Impact Of Temperature Variation Research Articles

Impact of Temperature Variations on Rice Production

The mean temperature might rise up to range of 2.0–4.5°C worldwide by the end of this century. Climatic variables affect the growth and development of the crop differently at different growth stages. The rate of development of a crop depends on the climate. Temperature is the primary factor that influences the growth and productivity of crops. Higher or lower temperatures than the optimum lead to improper crop development and affect rice's phenological stages. Extreme temperature may lead to early maturity of the crop and lower temperature lead to prolonged maturity of the crop which in both cases leads to a decrease in yield. A moderate increase in temperature will not have severe implications, but an increase in average temperature by 20 C will likely have strong negative effects on rice crop production. In several studies, it has been reported that high night temperature decreases the yield potential of rice. Whereas, respiratory losses have been shown to increase due to higher day temperature, leaf conductance and net assimilation rates during the day were reported to be higher.

Impact of temperature variations on BISON predictions of Ag release in AGR-1 and AGR-2 experiments

Understanding and quantifying the release of fission products like silver (Ag) from TRistructural ISOtropic (TRISO) fuel particles is important to assess the safe operation of advanced high temperature reactors. Although the silicon carbide (SiC) layer of TRISO particles is effective as the main fission product barrier, Ag can be released from intact TRISO particles. A mechanistic model for the effective Ag diffusivity, Deff, was previously developed as a function of temperature and microstructure variables informed by atomistic modeling of Ag diffusivity. In this study, we use this model to explore how experimental temperature uncertainties impact the overall predicted Ag release. This analysis indicates that calculated temperature uncertainties have a significant impact on the overall Ag release predictions. Furthermore, we show that the time average volume average (TAVA) temperature is not an appropriate proxy for the detailed temperature histories to predict fission product release due to the Arrhenius dependence of Ag diffusivity with respect to temperature. The detailed temperature histories, therefore, provide the most accurate results and are of most importance for modeling efforts. Overall, this work shows the importance of considering the experimental uncertainty of the temperature on computational predictions of fission product transport and release and the need for more accurate temperature histories from future experiments.

The impact of temperature variations on the thermal and charring characteristics of laminated bamboo lumber

The impact of temperature variations on the thermal and charring characteristics of laminated bamboo lumber

Multifunctional carbon nanotubes coated stainless steel mesh for electrowetting, hydrophobic, and dye absorption behavior

Electrowetting behaviour for carbon nanotubes (CNT) grown on stainless steel mesh was investigated. The effect of temperature, time, and applied bias voltage on the contact angle of water droplets was studied. The impact of temperature variation on contact angle was also performed for the temperature ranging from 25 to 70 °C. A decrement of contact angle by 68% was observed for the mentioned range indicating a transition from a hydrophobic to hydrophilic nature. A similar trend was observed on the application of electric potential to the CNT-modified stainless-steel mesh ranging from 0 to 8 V with a transition of contact angle from 146 to 30 deg respectively. A comparative analysis for the contact angle variation with time for CNT-coated mesh and uncoated mesh was performed for 180 min. It is observed that uncoated mesh shows a reduction in contact angle to 0 deg with time while the CNT coated mesh shows surplus hydrophobicity with a 2 deg decrement in the extent of time. CNT-modified mesh successfully absorbs 95% of rhodamine B (RB) dye and detergent from water in 10 cycles.

Assessment of temperature and ITCs on single gate L-shaped tunnel FET for low power high frequency application

In a vertical TFET structure, controllability over the gate is enhanced because of the favorable electrostatic potential and tunneling under the entire gate region by preventing the direct source to drain tunneling. For an L-shaped TFET, the Band-to-Band-Tunneling (BTBT) is perpendicular and parallel to the channel length. Also, it has a higher I on (ON-current) with suppressed ambipolar current (low I ambi ) and is more scalable than other vertical BTBT mechanism-based TFET structures. The reliability of n-type single gate L-shaped TFET (SG-nLTFET) is investigated by examining: (1) impact of temperature (Temp K ) variation (from 260 K to 460 K) and (2) Interface trap charge (ITCs) polarity at fixed charge density on analog /RF /linearity figure of merits (FOMs). The obtained results reveal that change in polarity of ITCs at the Si/HfO 2 interface,modifies the analogue characteristics of the SG-nLTFET significantly in terms of turn-on voltage as well as I on . The temperature sensitivity of SG-nLTFET device indicates that the ShockleyReadHall (SRH) and Trap-Assisted-Tunneling (TAT) phenomenon dominates at lower gate bias and degrades the I on /I off ratio at high temperatures. On the other hand, the BTBT mechanism predominates in the subthreshold regime of transfer characteristics. Furthermore, the results reveal that the off-state current (I off ) degrades dramatically at high temperatures. According to the empirical analysis, SG-nLTFET is insusceptible to Positive-ITCs (Donor trap charges, P-ITCs) present at Si/HfO 2 interface in comparison to Negative-ITCs (Acceptor trap charges, N-ITCs).

The impact of temperature variation on the algae–zooplankton dynamics with size-selective disturbance

The phenomenon of algal blooms caused by global warming frequently occurs in global water bodies, however, the mechanism by which temperature affects algal growth is still unclear. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of a deterministic algae–zooplankton model with water temperature, as well as its corresponding stochastic version. Mathematical theoretical work mainly analyzes the stability, persistence and Hopf bifurcation of the deterministic model, and performs a survival analysis on the stochastic model and shows the existence of a unique ergodic stationary distribution, which in turn provides a theoretical basis for numerical simulations. Numerical analysis indicates that the variation of temperature can generate complex impacts on the fundamental mechanisms underlying the growth of algae, whether in deterministic or stochastic environment. One of the most interesting results indicates that the decrease of temperature can destabilize the algae–zooplankton interactions, but increase their permanence; the increase of temperature can stabilize the algae–zooplankton interactions, but reduce their permanence.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions during Cultivation and Fallow Periods from Rice Paddy Soil under Urea Fertilization

Rice cultivation serves as a significant anthropogenic source of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Although N2O emissions remain relatively small compared to CH4 emissions, they are remarkably affected by nitrogen-fertilized soil conditions during rice cultivation. While numerous studies have investigated nitrous oxide emissions in response to nitrogen fertilization, existing research assessing nitrous oxide emissions based on nitrogen fertilizer levels has often been limited to cultivation periods. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive analyses covering the entire year, including the dry periods, to address nitrous oxide emissions as an important source throughout the entire agricultural cycle. In this case study, we investigated the characteristics of N2O emissions in a central region of South Korea, where a single rice-cropping cycle occurs annually over a span of three whole years, from May 2020 to May 2023. We investigated the impact of variations in temperature and soil moisture on N2O emissions during rice cultivation and fallow periods. In this context, we attempted to discover the complex dynamics of N2O emissions by comparing longer fallow periods with the rice cultivation periods and extended non-dry periods with irrigated periods. We discovered that the greater contribution of cumulative N2O emissions during the fallow period made a much greater contribution (up to approximately 90%) to the whole-year N2O emissions than those during the rice cultivation period. During the fallow period from rice harvest to rice planting in the following year, variations in N2O emissions were associated with high-flux events after rainy periods on dry soils. This highlights the considerable influence of soil moisture content and weather conditions on N2O emissions during the fallow period. This affects high emission events, which in turn significantly impact the cumulative emissions over the entire period. We underscore that assessing N2O emissions solely based on the rice cultivation period would underestimate annual emissions. To prevent underestimation of N2O emissions, periodic gas collection throughout a year covering both rice cultivation and fallow phases is required in alignment with the monitoring of different temperature and soil moisture conditions. We captured statistical differences in cumulative N2O emissions due to nitrogen fertilization treatments across the three years. However, no significant difference was observed in the three-year average emissions among the different (one, one-and-a-half, and double) nitrogen fertilization treatments, with the exception of the control treatment (no fertilization). Based on the findings, we recommend at least three whole-year evaluations to ensure the estimation accuracy of N2O emissions under different nitrogen fertilization conditions. The findings from this study could help prepare the further revision or refinement of N2O emission factors from rice cultivation in the national greenhouse gas inventories defined by the inter-governmental panel on climate change (IPCC).

Investigation of efficiency and temperature dependence in RbGeBr3-based perovskite solar cell structures

This study is centered on the exploration of the inorganic perovskite material RbGeBr3 as an absorbing layer in various configurations of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The Poisson, continuity, and transport equations are solved using the finite element method for calculation. Systematic variations in the thicknesses of the RbGeBr3 absorber layer and the electron transfer layer are performed, with gold (Au) and silver (Ag) utilized as metal contacts for the electrodes. The study also delves into the impact of temperature variations on the efficacy of these structures. Among the tested configurations, the FTO/TiO2/RbGeBr3/P3HT/Au configuration emerges as the most efficient, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 11.89 %, with a short-circuit current of 14.47 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage of 0.96 V. Additionally, two alternative structures, FTO/ITO/RbGeBr3/PEDOT:PSS/Au and FTO/ITO/RbGeBr3/PEDOT:PSS/Ag, are investigated, yielding comparable power conversion efficiencies of 11.374 %. The findings of this study can serve as valuable insights for the design of more advanced and efficient perovskite solar cells based on mineral perovskite layers.

Interfacial interaction energies at the interface of graphene/conductive polymer nanocomposites: A reactive molecular dynamics study

Reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulation was employed to investigate the interaction in the polymer nanocomposites, including functionalized graphene nanosheet (FGN) and conductive polymers namely poly (3-phenylhydrazone thiophene) (PPHT), poly (3-(4-n-octyl)-phenylthiophene) (POPT). FGN structures were resulted from incorporation of aryl functional groups containing various substitutions, including hydroxyl, ether. The effect of alkyl chain attached to hydroxyl was also examined. Based on the obtained results, the highest level of interaction energy was achieved in the PPHT/graphene-phenethyl alcohol (G-PhCH2CH2OH) and POPT/G-phenol (G-PhOH). The cause of the increase or decrease interaction energy in certain interaction in polymer nanocomposites was investigate by examining radial distribution function (RDF) diagrams in the case of different reactive sites. In addition, the polymer's state in terms of expansion or contraction during its interaction with FGN was determined based on radius of gyration (Rg) of the polymer. The impact of temperature variations among other parameters, was also examined. For this purpose, the nanocomposite of polymers/graphene-phenyl methyl ether (G-PhOCH3) was investigated at elevated temperature above 300 K. Ultimately, the investigation based on obtained RMD simulation results demonstrated a strong agreement with other reported other papers.

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE HEAT PUMP-ADSORPTION AIR DRYING SYSTEM USING A RECOVERY

This paper describes the development of a heat pump and adsorption system that incorpo-rates a recuperator. A theoretical model is developed to analyze the system's operation numeri-cally. The study includes a numerical analysis of the thermodynamic efficiency, an examination of the changes in air parameters at different points in the system, an investigation of the impact of variations in temperature and relative humidity of the surrounding air, and also an analysis of the effect of the regeneration air temperature on the system's performance. Graphical representations of the system's efficiency are generated by modifying the parameters of the outside air and the re-generation air temperature following the heat pump condenser. The study also explores the in-fluence of the recuperator's efficiency on the overall energy efficiency of the system. The results demonstrate that this advanced system significantly reduces the specific electrical energy con-sumption for air drying compared to systems lacking a recuperator or a recuperator and a heat pump, regardless of the outdoor air parameters.

Impact of Temperature Variation from 300 to 400 K on the Performance of Silicon Solar Cell

Impact of Temperature Variation from 300 to 400 K on the Performance of Silicon Solar Cell

Effects of temperature on the interaction between amphibian skin bacteria and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Symbiotic relationships between animals and microbes are important for a range of functions, from digestion to protection from pathogens. However, the impact of temperature variation on these animal-microbe interactions remains poorly understood. Amphibians have experienced population declines and even extinctions on a global scale due to chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by chytrid fungi in the genus Batrachochytrium. Variation in susceptibility to this disease exists within and among host species. While the mechanisms generating differences in host susceptibility remain elusive, differences in immune system components, as well as variation in host and environmental temperatures, have been associated with this variation. The symbiotic cutaneous bacteria of amphibians are another potential cause for variation in susceptibility to chytridiomycosis, with some bacterial species producing antifungal metabolites that prevent the growth of Bd. The growth of both Bd and bacteria are affected by temperature, and thus we hypothesized that amphibian skin bacteria may be more effective at preventing Bd growth at certain temperatures. To test this, we collected bacteria from the skins of frogs, harvested the metabolites they produced when grown at three different temperatures, and then grew Bd in the presence of those metabolites under those same three temperatures in a three-by-three fully crossed design. We found that both the temperature at which cutaneous bacteria were grown (and metabolites produced) as well as the temperature at which Bd is grown can impact the ability of cutaneous bacteria to inhibit the growth of Bd. While some bacterial isolates showed the ability to inhibit Bd growth across multiple temperature treatments, no isolate was found to be inhibitive across all combinations of bacterial incubation or Bd challenge temperatures, suggesting that temperature affects both the metabolites produced and the effectiveness of those metabolites against the Bd pathogen. These findings move us closer to a mechanistic understanding of why chytridiomycosis outbreaks and related amphibian declines are often limited to certain climates and seasons.

Impact of Temperature Variation on Calcium Profiling in a Neuronal Cell Due to Cancer: A Steady-State Case

Impact of Temperature Variation on Calcium Profiling in a Neuronal Cell Due to Cancer: A Steady-State Case

Impact of Temperature Variation on Friction Behaviour of Rare Earth-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Coatings with Ionic Liquid Lubricants

This research paper investigates the tribological performance of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings doped with rare earth metals (europium and gadolinium) as well as pure DLC lubricated with ionic liquid additives (trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate {[P66614][DEHP]} and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate {[EMIM][DEP]}) in Polyalphaolefin 8 (PAO8). The study aims to examine the effect of temperature on the interaction between the coatings and additives by conducting tribological experiments using a block-on-disk setup at temperatures of 60 °C, 80 °C, and 100 °C. The primary objective is to evaluate the performance of doped DLC coatings compared to pure DLC coatings with ionic liquid additives in the lubricant in boundary lubrication conditions at various high working temperature environments. The experiments reveal that doped DLC coatings with ionic liquid additives exhibit superior tribological performance compared to pure DLC coatings. The rare earth metal dopants play a positive role in the formation of a tribofilm on the surface of the coatings as it interacts with ionic liquids, resulting in a lower coefficient of friction (CoF). Temperature influences the performance of the coatings and additives. The CoF increases with temperature for pure DLC coatings, while for doped DLC coatings it was significantly less. These findings highlight the influence of temperature on the tribological behavior of DLC coatings. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the impact of rare earth metal dopants and ionic liquid additives on the tribological performance of DLC coatings under different temperature conditions. The results demonstrate the potential of utilizing doped DLC coatings with ionic liquid additives as an effective approach to enhance the performance of mechanical systems.

Performance and Stability Analysis of Built-In Self-Read and Write Assist 10T SRAM Cell

This work presents the performance and stability analysis of the proposed built-in self-read and write assist 10T SRAM (BSRWA 10T) for better performance in terms of thermal stability and fast write access, which is suitable for military and aerospace applications. The performance of the proposed SRAM cell dominates the previous SRAM cells, i.e., conventional, fully differential 10T-ST (FD 10T-ST), single stacked disturbance-free 9T-ST (SSDF 9T-ST). The proposed SRAM cell dominates the SSDF 9T-ST SRAM cell in terms of write ability. The built-in self-read and write assist structure of the memory cell also dominates the improved write ability of SSDF 9T-ST SRAM by assist circuits such as negative bit line, ultra-dynamic voltage scaling (UDVS), write assist combining negative BL, and VDD collapse. The impact of assist circuits on write performance of memory cells is observed using Monte Carlo simulation for write margin (WM) parameter. WM of SSDF 9T-ST SRAM is improved by 15% and 25% by adding UDVS assist circuit and write assist combining negative BL and VDD collapse circuit. But BSRWA SRAM cell itself can improve WM by 32% without any assist circuit. The impact of temperature variation on the performance of memory cells is observed using Monte Carlo simulation for the HSNM parameter. The deviation of HSNM for 15°C to 55°C is 14%, 5%, 4%, and 1% in conventional SRAM cell, FD 10T SRAM cell, SSDF 9T SRAM cell, and proposed BSRWA 10T SRAM cell, respectively. The proposed SRAM cell is designed at a 22 nm CMOS technology node and verified in the Synopsys Custom compiler. MC simulation results are monitored on Synopsys Cosmo-scope wave viewer.

Interfacial trap charge and self-heating effect based reliability analysis of a Dual-Drain Vertical Tunnel FET

This manuscript exclusively addresses the reliability concern of a double-drain vertical TFET (DD-VTFET) by analysing the influence of interface trap charges and variation in ambient temperature on various DC and analog/RF figure of merits. For detailed analysis, performance of the device is evaluated by considering different densities and polarities of trap charges existing at gate-oxide/channel interface. TCAD-based simulation results reveal that trap charges significantly alter the flat-band voltage, which further causes variation in the device performance. It is observed from the transfer characteristic curve that the leakage current is degraded from 10−18 to 10−13A/μm when a positive (donor) charge density of 1013 cm−2 is introduced at oxide/channel interface. However, cut-off frequency is found to be improved under the influence of donor traps, which is mainly attributed due to improvement in transconductance of the device. Moreover, simulation results indicate that DD-VTFET is immune to the negative (acceptor) traps in comparison with the positive traps. Furthermore, the analysis carried out for temperature affectability on the device performance suggests that, at higher ambient temperature, the off-state current degrades more in subthreshold region (at low gate bias) due to dominance of the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) and trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) mechanisms, which exponentially depend on the temperature. Therefore, the leakage current increases approximately by an order 7 when temperature is increased from 200 K to 400 K. Since band-to-band tunneling starts dominating over SRH and TAT in the super-threshold region (at high gate bias), the impact of temperature variation along with presence of the trap charges is found to be insignificant on the transfer characteristics.

Theoretical Investigation of Dual-Material Stacked Gate Oxide-Source Dielectric Pocket TFET Based on Interface Trap Charges and Temperature Variations

In this paper, the performance of dual-material stacked gate oxide-source dielectric pocket-tunnel field-effect transistor (DMSGO-SDP-TFET) has been investigated by considering fixed interface trap charges (ITCs) at the Si–SiO2 interface. During the analysis, both types of trap charges, positive (donor) and negative (acceptor), have been considered to investigate their effect on the DC, analog/ radio frequency, linearity and harmonic distortion performance parameters in terms of the carrier concentration, electric field, band-to-band tunneling rate, transfer characteristics, transconductance ([Formula: see text]), unity gain frequency ([Formula: see text]), gain–bandwidth product, device efficiency ([Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]), transconductance frequency product, transit time ([Formula: see text]), second- and third-order transconductance and voltage intercept points ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], VIP2 and VIP3), third-order Input Intercept Point and Intermodulation Distortion (IIP3, IMD3), second-, third-order and total harmonic distortions (HD2, HD3 and THD), respectively. Further, the impact of temperature variations from [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K in the presence of ITCs is investigated and the results are compared with conventional DMSGO-TFET. In terms of percentage variation, DMSGO-SDP-TFET depicts lower variation than conventional DMSGO-TFET, indicating that the proposed device is more immune to trap charges and can be used for energy-efficient, high-frequency and linearity applications at elevated temperatures.

Impact of temperature variations in worm containers and nutrition amount on silk glands and silk productivity

During the feeding of mulberry silkworms, when the temperature in the larvae fluctuates sharply and the amount of nutrients fed is below or above the norm, the metabolism and physiological processes in the body are disrupted. As a result, the silk cocoon water balance, respiration, digestion and absorption of nutrients are impaired, the activity of the silk glands is impaired, creating conditions for disease-causing microorganisms. In this case, the growth of silkworms by 4 times less when the worms are fed with 50% of the norm, reducing the amount of silk in the cocoon, as the larvae survive without healthy development and the productivity of the cocoons grown. This results in a 20.0% reduction in its average weight and a 23.3% decrease in the weight of the shell. At the same time, on farms where mulberry leaves are in short supply, the cocoon yield per box of worms is 15-30 kilograms, and the quality is 14% lower. This is due to the fact that the growth of mulberry silkworms as a result of the inability of the silk gland to accumulate enough silk fluid due to underdevelopment and the satiety of the mulberry leaf significantly affect the activity of the silk gland. Feeding silkworms with high-nutrient varieties of mulberry leaves increased silkworm size by 6.9-10.1%, viability by 2.5%, total cocoons, yield by 4.5%, yield by 8 kg. In particular, a sharp change in the air temperature of the worm relative to the norm (25-26 °C) weakens the activity of the silk gland due to disruption of the growth and development process of worms. Due to the reduction of the amount of silk liquid synthesized, the viability of worms is 6.5%, the weight of the cocoon is 61.5-64.4%, the weight of the silk shell is 73.7-74.5%, the yield is 8-10 kg, and the variety is 6-12%. decrease has been scientifically proven.

Impact of temperature variation on noise parameters and HCI degradation of Recessed Source/Drain Junctionless Gate All Around MOSFETs

With the continuous scaling for MOS device, the noise parameters has becoming a critical parameter. The noise performance of an electronic device can be measured with the help of Minimum Noise Figure (MNF), Auto-Correlation Factor (ACF), Cross-Correlation Factor (CCF), and Output Impedance (Real Z0). In this article, we have investigated the effects of temperature fluctuation on the noise parameter performance, and the Hot-Carrier Injection (HCI) degradation of the device Recessed Source/Drain Junctionless Gate All Around (Re-S/D-JL-GAA) and Junctionless Gate All Around (JL-GAA) MOSFETs. The comparative analysis presents that the temperature difference has the minimum impact on all noise characteristics. In this paper, the temperature variations from 200 K to 500 K have been studied to study the noise performance of the device at both low and high temperature applications. The simulation results confirm that all noise parameters are minimum in Re-S/D-JL-GAA compared to JL-GAA MOSFET. As a result, the Re-S/D-JL-GAA MOSFET is better alternative for analog circuits with low noise applications over a wider temperature range.

High Efficiency of Tandem Perovskite Solar Cells: Optical-Electrical-Thermal Simulation

The SCAPS-1D simulation tool was employed to conduct photoelectric simulation of perovskite solar cells in this paper. To begin with, a MAPbI3/MASnI3 layer was used as the perovskite absorption layer to investigate the performance of tandem perovskite solar cells. The influence of defect density and the work function of the front electrode on the device performance were studied. Additionally, the impact of temperature variations on device performance was studied. The results indicate that the MAPbI3/MASnI3 tandem perovskite solar cells achieve higher efficiency (30.05%) than the single-junction perovskite solar cells. Moreover, low defect density and temperature were found to be beneficial for higher performance. The heat distribution inside the device was studied using the finite element method. Furthermore, the influence of different hole transport materials and electron transport materials on the performance of perovskite solar cells with the hybrid perovskite layer (MAPbI3/MASnI3) was investigated and find out the appropriate transport layer materials. This research provides a reference for the perovskite solar cells.