Impact Of Treaties Research Articles

The maritime consequences of peace: The impact of treaties with the Barbary states on Venetian shipping in the eighteenth century

From a maritime-history perspective, little is still known about eighteenth-century Venice, especially in non-Italian literature. Classic interpretations of eighteenth-century Venetian shipping suggest that the Venetians never regained a significant role as carriers in the Mediterranean after the sixteenth century. Although Venetian shipping was heavily impacted by the arrival of the ‘Northerners’ in the Mediterranean at the end of the sixteenth century, its capacity for long-term recovery has yet to be clarified. The primary impediment to Venetian maritime activity was the high threat of attacks by the so-called ‘Barbary corsairs’ on their merchant ships, which drove up transport costs. The Republic of Venice signed treaties with Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli and Tunis from 1763 onwards, but historians remain sceptical about the effects of this peace. This article seeks to demonstrate that the treaties with the Barbary states represented a groundbreaking turning point for eighteenth-century Venetian shipping: from the 1760s onwards, liberated from the burden of high risks and high protection costs, Venetian shipping made a vigorous and lasting resurgence on all routes in the Mediterranean and beyond. Following the treaties, the Venetians became significant carriers in the Mediterranean sea trade and were able to rival other competitors in international markets. From this standpoint, the Venetian shipping sector not only recovered but also flourished until the ultimate dissolution of the Republic in 1797.

The effects of ASEAN treaties in domestic legal orders: Evidence from Vietnam

Abstract This article examines the effects of ASEAN treaties in the Vietnamese legal system. It demonstrates that, in addition to modifying domestic laws, ASEAN treaties, especially those adopted to promote regional economic integration, could also influence the domestic legal order by changing current administrative procedures, introducing new administrative mechanisms, and improving the overall operation of government agencies. This process may not be immediately discernible from an examination of changes in domestic laws; however, once the inquiry is broadened to include details of treaty implementation via administrative procedures, the impact of treaties comes into sharper focus. This impact of treaties on administrative procedures, while relatively easy to overlook, may represent the most important portion of the impact of ASEAN treaties on Vietnam’s legal order. More broadly, it also illuminates a larger point about the indirect, more subtle, and less visible influence that international law may exert on national law and procedures.

Controlling Land: Historical Representations of News Discourse in British Columbia

News discourse about treaty issues privileges postcolonial discourses about ownership and governance of land and excludes a wide range of indigenous voices. this paper explores how news items interweave the frame “indigenous peoples as a threat” into their coverage of two events, analyzed as separate case studies, that have significant implications for the control of land in British Columbia. The first case study event is the Nisga'a's 1998 referendum on the Nisga'a Treaty and the second is the 2002 British Columbia Treaty Referendum. Reportage of both events was highly racialized and organized around the presumed threat that indigenous peoples pose to settler values. Discourse orbits around several rhetorical arguments, including “‘our’ government is colluding with First Nations to impose race-based governments on British Columbians; and “the will of the majority must prevail over the political maneuverings of minorities and other ‘special interest groups.'” While news discourse focused on the potentially destructive impact of treaties on settler interests, any discussion of the enormous risks treaties represent for indigenous peoples was completely absent.

The Legal Strength of International Health Instruments - What It Brings to Global Health Governance?

Public health instruments have been under constant development and renewal for decades. International legal instruments, with their binding character and strength, have a special place in this development. The start of the 21st century saw, in particular, the birth of the first World Health Organization (WHO)-era health treaties – the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and its first Protocol. The authors analyze the potential impact of these instruments on global health governance and public health, beyond the traditional view of their impact on tobacco control. Overall, the very fact that globally binding treaties in modern-era health were feasible has accelerated the debate and expectations for an expanded role of international legal regimes in public health. The impact of treaties has also been notable in global health architecture as the novel instruments required novel institutions to govern their implementation. The legal power of the WHO FCTC has enabled rapid adoption of further instruments to promote its implementation, thus, enhancing the international instrumentarium for health, and it has also prompted stronger role for national legislation on health. Notably, the Convention has elevated several traditionally challenging public health features to the level of international legal obligations. It has also revealed how the legal power of the international health instrument can be utilized in safeguarding the interests of health in the face of competing agendas and legal disputes at both the domestic and international levels. Lastly, the legal power of health instruments is associated with their potential impact not only on health but also beyond; the recently adopted Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products may best exemplify this matter. The first treaty experiences of the 21st century may provide important lessons for the role of legal instruments in addressing the unfolding challenges in global health.

From the Frying Pan to the Fire: Fraser and the Shift from International Law to International 'Thought' in Charter Cases

In its 2007 decision in BC Health Services the Supreme Court of Canada invoked international law in support of its conclusion that the Charter’s guarantee of “freedom of association” included collective bargaining. In its 2011 decision in Fraser the Court returns to the issue of the role of international norms in Charter cases and was presented with the opportunity to clarify its position and respond to criticisms thereof. In this article we argue that the Court both missed an opportunity to correct and clarify its approach to the use of international law, and has, remarkably, sought to respond to its critics by shifting to the even more unstable ground of international legal “thought”. We also discuss the implications of the Court’s international turn on some other constitutional basics, including well established rules on the impact of treaties in domestic law, and the distribution of powers in the Canadian federation.

The External Implied Competence of the European Union and the Impact of Bilateral Treaties on the Taxation of Cross-Border Savings

As part of a ‘tax package’ aimed at combating harmful tax competition, the European Community (now European Union) implemented a legislative instrument to allow for the effective taxation of cross-border interest payments, known today as the ‘Savings Directive’. However, what remained unregulated was the structure of tax levies on cross-border payments made from Member States into territories that are not part of the European Community. As a result, the European Community expressed its need to establish bilateral tax treaties with non-member state third countries and territories associated with the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This move has produced conflicting schools of thought. On the one hand, the European Community has an interest in maintaining common policies with respect to taxes levied on cross-border payments made within its internal market. On the other hand, its regulation of taxes levied on cross-border payments to third parties has arguably set a precedent for an ‘external implied competence’ on issues that its Directives already regulate within the internal market. This article introduces this interplay scenario and studies the general impact of these treaties on the taxation of cross-border savings.

VERIFIABILITY, RELIABILITY, AND NATIONAL SECURITY

The rejection of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) by the U.S. Senate in October 1999 could have been avoided, and the consequences of that vote still loom in the minds of supporters of the treaty. President Barack Obama has embraced the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and a key element of the Obama administration's arms control agenda is delivering on U.S. CTBT ratification. In order to secure the two-thirds majority in the Senate necessary to ratify the treaty, senators that remain skeptical of nuclear disarmament must also be convinced that the entry into force of the CTBT is in the national security interest of the United States. This article provides an analysis of the issues surrounding U.S. CTBT ratification divided into three segments—verifiability of the treaty, reliability of the U.S. stockpile, and the treaty's impact on U.S. national security—and concludes that CTBT ratification serves the security objectives of the United States. The CTBT constitutes an integral component of the multilateral nonproliferation architecture designed to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and it constrains the qualitative development of nuclear weapons, thereby hindering efforts by states of concern to develop advanced nuclear weapons.

The role of Treaty of Waitangi claim settlements on Maori economic development

Socio-economic disparities between Maori and non-Maori people in New Zealand (NZ) make a discussion about the economic development of Maori communities a relevant topic. In addition, the impact of Treaty of Waitangi claim settlements on Maoris economic development is doubted. This paper explores the link between Treaty settlements and Maori economic development by first applying economic development theory, empowerment theory and entrepreneurship theory. Secondly, the socio-economic positioning of two Maori tribes after receiving compensation is compared. It is concluded that Treaty settlements provide the basis for economic growth. However the management of the resources will determine eventually whether economic growth takes place.

Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equality, and Respect for Difference

Introduction / Michael Asch 1. Culture and Anarchy in Indian Country / J. Edward Chamberlin 2. Challenging Assumptions: The Impact of Precedent in Aboriginal Rights Litigation / Catherine Bell and Michael Asch 3. Re-Examining Culturally Appropriate Models / Emma LaRoque 4. The Impact of Treaty 9 on Natural Resource Development in Northern Ontario / Patrick Macklem 5. The Meaning of Aboriginal Title / Kent McNeil 6. Wampum at Niagara: Canadian Legal History, Self-Government, and the Royal Proclamation / John Borrows 7. Understanding Treaty 6: An Indigenous Perspective / Sharon Venne 8. Affirming Aboriginal Title: A New Basis for Comprehensive Claims Negotiations / Michael Asch and Norman Zlotkin Notes Contributors Index

Europe in Space: The Program Is in French

Europe in Space: The Program Is in French

The Impact of the Peace and Friendship Treaty on Soviet-Japanese Relations

Research Article| December 01 1979 The Impact of the Peace and Friendship Treaty on Soviet-Japanese Relations Peggy L. Falkenheim Peggy L. Falkenheim Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1950) 19 (12): 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643966 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Peggy L. Falkenheim; The Impact of the Peace and Friendship Treaty on Soviet-Japanese Relations. Far Eastern Survey 14 June 1950; 19 (12): 1209–1223. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2643966 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1979 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.