benefits of power prediction schemes for the charging and discharging of EVs. The power prediction scheme is based on a practical power forecast system that exploits the needs of various patterns, and the current research focuses on considering users’ demands. The primary objective of this study is to develop an effective and efficient coordination system for the charging and discharging of EVs by exploiting a smart algorithm that intelligently tackles the possible difficulties to attain optimum power requirements. In this context, a model is proposed based on stochastic methods for analyzing the impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging and discharging in the microgrid environment. A Markov model is used to simulate the use of EVs. This method works well with the Markov model because of its ability to adjust to random changes. When considering an EV, its erratic travel patterns suggest a string of events that resemble a stochastic process. The proposed model ensures that high power requirements are met during peak hours in a cost-effective manner. In simpler words, the promising features of the proposed scheme are to meet electricity/power demands, monitoring and the efficient forecasting of power. The outcomes revealed an effective power system, EV scheduling, and power supply without compromising the electric vehicle’s presentation of the EV owner’s tour schedule. In terms of comprehensiveness, the developed algorithm exhibits a significant improvement.

Impact Assessment of Vehicle-to-grid Technology in LFC of Multi-area Solar-thermal Power System

This paper presents a load frequency control scheme with the integration of Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) which can enhance the system dynamics under load fluctuations. For this, a detailed multi-area multi-source system is designed with a solar-thermal and a thermal unit in Area1, a gas and thermal unit along with an electric vehicle (EV) fleet in Area2, and two thermal units and an EV fleet in Area3. The thermal units are single reheat turbine type, and appropriate generation rate constraints are considered for thermal and gas units. The application of Two Degree of Freedom Proportional-Integral-Derivative (2DOF-PID) controller has been made as secondary controller in all the control areas. A new nature inspired optimization technique called as Wind Driven Optimization is employed for simultaneous optimization of the controller gains and parameters. Comparison of 2DOF-PID controller with classical controllers reveals the superiority of the former under nominal system conditions. The impact of V2G into the system is tested which proves that the magnitude and numbers of oscillations of the system response is reduced when it encounters load fluctuations. The robustness of the optimized gains and parameters of 2DOF-PID controller have been verified by carrying out sensitivity analysis under different system conditions.

Impact of V2G on Distribution Feeder: A Power Loss Reduction Approach

Abstract The penetration of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) into the electrical distribution system has potential to create room for many operational benefits. A V2G facility installed on a distribution feeder line segment may affect power loss in the distribution system. Mathematical models are developed to study how magnitude of V2G reactive power injection and different mixes of uniformly distributed loads and lumped loads can impact power loss on a distribution system feeder. The V2G facilities assumed in this research are V2G parking lots with provision for injecting reactive currents into the feeder of a distribution network. It is shown that loss reduction can be greatly influenced by the pattern of loading, the amount of V2G reactive injection as well as position and number of V2G parking lot along the feeder segment. Useful results are obtained, with a promise that more than 95% power loss reduction (relative to power loss in the system without V2G installed) is possible by optimally locating a V2G parking lot along the feeder. It is observed that location and capacity injection of a V2G facility are the most critical for loss reduction. It was concluded that proper system planning and operational practice are required in order to reduce power losses.

Impact Assessment of V2G on the Power Loss of Unbalanced Radial Distribution Network

Abstract Electric distribution feeders are inherently unbalanced and therefore have potential for severe power loss. The penetration of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) into the distribution feeders is expected to impact the power losses in the system. This is a pressing issue since power loss affects the operations, economics, and quality of service for the electric power systems. In this article, the impact of V2G parking lots on power losses of a radial distribution network is investigated. Two test networks were used in the study, namely: IEEE 13 and IEEE 123 Node test feeder networks. The test feeders and the V2G facilities were modeled in Radial Distribution Analysis Package (RDAP). Load flow results provided information on the power losses of the network. Results show that for a given penetration level, the impact of 3-phase and system-wide V2G integration on the power loss results in less power losses than 1-phase V2G integration. Results also indicate that operating the entire system such that V2G facilities will not compromise “near-balanced” state of operation and will have an improved impact on the power loss than highly unbalanced operation. The results obtained will be a useful tool for studying the impact of V2G on the power loss of a distribution network.

Vehicle-to-grid systems for sustainable development: An integrated energy analysis

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems represent a means by which power capacity in parked vehicles can be used to generate electricity for the grid. This paper describes the first detailed and global analysis of the potential of V2G technologies over the long-term (to 2100) using a comprehensive energy-systems model. In this analysis we explore the potential for V2G systems to supply a number of electricity submarkets and concomitantly accelerate the diffusion of advanced vehicle technologies, including hybrid-electric and fuel cell drivetrains. We also examine the potential impact of V2G on the global energy system, particularly in terms of investment in conventional capacity, and the possible role of V2G-enabled vehicles in increasing the market penetration of renewable electricity generation technologies. Importantly, however, V2G technologies represent a paradigm shift in how the energy and mobility markets are related, and a number of possible barriers to the widespread adoption of this technology are also discussed.