Impact Of Sunlight Research Articles

Investigating the role of photochemistry and impact of regional and local contributions on gaseous pollutant concentrations (NO, NO2, O3, CO, and SO2) at urban and suburban sites

Gaseous pollutant concentrations were monitored for one year in urban (NO, NO2, O3, CO, and SO2) and suburban (NO, NO2, and O3) sites. Common characteristics were identified at both sites, such as higher concentrations during typical winter months for all pollutants except O3. Increased NO, NO2, CO and SO2 concentrations during wintertime were linked to residential heating emissions, with pairwise correlations showing CO as marker for the study site. O3 production was lower in wintertime but higher in summertime at both sites based on its seasonal cycle and the impact of sunlight. Furthermore, diurnal variations showed that traffic emissions during rush hours most profoundly affected CO and NO. Nevertheless, NOx were characteristically higher at the urban site based on the burdened environment, whereas O3 was higher at the suburban site due to the lower destruction rates. O3 was the dominant oxidant at both sites, with a linear regression between OX and NOx revealing a negative relationship. This observation suggested a dominant regional contribution to oxidant concentrations. In addition, abnormally high O3 concentrations in relation to the season were reported for the first time at the study sites. Elevated concentrations were measured in parallel with Sahara dust events indicating noteworthy atmospheric conditions that require further assessment. Other O3 burdened periods were driven by regional transport of polluted plumes from the northeast. Lastly, nocturnal increases in O3 were observed and associated with enhanced vertical mixing.

Investigation on ozone formation mechanism and control strategy of VOCs in petrochemical region: Insights from chemical reactivity and photochemical loss

To investigate disparities in VOCs pollution characteristics, O3 generation activity, and source apportionment outcomes resulting from photooxidation, online monitoring of 106 VOCs was conducted in Jinshan District, Shanghai from April to October 2020. The observed VOCs concentrations (VOCs–obs) were 47.1 ppbv and 59.2 ppbv for clear days (CD) and O3-polluted days (OPD), respectively. The increase in daytime concentrations of alkenes is a significant factor contributing to the enhanced atmospheric photochemical activity during the OPD period, corroborated by VOCs-loss, ozone formation potential (OFP), propy-equiv concentration, and LOH. The sensitivity analysis of O3–NOx–VOCs indicated that O3 formation was in a transitional regime towards NOx-limited conditions. The results of positive matrix factorization (PMF) demonstrated that refining and petrochemicals (20.8–25.0 %), along with oil and gas evaporation (15.6–16.7 %) were the main sources of VOCs concentrations. Notably, source apportionment based on VOCs–obs underestimated the contributions from sources of reactive components. It is worth highlighting that the sunlight impact & background source was identified as the major contributor to LOH (21.6 %) and OFP (25.3 %), signifying its significant role in O3 formation. This study reiterates the importance of controlling reactive VOC components to mitigate O3 pollution and provides a scientific foundation for air quality management, with emphasis on priority species and controlling sources.

First report of triterpenes pathway in Calotropis procera revealed to accumulate beta-amyrin

The major reports on Calotropis procera (C. procera) indicated the importance of this plant as a resource of pharmaceutically active ingredients as well as its medical advantages. β-amyrin (BA) is a significant substance in this plant and has a pharmacological effects in some frameworks, like focal and fringe sensory system, digestive and immune systems. In this study, the impact of sunlight before and after irrigation on the BA production in C. procera is studied its pathway with involved eight key enzymes. The eight enzymes' genes were characterized and successfully submitted to NCBI; AAS (acc.no. KU997645) for α-amyrin synthase, BAS (acc.no. MW976955) for β-amyrin synthase, SE (acc.no. MW976956) for squalene epoxidase, SS (acc.no. MW976957) for squalene synthase, GPPS, (acc.no. MW976958) for geranyl pyrophosphate synthase, FPPS (acc.no. MW976959) for farnasyl pyrophosphate synthase, CAS1, (acc.no. MZ00598) for cycloartenol synthase1 and LS (acc.no. MZ005982) for lupeol synthase. qRT-PCR analysis revealed high expression levels of GPPS, FPPS, SS, SE, and BAS genes at all times specially midday. Otherwise, CAS1, LS and BAS expression levels were very low at all daylight periods. The UPLC β-amyrin data are in accordance with qRT-PCR results. This indicates that triterpenes biosynthetic pathway in C. procera is going to β-amyrin accumulation with the highest level at midday.

Hydrothermal synthesis of MoO3/ZnO heterostructure with highly enhanced photocatalysis and their environmental interest

A methodological approach has been made in the synthesis of the MoO3/ZnO heterostructure via., superficial hydrothermal route. The synthesized MoO3/ZnO will act as an agent for the photocatalytic destruction of Eosin Blue (EB) in a single step with non-toxic molecular intermediates are attained. Simultaneously Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu), heavy metal are removed under the impact of sunlight. Excellent activity against bacteria like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the biocompatibility studies of Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) was systematically accomplished. Also, the synthesized heterostructure was used in the treatment of Albino swiss mice administrated with air pollutant (PM 2.5). Later enormous collagen fibers, thickening of elastic fibers and congested pulmonary vessels with collapsed alveoli was observed but in case of mice treated with particulate matter followed by MoO3/ZnO showed very slight increase in the size of interalveolar walls, proving to be an excellent bio-medication. This work offers the opportunity of constructing efficient photocatalyst with admirable bio-compatibility for a safer environment. Among many other metal oxides tested during the experiment, pioneer synthesis of MoO3/ZnO heterostructure was a benchmark for various environmental therapies.

Effect of Polymer Capping on Photonic Multi-Core–Shell Quantum Dots CdSe/CdS/ZnS: Impact of Sunlight and Antibacterial Activity

The highly luminescent CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–multi-shell quantum dots (QDs) were prepared without a protective atmosphere through the precursor injection method (phosphine free) in paraffin liquid and oleic acid. Polymers (PEG, PVA, PVP, and PAA) were coated to CdSe/CdS/ZnS core–multi-shell quantum dots to increase stability. However, core–multi-shell structured QDs reveal enhanced emission in the range 355–410 nm by suppressing the defect sensitive cores and nonradioactive recombination in PL spectra. The cubic zinc blended quantum dots with crystallite size in the range 22–44 nm, as confirmed by XRD, were obtained. The resultant absorption spectra of all the samples showed that the samples were absorbent in the UV region over the 302–380 nm range. In the FT-IR spectrum 712, 731, and 400–700 cm–1 band values were assigned to CdSe, CdS, and ZnS band stretching, respectively. Images of CdSe, CdSe/CdS, and CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots obtained from the SEM were spherical whereas QDs capped with different polymers (PEG, PVA, PVP, and PAA) showed nanofibers that were linear and homogeneous size ranged between 12 and 38 nm. These as prepared QDs were placed under visible light for 48 h. After absorbing UV light, the range of UV–vis intensity was enhanced until 389–464 nm and emission intensity enhanced until 492–509 nm, which was confirmed by UV and PL spectra. CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs with organic ligands revealed antibacterial activity over a broad range against Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The Influence of Simulated Sunlight on the Inactivation of Influenza Virus in Aerosols.

Environmental parameters, including sunlight levels, are known to affect the survival of many microorganisms in aerosols. However, the impact of sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols has not been previously quantified. The present study examined the influence of simulated sunlight on the survival of influenza virus in aerosols at both 20% and 70% relative humidity using an environmentally controlled rotating drum aerosol chamber. Measured decay rates were dependent on the level of simulated sunlight, but they were not significantly different between the 2 relative humidity levels tested. In darkness, the average decay constant was 0.02 ± 0.06 min-1, equivalent to a half-life of 31.6 minutes. However, at full intensity simulated sunlight, the mean decay constant was 0.29 ± 0.09 min-1, equivalent to a half-life of approximately 2.4 minutes. These results are consistent with epidemiological findings that sunlight levels are inversely correlated with influenza transmission, and they can be used to better understand the potential for the virus to spread under varied environmental conditions.

The Impact of Sunlight on Adventitious Buying and Giving.

The impact of sunlight on the income derived from spending and donations in a coastal charitable facility is examined. Data consisted of income during 2017 and 2018, together with daily sunshine hours and apparent temperature, and amultiple linear regression model was employed to determine the importance of these meteorological variables on income. Results indicated that income increased with both increasing sunshine hours and apparent temperature, but with an interaction effect (negative coefficient) between sunlight and apparent temperature such that the effect of sunlight on income is positive at lower apparent temperatures and negative at higher apparent temperatures. So, besides its many direct and indirect effects on man, it appears that sunlight also acts as a positive driver in adventitious giving and buying.

Распространенность различных форм актинического кератоза

In this article, the literary review of scientific literature on prevalence of various forms of actinic keratosis is carried out worldwide. Actinic keratosis often found preconcert dermatosis, which is connected with long, repeated intensive impact on skin of ultra-violet radiation. The centers of defeat are formed on open sites of skin, generally, on a face, a neck, forearms and brushes, owing to an intraepidermal dysplasia of various degree of expressiveness. According to some authors of actinic keratosis is an initial stage of development of plant cellular cancer of the skin. The high incidence of an actinic keratosis depends on the degree of intensity of sunlight. More often the disease develops at white-skinned inhabitants at 1-11 skin prototypes. Meets at 11-26% of white Americans aged from 40 years and is more senior, at 19-24% of residents of Great Britain, from 40 to 60% of the population of Australia. Are the reasons the intensive solar influence close arrangement to the equator, the relation of the most part of the population to so-called Celtic type at which the deficiency of factors of natural protection against ultraviolet is noted. Also, matters popular sporting events which are held in the open air. Generally, men are ill mainly, at the age of 50 years and are more senior. Also, the disease occurs in elderly men, recipients of the internals and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. By the received results a number of authors the analysis of a dermatoscopic picture revealed the most characteristic signs for each form of actinic keratosis. The nature of the prevalence of pathological process is also shown. The high incidence of an actinic keratosis depends on the degree of intensity and duration of the impact of sunlight. Effective diagnostics of an actinic keratosis allows to reduce risk of malignant transformation of disease and promotes the right choice of the most adequate and necessary tactics of treatment.

Estadísticas de turistas en laguna de Quilotoa

Muchos años más antes, el lugar que hoy se encuentra la Laguna, ha sido una planicie de llanura con muchos pastizales y plantas frutales como: caña, mandarina, naranja, maíz entre otros. En medio de tantos árboles frutales, madereros y vegetales, ha existido árbol muy grande con sus ramas formadas como dientes y muy hermosas. He ahí, ha vivido un vaquero cuidando a los ganados, en ese entonces ha existido una vertiente de agua que ha estado ubicado en tuya chupa, que en la actualidad en ese lugar existe agua termal que está burbujeando. En una semana o más el agua se ha comenzado a salir más y en sueño se ha presentado una chica muy linda brillando junto al árbol grande y se ha revelado diciendo; que hoy saldrá más agua, formaré los picos y cuchillas.Luego de esta revelación, el vaquero se ha asustado muchísimo por no interpretar que quería decir esa revelación; así ha comenzado a difundir a una familia que ha existido en ese entonces en zona de Quilotoa.También hay otras muchas versiones, pero de todo, el nombre kirutwa se origina de esa revelación y versión, que hace mucho más año que nuestros abuelas/as y ancestros siempre ha llamado kirutwa, que significa: kiru = dientes o madera y twa = princesa, es por ello el significado de kirutwa es dientes de princesa toa.Ahora en la actualidad con la llegada de mestizos y más personas extranjeras, se ha cambiado de nombre de Kirutwa a Quilotoa que no tiene mayor significado para nosotros.

The Impact of Sunlight on Skin Aging

In this review, we summarize and discuss the current literature on photoaging. We focus on the molecular effects of UV radiation, and the histological and clinical features of chronically sun-exposed skin. The expression of numerous proteins is altered in habitually sun-exposed skin, including sirtuins and hedgehog signaling proteins. Pharmacological manipulation of the levels of these proteins can potentially downregulate the photoaging process. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and altered gene expression patterns are critical components of both photoaging and chronological aging. Chronic UVA and UVB exposure result in the photoaged phenotype through distinct molecular mechanisms, with UVA being primarily ROS-mediated and UVB being DNA damage-mediated. Molecular effects result in an altered dermal and epidermal environment that manifests as the photoaged phenotype. Importantly, skin phototype and environmental influences impact individual responses to chronic UV radiation.

Experimental study of the use of electric car powered with stationary solar and electrochemical batteries in Northern Poland

The subject of this paper is an experimental analysis of a Nissan LEAF electric car equipped with 24 kWh battery, powered from the standalone photo-voltaic (PV) charging station in Gdańsk, Poland. The calculations of charging process efficiency and range of test drives were conducted in two extreme situations (winter and summer) of sunlight and road conditions. Experiments were performed in the Laboratory of Innovative Power Technologies and Integration of Innovative Energy Sources (LINTE^2) at Gdańsk University of Technology. The car was night-charged with the stationary electrochemical battery, which, in turn, was powered with PV panels during the day. The impact of sunlight and ambient temperature changes on daily urban and highway drive ranges was analysed. The efficiency of energy conversion in multiple current converters was determined.

The impact of sunlight on high‐latitude equivalent currents

AbstractGround magnetic field measurements can be mathematically related to an overhead ionospheric equivalent current. In this study we look in detail at how the global equivalent current, calculated using more than 30 years of SuperMAG magnetometer data, changes with sunlight conditions. The calculations are done using spherical harmonic analysis in quasi‐dipole coordinates, a technique which leads to improved accuracy compared to previous studies. Sorting the data according to the location of the sunlight terminator and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), we find that the equivalent current resembles ionospheric convection patterns on the sunlit side of the terminator but not on the dark side. On the dark side, with southward IMF, the current is strongly dominated by a dawn cell and the current across the polar cap has a strong dawnward component. The contrast between the sunlit and dark side increases with increasing values of the F10.7 index, showing that increasing solar EUV flux changes not only the magnitude but also the morphology of the equivalent current system. The results are consistent with a recent study showing that Birkeland currents indirectly determine the equivalent current in darkness and that Hall currents dominate in sunlight. This has implication for the interpretation of ground magnetic field measurements and suggests that the magnetic disturbances at conjugate points will be asymmetrical when the solar illumination is different.

Analysis for sources of atmospheric α- and γ-HCH in gas and particle-associated phase in Dalian, China by multiple regression

Atmospheric concentrations of α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes were measured once a week in Dalian throughout 2008, using a high-volume air sampler, to estimate diurnal, monthly and seasonal variations. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the impact of selected meteorological conditions on atmospheric concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes and to identify the potential source regions. Overall, α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes were mainly associated with the gas phase, with an annual mean gas-phase concentration of 36 ± 30 and 10 ± 9.8 pg m−3 respectively. On the other hand, mean particle (PM10) associated concentrations throughout the year were 1.9 ± 2.4 and 0.46 ± 0.43 pg m−3 respectively. Gas-phase concentration of α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes peaked in the autumn season whereas highest concentrations in the particle phase were measured in spring. Ratio of α-/γ-isomer ranged from 3.7 to 7.4 in the gas phase which was close to the ratio in technical hexachlorocyclohexanes (5–7). In the particle-associated phase this ratio ranged from 1.2 to 3.8, with the exception of daytime samples in spring (up to 16) and summer seasons (up to 14) and this exception could be due to the isomerization from γ- to α- in ambient air, at least partly resulted from the impact of sunlight. Regression analysis showed that, at the sampling site, concentrations of α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes in the gas phase were both elevated with increasing temperature and wind speed, whereas in the particle-associated phase their concentrations tended to remain stable.

베네치안 블라인드 슬랫각도 형태변화에 따른 주광성능에 관한 연구 - Radiance Program 중심으로

Current Architectural Facade Designs have been trending to increased glass areas resulting in increasing impact on interior lighting and daylighting. In regards to indoor environmental quality, the increase in window space has a large impact on the daylighting received which ultimately impacts the liveability of a space. Especially when considering seasons, in the summer, excessive daylighting can result in glare as well as put an increased load in conditioning the air space further reducing energy efficiency. As a result, in order to improve the sustainability performance of a building, it is important to limit the natural lighting exposure to properly meet the needs and conditions of the building occupants. One of the most representative features to limit excessive sunlight exposure, is to incorporate operable blind systems. To this end, this research has been based on simulations performance through the Radiance Program. Radiance is capable of analyzing performance of daylight and impact of sunlight. Through analysis of different slat angles and blind shapes, impact and minimization of energy usage was evaluated. Furthermore, seasonal analysis was performed in order to understand the effects of seasonal climate factors. Ultimately this research provides an analysis of operable blinds optimization and effects of blind shape, control factors and angle of shading.

Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder

Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset. Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset. The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= -4.724, 95% CI: -8.124 to -1.323, p=0.006), controlling for each country's median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile. The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder.

<b>Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons profiles of photomodified natural bitumen of Agbabu, Southwestern Nigeria</b>

The impact of sunlight on aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons profiles of Agbabu natural bitumen in Nigeria was investigated. The raw flow type of the bitumen was purified and exposed to sunlight for six consecutive months. Different portions of the bitumen were withdrawn at an interval of one month and were separated into aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fractions by column chromatography, followed by the GC analyses of various fractions. The total aliphatic hydrocarbon content was found to be 485, 424, 416 and 392 g/kg for control, one, three and six months solar-irradiated bitumen samples, respectively; while the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content found in the control, one, three and six months solar-irradiated bitumen samples were 708, 733, 609 and 638 µg/g, respectively. The effects of sunlight on the compositional patterns of bitumen were discussed. KEY WORDS: Agbabu, Bitumen, Sunlight, GC, Aliphatic hydrocarbon, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2010 , 24(3), 461-466.

Distribuição espacial e características dos criadouros de Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti em Fortaleza, Estado do Ceará

Since the registration of Aedes albopictus in the municipality of Fortaleza in 2005, it has shown rapid dispersion. A study aiming to identify its occurrence areas, breeding sites and associations with Aedes aegypti and other culicids was carried out during 2008. Between January and July 2008, samples of immature forms of culicids were gathered from properties located in districts of Fortaleza. Certain features of the breeding sites were highlighted, such as location (indoors or outdoors), presence of covering (protection against impact of sunlight and rain), water turbidity (water clear or not clear), constituent material, volume, height above ground level and simultaneous presence of different species of culicids in the same breeding site. Indoor location was an important factor for the breeding sites for Aedes albopictus [PR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33-0.81]. On the other hand, water turbidity and reservoir covering were not shown to be differentiators regarding infestation [p > 0.05]. Absence of water turbidity was significant for Aedes aegypti infestation in breeding sites [PR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.06-1.22]. Absence of one of the species from the breeding sites enhanced the infestation by another species. Breeding sites that had not been infested by Aedes albopictus had a prevalence of infestation by Aedes aegypti that was 2.05 times greater [95% CI: 1.72-2.44]. There was no significant association between volume and height of the breeding sites and infestation by both species. Both species were found to be dispersed throughout the municipality, occupying a wide diversity of breeding sites. However, a slight physical separation could be identified, with higher infestation with Aedes albopictus outdoors.

The impact of sunlight on inactivation of indicator microorganisms both in river water and benthic biofilms

A detailed knowledge on decay or inactivation kinetics of faecal indicator microorganism in rivers is essential for control of bathing water quality. Both reliable inactivation rate coefficients for such kinetics and the knowledge on pathogen accumulation in benthic biofilms are needed for the assessment of river self purification capability and for being able to make decisions for an optimized water management. Therefore, the inactivation kinetics for main indicator microorganisms like faecal coliforms and intestinal Enterococci in water and on stones of the river Isar (Germany) were measured at artificial sunlight radiation. A flume was built, containing Isar water and sediment. By adding a pulse of pre-treated sewage water, the subsequently change of indicator bacteria levels in the bulk and biofilm phase is measured. Bacterial inactivation was mainly dependent on sunlight intensity. Mean inactivation rate coefficients in the experimental set up with river water obtained for a radiation intensity comparable to average midday sunlight in June in 50° north latitude ( I (290–390 nm) = 40.0 W/m 2) were found to be 21.4 d −1 for faecal coliforms and 20.0 d −1 for intestinal Enterococci. For a radiation intensity conform with the annual mean radiation in Germany ( I (290–390 nm) = 8.0 W/m 2) inactivation rate coefficients were 12.7 d −1 for faecal coliforms and 9.3 d −1 for intestinal Enterococci. A measurement without direct artificial sunlight ( I (290–390 nm) = 0.08 W/m 2) yields inactivation rate coefficients of 3.4 d −1 for faecal coliforms and 1.7 d −1 for intestinal Enterococci, which were similar to those found in wastewater treatment ponds. Due to re-growth and better environmental conditions the concentrations of faecal coliforms and intestinal Enterococci within the biofilm were 10 2 to 10 4 fold higher compared to the bulk water depending on the exposure time.

Influence of Ozone as an Air Pollutant on Polypropylene Fiber Properties

Ever increasing ozone concentrations in the earth's atmosphere polluted by photochem ical smog raise the question of possible ageing of fibers in such an environment. This paper investigates polypropylene fibers characterized by pronounced ageing in the natural environment under the impact of sunlight. Fibers are exposed to ozone for varying times and temperatures in a concentration range that can be expected in a heavily polluted urban industrial environment. Changes in the level of chemical composition and molecular configuration are investigated, together with morphological characteristics and end-use properties. Results indicate that, even under relatively mild ozone conditions, hydroper oxide groups are created, morphological surface changes occur, fibers become more brittle and lose strength, and the isotacticity of the configuration is pronounced, but there are some rather positive effects as well.